Hydrology now generally refers to the study of naturewaterA door to the space-time distribution and change law ofsubject。"Wen" is a natural phenomenon, such as "astronomy".
Chinese name
hydrology
Foreign name
Hydrology
Now refers to
A discipline that studies the distribution and change of natural water
Number of hydrometric stations
148
Annual expenditure
850 million yuan
Main tasks
Rationalize management system and increase investment
[hydrology] refers to various phenomena such as changes and movements of water in nature.
The frequent occurrence of large-scale debris flows in Jiangjiagou Valley and the long-term suffering from debris flow disasters are inseparable from the geological structure, hydrology, climate, vegetation and other natural conditions in this area——A Large Debris Flow[1]
Citation explanation
Various changes and movements of water in nature.[1]
Other information
Announce
edit
Performance
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 60 years ago, the hydrological cause has been developing with the development of the national economy and society, and has made great achievements.In 1949,Water level station203 placesRaingauge station2.More than 30000 hydrological stations of various types have been built in China, forming a network of hydrological stations with complete and reasonable layout, including water level, flow, rainfall, water quality, groundwater, evaporation, sediment and other projects.
Rationalize hydrological system
Through unremitting efforts, major breakthroughs have been made in the reform of the hydrological system.With the exception of Hainan, Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, all provincial hydrological organizations have established hydrology and water resources (survey) bureaus. Hydrological organizations in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hunan Province are clearly designated as deputy department level, and the heads of hydrological organizations in Sichuan, Shandong and Gansu provinces are clearly designated as deputy department level cadres.There are 15 provincial (autonomous region), prefecture level and municipal hydrological organizations in the country that have been designated as department level or deputy department level.In 1997, the Tibet Autonomous Regionwater-control bureauThe Opinions on Double Leadership in Hydrology was printed and issued to specify the implementation of a hydrological organization dominated by the leaders of the Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau of the Autonomous Region and integrated with departmentsDual leadership system。The combination of stations and teams is an effective reform of grass-roots testing methods. Since 1978, when the construction and patrol survey of stations and teams combination bases were carried out, 315 stations and teams combination bases have been initially built, accounting for 65% of the total number of stations and teams that should be built.
Hydrological infrastructure construction
The hydrological system has been continuously undergoing technical reform, and the means and technology of hydrological measurement and reporting have been greatly developed.The Yangtze River Commission, Jiangsu and other hydrological units have configured Doppler profilesCurrent meterAnd GPS and other technologically advanced hydrological instruments and equipment have been built in Taihu Lake and other basinsHydrological automatic measuring and reporting system。Introduced to AustraliaSolid state memoryMore than 6600 sets of water level and rainfall recording instruments have been assembled in China, and 1/3 of them have been put into use.Through the StatePublic data exchange networkandWater conservancy special communication network, built theCommunication networkHydrological communication conditions have been significantly improved.Water regimeinformation processing technology It has developed rapidly.Before the 1980s, the hydrological information was mainly processed manually. A real-time hydrological information receiving and processing system has been developed and popularized throughout the country, basically realizing the automation of hydrological telegraph translation, chart drawing, and hydrological information processing.satellite cloud chart、radarThe application of advanced technologies such as rain measurement has also developed rapidly.Construction started in 1990Hydrological database70% of hydrological units nationwide have input more than 80% of hydrological data into the hydrological database and developed corresponding query service systems, some of which have been initially put into use.
Industry management gradually strengthened
The hydrological work has been highly valued by governments at all levels, and industry management has been gradually strengthened.The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to hydrological work. Leaders of the Party and the state have inspected hydrological stations for many times, praised hydrological work and hydrological workers, and required to strengthen the construction of hydrological facilities and do a good job in hydrological measurement and reporting.The Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stressed that "further improve the meteorological, hydrological and flood prevention service system" In recent years, the governments of Sichuan, Yunnan, Hebei, Hunan, Shanxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hubei, Gansu, Shaanxi and other provinces (autonomous regions) have issued the Notice on Strengthening Hydrological Work, which has effectively promoted the development of hydrological work.
