Mariner 9, NASA's space explorationsatellite, for exploringMars, alsoSailor PlanPart of.After more than half a year's flight, it entered the orbit around Mars on January 3, 1972.Its near fire point is 1390km, its far fire point is 17920km, and its operation cycle is 12 hours and 34 minutes.This is the first man-made Mars satellite sent to Mars for investigation.On October 27, 1972, Mariner 9 ran out of energy and fell into the Martian atmosphere.
Construction site: The ultraviolet spectrometer on Sailor 9 was built by the Atmospheric Space Physics Laboratory.
Mission objectives: draw 70% of the Martian surface map and study the changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface.
Detailed introduction
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Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 and flew to Mars. It arrived on November 14 of the same year, becoming the first spaceship to orbit the first planet other than the Earth - only slightly ahead of the Soviet Union's Mars 2 and Mars 3, both of which arrived within a month.After months of sandstorms, it finally sent back amazing clear pictures of the earth's surface.
Photos of Mars taken by Mariner 9[1]
The Sailor 9 detector is an octahedral cylinder with four solar panels. Its mass is 976 kg, and it is equipped with two TV cameras, electronic computers, information storage systems, infrared radiometers, infrared interference spectrographs, andUltraviolet spectrograph。
The American "Mariner 9" spacecraft flew along the outer space orbit of Mars, becoming the first artificial satellite of Mars, and orbiting Mars for long-term investigation.Mariner 9 successfully took a full picture of Mars and sent back 7329 photos, confirming that there is no canal on Mars. There are many circular mountains on one hemisphere of Mars, which looks like the moon, while the other hemisphere is relatively flat.[1]
design goal
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Mariner 9
Mariner 9 is designed to continue the atmospheric research from Mariner 6 and 7, and map more than 70% of the Martian surface, with the lowest altitude (1500 km) and highest resolution (1 km/pixel x 100 m/pixel) not seen in previous Mars missions.Infrared radiometers are used to detect heat sources as evidence of volcanic activity.Two Mars moons were also analyzed.Mariner 9 finally surpassed its design goal.
Mariner 9 is the first spaceship to orbit a planet other than Earth.Its instrument payload is similar to that of Mariner 6 and 7, but because controlling the spacecraft to enter Mars orbit requires a larger propulsion system, its weight is heavier than that of Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 combined.
Spacecraft experience
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Capture images
When Mariner 9 arrived on Mars, the atmosphere was covered with dust and the surface was blurred.Mariner 9's computer therefore suspended the mapping of the earth's surface by earth planning until the sandstorm stopped a few months later.In 349 days in orbit, Mariner 9 sent 7329 photos, covering more than 80% of the Martian surface.The photos reveal river beds, meteorite craters, huge extinct volcanoes (such as Olympus Mountain, the largest known volcano in the solar system), canyons (including Sailor's Valley, more than 4000 kilometers long), wind and water erosion and sedimentation, fronts, fog, and others.Two small moons of Mars, Phobos and Timos, also took pictures.The discovery of the Mariner 9 mission became the basis of the later Viking Plan.The huge Sailor's Valley canyon system was named after the achievements of Sailor 9.
54 million pieces of data and 7329 Mars images sent back by the Mariner 9 spacecraft provide an analysis of the composition, density, pressure and temperature of the Martian atmosphere, as well as all the landforms on the Martian surface and the gravity of the planets.The Mariner 9 spacecraft found that there are volcanoes and canyons on Mars (the most famous one is the 4800km long Martian fissure). In addition, it also found that there are ancient meteorite craters left shallow in the southern hemisphere of Mars, while the terrain in the northern hemisphere is relatively new. This mission also took detailed images of volcanoes on Mars and related information about dust storms on Mars.On October 27, 1972, Mariner 9 ran out of energy and fell into the Martian atmosphere.
Sailor Plan
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Mariner 10
The first successful planetary probe to Mars was the Mariner 4 launched by the United States on November 28, 1964.In July of the next year, Mariner 4 flew close to the red planet, 9846 kilometers from the surface.The probe took 22 close-up photos of Mars, which confirmed the existence of craters on the surface of Mars for the first time.In 1969, two American spaceships, Mariner 6 and Mariner 7, flew to Mars.Mariner 6 is mainly in the equatorial region of Mars, while Mariner 7 is in the southern hemisphere.Both spacecraft flew over Mars and took 210 high-resolution photos.These photos reveal signs of erosion on the surface of Mars.
Mariner 9 arrived at Mars on November 13, 1971, after five and a half months of flight.This is the first time that an interplanetary spacecraft actually orbits another planet.Within a few weeks, Mariner 9 was unable to take pictures of the surface of Mars due to the massive dust storms that covered the entire planet.However, in nearly a year's effort, Mariner 9 mapped the terrain of Mars and took pictures of Mars' moons Phobos and Phobos.
7329 photos from Mariner 9 revealed a cold, dusty planet with a pitted surface dominated by extinct volcanoes, grand canyons and polar crowns.The most surprising discovery is that the river bed, which seems to have been dried up for a long time, once had abundant water sources.The photos sent to Earth refuted the view that there are canals on Mars, leading scientists to conclude that there is no obvious sign of life on the red planet.
Other "Mariner" series planetary probes“Mariner 1