Due to the attention of governments at all levels and the gradual improvement of relevant policies.Hydrological input has increased significantly.Among them, the local hydrological investment in 1998 was 600 million yuan, an increase of 54% over the 390 million yuan in 1995.Jiangsu Provincial Water Resources DepartmentIn 1991, the policy of "engineering with hydrology" was issued, which clearly stipulated that the new construction, reconstruction, expansion and reinforcement of water conservancy projects should includeHydrological observationFor infrastructure investment, more than 15 million yuan has been invested in hydrology from 1996 to 1998.Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hebei and other provinces also seized the opportunity and issued corresponding policies to implement about 10 million yuan of hydrological infrastructure funds in the form of "engineering with hydrology", which promoted the construction of hydrological infrastructure.In 1996, the Planning Commission of Hunan Province, the Department of Finance and the Department of Water and Electricity jointly issued a document requiring all regions (cities), counties and townships to include the infrastructure investment and funds for the development of local hydrology and water resources in the same level plan and financial budget, and implement the "dual planning system".In 1998, the overall business expenses of Henan Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau totaled 24.526 million yuan, which was a reformBudget management systemBefore the implementation of the zero base budget, the total amount of business funds in 1995 was twice.
Our department has formulated and issued《Interim Measures for Hydrological Management》、《Interim Measures for the Administration of Qualification Certification of Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation and Evaluation》And other laws and regulations《Technical Guidelines for Hydrological Station Network Planning》、《Specification for river flow measurement》、《Implementation Opinions on Hydrological Infrastructure Construction》There are more than 80 technical specifications and standards.The Tibet Autonomous Region government issued the Regulations on Hydrological Work in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Hubei, Tibet and other provinces and regions formulated the Hydrological Data Results Examination and Approval System.Hydrological work is gradually moving towards legalization and standardization.
Great contribution to flood fighting and disaster reduction
Hydrology has made great contributions to flood fighting and disaster reduction over the years, and has really played the role of eyes, ears and advisers.Especially in 1998Yangtze River、Songhua River, Pearl Riverthe minjiang riverDuring major floods or catastrophic floods in major rivers, the vast number of hydrologic workers braved the risk of their lives, overcame various difficulties, and timely measured and reported floods, providing a large amount of accurate hydrological information, which provides an important basis for flood control command and decision-making, safe dispatching and operation of water conservancy projects.For example, 8 times in the upper reaches of the Yangtze Riverflood peakThe accurate prediction, especially for the sixth flood peak, not only accurately predicted the peak water level, but also accurately predicted the excess flood volume, avoidingJingjiang Flood Diversion Areaapplication.12 days ahead of the Songhua River floodHarbin StationThe forecast of the highest flood level in history shall be exceeded.yesXijiang RiverWuzhou made a prediction of the highest water level of 26.50 meters, with an error of only 1 cm.It is estimated that in 1998, the benefits of hydrological flood control and disaster reduction exceeded 80 billion yuan.The Party and the government have highly appraised the hydrological work.General Secretary Jiang Zemin highly praised "the scientific and technological workers in water conservancy, meteorology, hydrology and other fields worked day and night and played an important role in technical guidance" at the National Flood Relief Summary and Commendation Conference. "Without the technological progress in water conservancy, meteorology, hydrology and other fields, it is unimaginable to win such a victory." The Yangtze River was hit by a major flood,The highest flood in history occurred in Taihu Lake, and hydrology also played an important role. The benefits of hydrological flood control and disaster reduction reached more than 20 billion yuan.
Water resources management and role
It has played an important role in the management and protection of water resources.
The national hydrological system actively participates in the management and protection of water resources.In the 1980s, the organization carried out the first nationwideWater Resources Assessment, summarized and published《China Water Resources Assessment》We have found out the background of China's water resources and provided extremely valuable information for China's national economic and social development.Since 1995, it has organized the preparation of the Water Resources Bulletin and carried out water resources research in some cities.Strengthening the metrological certification work of water environment institutions, 250Water environment monitoringThe Center has all passed the national metrological certification.coordinationWater intake permit systemAnd actively carry out water intake, water withdrawalwater quality monitoringWork.Organize and carry out water resources quality assessment, and prepare and publish the report of China Water Resources Quality Assessment.In addition, hydrology works inDevelopment and utilization of water resources, engineering construction managementAgricultural irrigation, urban water use, shipping and other aspects also played an important role.
Outstanding achievements in team building
For a long time, the hydrologic staff have carried forward the valuable spirit of seeking truth from facts, hard work, dedication and selfless dedication, and made great contributions to the motherland and people silently, some even gave their precious lives.According to statistics, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, more than 210 comrades in the hydrological system have died on business.The outstanding performance of hydrological workers has been fully recognized by governments at all levels.In 1998, 121 people from 42 units nationwide won the commendation at or above the provincial and ministerial level.In 1997, our Ministry organized the "Report Group on the Advanced Achievements of Water Conservancy Workers", an advanced figure in the hydrological systemZhang XianmeiThe deeds of Yan Shousong, Liu Yiqing and the Hydrological Group of the Yellow River Committee have aroused strong repercussions both inside and outside the water conservancy industry.In 1997, Changjiang CommitteeJiujiang3 hydrological stations were rated as "Demonstration Window Unit of Civilized Service in Water Conservancy System", and the hydrological staff of Hunan ProvinceHe JiangboWon the highest honor of national skilled talents“China Skills Award”, Li Jianwen and other four hydrological workers of the Yellow River Committee obtained“National technical experts”The honorable title of.
The national hydrological system, while striving to do its job well, actively carried out scientific and technological consulting services, broadened the scope of hydrological services, created income for local economic entities and arranged some surplus personnel.
Reviewing the history of hydrological work, especially the work practice, we come to the basic understanding that the need for economic and social development is the prerequisite for hydrological development;Reforming and rationalizing the hydrological management system is the basis of hydrological development;The attention of governments at all levels is the key to hydrological development;Investment is the guarantee of hydrological development;Personnel training and technical progress are the fundamental way out for hydrological development.
Existing problems
Although great achievements have been made in hydrology, there are still some problems that cannot be ignored, mainly including:
1. Some provincial departments (bureaus) do not pay enough attention to hydrology, which affects the progress of hydrology and water resources reform and management system.The problem of the level of prefecture level hydrological organizations in Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions) has not been solved.
2. Some provincial departments and bureaus do not pay enough attention to the hydrological work, and the hydrological investment is seriously insufficient.
3. Hydrological information processingflood forecast The precision and aging of the.
measures
Announce
edit
Social environment
In the 21st century, the requirements of national economic and social development on flood control, water resources and ecological environment will be higher and higher.The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to water conservancy work.Central Economic Work ConferencePropose and start implementationWestern Development Strategy, andWater shortageIt is the main problem in the development of western China.In order to adapt to the development of the situation, Minister Wang Shucheng stressed that the water conservancy work should be from engineering water conservancy toResource water conservancyFor the transformation of water resources, flood control and unified management and protection of water resources should be considered from the perspective of sustainable economic and social development, and the development, utilization, management, allocation, conservation and protection of water resources should be well done.Hydrology is the spearhead of water conservancy construction, the ear and eye of flood control and drought relief, the sentry of water resources management and protection, and the cornerstone of resource water conservancy.At present, the leaders of the Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to hydrology work, and hydrology development is facing an unprecedented good situation.The hydrological system should seize the opportunity, closely focus on the requirements of national economic construction and social development, start from resources and water conservancy, make efforts to explore, and work hard to create a new situation of hydrological work in the 21st century.
Main tasks
At the beginning of the 21st century, hydrological work was promoted by combining stations and teams, actively carrying out patrol survey, strengthening facilities construction and management, and improving the level of hydrological modernization.
1. Speed up the management system, speed up the pace of construction, and actively carry out patrol survey work.
provincial levelInstitutional reformIt has already begun. Leaders of water conservancy departments (bureaus) of all river basin organizations, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should attach great importance to it, seize the opportunity and straighten out the hydrological management system as soon as possible.(1) Hydrological units of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should establish provincial hydrological organizations for managementWater administrative departmentThe dual leadership system of joint management.The leaders of provincial and prefecture (city) hydrological units shall be the leading members of the flood control headquarters office at the same level.(2) According to the requirements of unified management of water resources and sustainable development of the national economy, as well as the characteristics and nature of hydrological work, provincial hydrological organizations should be designated as deputy department level, and prefecture (city) level hydrological organizations should be designated as department or deputy department level.（3）Hydrological informationForecasting is an important part of hydrological work, and those set up separately in other departments should be adjusted and straightened out in this institutional reform.(4) The construction and management of the hydrological automatic measurement and reporting system should be included in the management of the hydrological industry to give full play to the role of the hydrological system.At the same time, according to the specific situation, tasks related to water conservancy communication and water conservancy informatization should also be entrusted to the hydrological system.(5) Hydrological organizations of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should refer toMinistry of Water ResourcesThe function of the Hydrological Bureau is to clarify that the hydrological system is responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater volume and water quality, the validation of hydrological data, and the organization of the preparation of flood impact assessment reports.
2. Increase investment and improve the construction standard of hydrological measurement and reporting facilities.
The shortage of hydrological funds is the main factor restricting the development of hydrological undertakings.Leaders at all levels should change their traditional ideas, incorporate hydrological measurement and reporting, water quality monitoring, and communication facilities into the plan as engineering measures, and improve the investment mechanism.
According to the Implementation Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Hydrological Infrastructure issued by our Ministry, update and transformHydrometryFlood reporting and communication equipment and facilities, accelerate the promotion and application of new technologies, new instruments and new equipment, and actively apply themremote sensingTechnology, information technology and automation technology, expand information sources, strengthen hydrological forecasting research and software development, and improve the accuracy and timeliness of hydrological forecasting.It is required to popularize and apply the advanced hydrological technology widely used in developed countries at the end of 1990s before 2005, realize long-term self recording of all water level and rainfall observations in solid state storage, and transmit the water regime information of the flood reporting station to the flood control command and decision-making department within half an hour.By 2010, it will be possible to measure the flood with a return period of 100 years at the main stream of the major rivers and their main tributaries at the national key hydrological stations, 50 year return period at other national key hydrological stations, and 30 year return period at provincial key hydrological stations and general hydrological stations.Complete the construction of automatic hydrological measurement and reporting system for flood control, build a hydrological information service system integrating hydrological information transmission, processing, storage and service, and preliminarily realize hydrological modernization.
3. Efforts should be made to improve the level of hydrological forecasting and monitoring quality of water resources, water quantity and water quality.
4. Strengthen the management of hydrology industry.
Hydrology: a professional and technical publication in the field of hydrology and water resources publicly issued at home and abroad.
Characteristic indicators
Announce
edit
To study the hydrology of a place and provide guidance for production and daily life, it is necessary to grasp the performance of hydrology.It mainly measures some important indicators.Generally speaking, for rivers and lakes, focus on the following aspects:
Water level
The water level reflects the content reserve capacity of the hydrological system.It can determine the load capacity and self-regulation limit of the hydrological system.For example, the navigability must first check the water level.
Water volume
Water volumeThe size directly affects the scale of local economic development and the carrying capacity of the population.People's life and production, the first thing to consider is the amount of water resources in this area.If water resources may be overloaded, it will become the bottleneck of development.
Sediment concentration
Sediment concentrationThe amount of water directly relates to the future evolution trend of water sources and some possible adverse consequences.Because the sediment concentration is directly related to the ecological environment of the water system zone (such assoil erosionSeverity).It has a great impact on the existence and possible development of water sources in the future.
Length of flood season
This is also an important indicator of regional hydrology,flood seasonLong means that the precipitation in this area is large and the precipitation period is long, which provides a realistic and objective basis for people to do a good job in flood control.It also provides prospects for vigorously developing shipping services.The short flood season means that the precipitation is small and the water volume cannot be too large, which will restrict people's life and production in most of the time in this area.On the other hand, there are short-term flood control tasks, but the focus is still to provide basis for future drought relief work.
In addition, there are other indicators reflecting hydrology.For example, whether there will be a freezing period in a local water system, and the length of time, etc.These are all aspects that hydrologists and other relevant personnel must understand and study.
Icing period
It is the time when the temperature drops and ice appears in the river.
Supply mode
Generally, it is divided into rainwater supply, alpine ice and snow melt water, seasonal ice and snow melt water, lake water supply, glacier erosion sliding melt water, groundwater infiltration and other ways.The flood season is generally different due to different supply modes.The flood season of rivers with rainwater supply and alpine ice and snow melt water is generally in summer, which is seasonalSnow melt water supplyThe spring flood will generally occur in the rivers of.
Work history
Announce
edit
At the beginning of 1949, there were 148 hydrometric stations, 203 water level stations and 2 rainfall stations.More than 30000 hydrological stations of various types have been built in China, forming a network of hydrological stations with complete and reasonable layout, including water level, flow, rainfall, water quality, groundwater, evaporation, sediment and other projects;Accumulated a total of 970 million yuan of fixed assets;The total number of hydrologic staff is about 36000;More than 600 million hydrological and water resources data are collected every year.
problem
Announce
edit
1. Some provincial departments (bureaus) do not pay enough attention to their work, which affects the progress of reform and streamlining the management system.The level of prefecture level hydrological organizations in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions) has not been resolved.
2. Some provincial departments (bureaus) do not pay enough attention to hydrological work, support is not strong, and hydrological investment is seriously insufficient.According to statistics, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the investment in hydrological infrastructure has totaled 1.15 billion yuan, accounting for only 0.44% of the water conservancy infrastructure cost;Since the reform and opening up, the annual average growth rate of water conservancy infrastructure costs has been 20.2%, and the hydrology has only been 12.2%.Due to insufficient funds, the construction of hydrological measurement and reporting facilities is directly affected.According to statistics, 35% of hydrometric stations in the country cannot withstand the flood with a return period of 20 years;The construction of stations and teams in combination with the base is slow, and the standard of the built base is not high, many of which are“Banlazi project”；Due to the lack of capital construction funds, the patrol survey work has not yet started;The density of hydrological stations in some provinces and regions is low, lower thanworld meteorological organizationThe requirement of "the minimum allowable station network" proposed is difficult to effectively monitor the rainfall regime;The construction of hydrological database is delayed.
The maintenance cost of hydrological measurement and reporting facilities has not been properly solved, resulting in serious aging and disrepair of existing hydrological measurement and reporting facilities.According to statistics, 35% of hydrographic cableways and more than 37% of survey vessels in the country operate with diseases in annual flood control tests;There are more than 3000 commissioned rainfall reporting stations nationwide, and the commissioned observation fee is low, which causes instability of the team and affects the quality of flood reporting.
3. The accuracy and timeliness of hydrological information processing and flood forecasting need to be improved, especially in sediment laden rivers and regions lacking data such as North China and Northwest China.The hydrological flood report and communication network have not been completed yet, and the national hydrological information collection generally takes 2-4 hours, which affects the timeliness of hydrological forecast.The monitoring of water quantity and water quality in inter provincial and important water intakes and outlets of water shortage areas is weak, and the water quality monitoring facilities and means are quite backward.
4. There is a certain gap in the construction of ideology, organization and style in some units.The leading group of some units is not united. Some units do not pay attention to the study of employees for a long time, regardless of their thoughts and business. Some units even work irresponsibly and violate laws and disciplines.In addition, the hydrological front needs to further emancipate the mind, break away from some traditional concepts formed under the old system, expand the vision, clarify the work innovation ideas, study and formulate corresponding policies and regulations, and escort the deepening of hydrological reform.
Main measures
Announce
edit
1. Accelerate to rationalize the management system, accelerate the pace of station team combination construction, and actively carry out patrol survey work.
Accelerate the pace of station team integration and hydrological patrol survey, formulate the National Hydrological Station Team Integration and Patrol Survey Plan, and incorporate it into the national water conservancy development plan. All provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government should review and actively implement the Hydrological Station Team Integration and Patrol Survey Plan as soon as possible.The provincial hydrological units shall submit the station team combination and patrol survey planning to the Provincial Planning Commission for approval, and incorporate it into the annual plan to speed up implementation. The station team combination construction task shall be completed before 2010, and the patrol survey shall be realized for all hydrological stations that meet the patrol survey conditions.
2. Increase investment and improve the construction standard of hydrological measurement and reporting facilities.
The shortage of hydrological funds is the main factor restricting the development of hydrological undertakings.Leaders at all levels of the water conservancy system should change their traditional ideas, and make the water supply more efficient??In planning and arrangement, great efforts should be made to study the issue of hydrological funds, broaden funding channels and improve the investment mechanism.(1) The hydrological development plan shall be well prepared and incorporated into the overall water conservancy development plan and annual plan for implementation;(2) In accordance with the requirements of the document jointly issued by the National Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power in 1987, a certain proportion of the water conservancy capital construction cost is allocated for the construction of hydrometric stations and stations and teams, as well as the construction and reconstruction of facilities and equipment.Priority should be given to hydrologic flood damage funds from the extra large flood control fees and water conservancy funds to ensure the timely repair of hydrologic flood damage facilities.In terms of construction, the policy of "engineering with hydrology" was formulated, which made it clear that the construction of hydrological stations and the reconstruction of facilities must be taken into account when preparing the construction plan of water conservancy projects.Manage according to the project, strictly follow the capital construction procedures, and implement the three systems to ensure the progress and quality of project construction.(3) Hydrology is mainly to serve the local economic construction and social development. Hydrology is an important part of the national economic infrastructure and belongs to social public welfare undertakings. Hydrology is also a professional technical team for water resources management. The required business funds should first be included in the financial budget.If the local finance is difficult, a certain proportion of the water resources fees collected by the provinces, prefectures and counties should be set aside for hydrology to meet the needs of their business.(4) Formulate the operation and management measures of hydrological equipment and facilities, and include the operation and maintenance management fees of equipment and facilities accounting for 5%~15% of the total fixed assets in the financial budget.(5) The treatment of the entrusted observer shall be improved to ensure the quality of rainfall and water level observation.We should attach great importance to strengthening the management of hydrological funds, strictly prohibit misappropriation, misappropriation and waste, and make good use of these hard won funds.
Hydrological station network is the basic unit of hydrological work.All units shall, on the basis of stabilizing the existing hydrological station network, adjust and develop the station network according to the needs of flood control, unified management of water resources and urban construction, focus on improving the hydrological stations, water level stations and rainfall stations in key flood control basins, add provincial (regional) water resources and water quality monitoring stations at important water intakes and outlets, and build a hydrological monitoring station network in important cities.
At the National Flood Control Conference held on November 15, 2007, Vice Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out that "the national flood control command system is a very important non engineering measure for flood control. We should set up projects quickly, strengthen leadership, conscientiously do a good job in project construction, and strive to bring benefits into play as soon as possible."Minister Wang Shucheng also clearly requested that "we should do a good job in construction management, and all regions should set up special teams to strengthen the leadership of this work, enrich the technical force, do a good job in design and construction, and strictly follow the requirements of the three systems to ensure that the command system reaches an advanced level, and strive to bring benefits into play as soon as possible"The leaders of the Water Resources Department and Bureau of the municipality directly under the Central Government should attach great importance to the construction of the national flood control command system, implement the supporting funds, make full use of the advantages of the hydrological department, and let them undertake the relevant planning, design and construction tasks.
3. Efforts should be made to improve the level of hydrological forecasting and monitoring quality of water resources, water quantity and water quality.
The hydrological system should carefully summarize the experience and lessons learned from years of flood forecasting, especially in recent two years, and do a good job of hydrological forecasting in the coming year without any carelessness.It is necessary to establish a responsibility system, formulate and improve the hydrological measurement and forecasting scheme, constantly improve the testing ability, forecasting accuracy and timeliness, and ensure that the measurement can be made, measured accurately, reported quickly, reported well, timely and fast, and provided high-quality services.Pay close attention to repairing flood damaged hydrologic testing facilities, overhauling instruments and equipment, start implementing emergency engineering projects, and make all preparations according to the actual requirements of flood prevention and flood measurement.
The hydrological system should further emancipate the mind, change the concept and broaden the service field.Strengthen the monitoring of water resources, water quantity and quality, continuously improve the monitoring level and quality, improve the water resources monitoring network as soon as possible, especially strengthen the unified monitoring of water quantity and quality at provincial (district/city) cross sections, important water intakes and outlets;Cooperate with the organization of the second national water resources assessment, and do a good job in the preparation of the Water Resources Bulletin;Strengthen observation and research on land subsidence, seawater intrusion, salinization and desertification, and provide decision-making basis for scientific allocation, scheduling, management and protection of water resources.At the same time, the hydrological system should do a good job in flood impact assessment and water conservancy construction projectsEnvironmental Impact AssessmentThe demonstration of water resources and flood control for key construction projects will be carried out to provide all-round high-quality services for flood control, urban planning and national economic construction.
4. Strengthen the management of hydrology industry.
Hydrology Bureau of the Ministry of Water ResourcesIt is necessary to work actively to study and formulate corresponding policies and regulations, which shall be approved by the State Council for implementation, so as to further clarify the status of hydrology, work responsibilities, hydrological input and other issues.
To develop water conservancy, hydrology should go first.The quality of hydrological work will directly affect the overall situation of the whole national economic construction.Leadership is the key to strengthen hydrological work.Leaders at all levels of the water conservancy system of all river basin organizations, provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government must attach great importance to hydrological work, strengthen leadership, bring hydrological work into the important agenda, and always work hard to catch the end.It is necessary to actively report the hydrological work to the provincial (district, city) party committee, government, finance, planning commission and other comprehensive department leaders, and strive for greater support for hydrological work.Leaders of water conservancy departments at all levels, especially the main responsible comrades, should help, support and care more about hydrology, often listen to the reports of the hydrological department, and solve the existing practical problems.To test whether the leaders of our water conservancy department really attach importance to hydrology, we should first look at whether the system is smooth or not, and whether the specifications of hydrological institutions are high or not.In this reform of government institutions, hydrological work can only be strengthened, not weakened;Second, the investment has not increased much, and the base number of business funds required has not been determined;Third, we should give full play to the role of the hydrological department, make good use of this team, take hydrology as a major business pillar of water resource management and protection, and do not start another business. We should draw another team to avoid causing disputes and constraints.
Hydrological terminology
Announce
edit
（1） Watershed and water system
A basin is a catchment area or catchment area surrounded by surface water and underground water lines. Because the underground water line is difficult to determine, it is customary to call the catchment area of surface water a basin.The main river basin is composed of tributary basins at all levels.The determination of drainage area can be ticked out according to the topographic mapWatershed watershed, and then calculate the area surrounded by the watershed.The river basin area can be calculated to any section of the river, such as the control section of the hydrometric station, the dam site of the reservoir or the confluence of any tributary.The large and small rivers in the basin form a system with interlinked veins, which is called river system or water system.
（2） River segmentation and its characteristics
Each river can generally be divided into source and upstreammiddle reachesFive sections including downstream and estuary.
Heyuan.The place where a river starts can be a stream, spring, glacier, marsh or lake.
upper reaches.It is directly connected to the river source. In the upper section of the river, it is characterized by large drop, rapid water flow, strong downward shear force, narrow valley, small flow, and frequent rapids and waterfalls in the riverbed.
middle reaches.The general characteristics of the middle reaches are that the river gradient becomes slower, the river bed is more stable, the cutting force decreases and the side erosion force increases, so the river channel gradually broadens and twists, and beaches appear on both banks.
Downstream.The downstream is characterized by wide riverbed, small longitudinal gradient, slow flow rate, obvious siltation in the river channel, shoals everywhere, and developed meanders.
Estuary.Estuary is the end of a river, and also the entrance of a river into the sea, lake or other rivers, where sediment deposition is relatively serious.
（3） River section
The river section is divided into vertical section and cross section.
1. Profile.The profile along the middle line of the river flow (also the lowest point of the riverbed on each cross section along the way), measure the elevation of the topographic change turning point above the middle line (or the lowest point of the riverbed), take the river length as the abscissa and the elevation as the ordinate, and then draw the profile map of the river.The profile view can represent the longitudinal slope of the river and the distribution of the fall along the river.
2. Cross section.The section perpendicular to the flow direction in a channel is called the cross section of the river at that place.Its lower boundary is the river bottom,upper boundIt is the water surface line, and the channel slopes are on both sides, sometimes including the embankments on both sides.The cross section is called the water section, which is an important parameter for flow calculation.
（4） Water gauge and water level
The water gauge is a ruler for directly observing and reading the water level of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and irrigation canals.Water gauge has a long history and is still widely used until modern times.
The elevation of the free surface of a river or other water body above the zero point of a certain base level is called water level.The unit of water level is meter, which is generally required to be recorded to 2 decimal places, i.e. 0.01m.With water level as the vertical axis and time as the horizontal axis, the curve of water level changing with time can be drawn, which is called water level hydrograph.
（5） Base plane
Change curve baseIt refers to the starting surface for calculating water level and elevation.There are four types of datum involved in hydrological data: absolute datum, assumed datum, station datum and frozen datum.
（6） Flow rate
The velocity refers to the distance that the water mass point passes in unit time.The flow velocity at each point in the channel and river is different. The flow velocity near the river (channel) bottom and riverside is small, and the flow velocity near the water surface in the river center is the largest. For simple calculation, the average flow velocity of the cross section is usually used to represent the flow velocity at this section.
Rainfall on the surface of the basin, such as rain and snow, flows along different paths of the basin to rivers, lakes and oceans called runoff.The amount of water passing through a certain section of the river in a certain period of time is called the runoff of the section.Runoff is the main link of water cycle, and runoff is the most importantHydrological elementsOne is the basic element of water balance.
（8） Representation of runoff and its measurement unit
(1) Flow Q.It refers to the amount of water passing through a certain flow section in unit time.The common unit is cubic meters per second (m3/s).The flow at each time refers to the instantaneous flow at that time, in addition to the daily average flow, monthly average flow, annual average flow and multi-year average flow.
(2)Total runoffW。The total water volume passing through a section of the river in the period Δ t.Multiply the time of the calculated period by the average flow in the period to get the total runoff W, that is, W=Q Δ t.Its unit is cubic meter (m3).The change process of flow with time plotted with time as abscissa and flow as ordinate is the flow hydrograph.The area enclosed by the discharge hydrograph and abscissa is the runoff.
(3)Runoff depthR。It refers to the depth of water layer obtained by spreading the total runoff in the calculation period over the whole drainage area.Its common unit is mm.
If the period is Δ t (s), the average flow is Q (m3/s), and the drainage area is A (km2), then the runoff depth R (mm) is calculated by the following formula: R=Q Δ t/(1000A)
(4)Runoff modulusM。The average flow per unit area in a certain period of time is called runoff modulus M.Its common unit is m3/(s · km2), and the calculation formula is: M=Q/A
(5)Runoff coefficientα。 Is the diameter generated by precipitation in a certain period
The ratio of flow and precipitation in this period, expressed in decimal or percentage.
（9） Formation process of runoff
The whole process from rainfall reaching the ground to water flow gathering and flowing through the outlet section of the basin is calledRunoff formation process。
The formation of runoff is a very complex process. In order to have a certain understanding of the concept, it can be generalized into two stages, namely runoff generation stage and confluence stage.
1. Flow generation stage.When the rainfall meets the requirements of plant interception, depression water storage and surface soil storage, the subsequent rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration intensity, and its rainfall exceeds the infiltration intensity. After falling to the ground, it begins to followSurfaceSlope flow is called overland flow, which is the beginning of runoff generation.If the rainfall continues to increase, the range of overflow will also increase, forming a comprehensive overflow. This kind of super infiltration rain flows along the slope and pours into the river channel, which is called slope runoff.The process of overland flow is called runoff generation stage.
2. Confluence stage.The runoff generated by rainfall flows from the upstream to the downstream after converging into the nearby river network, and finally all flows through the outlet section of the basin, which is called river network confluence. This process of river network confluence is called confluence stage.
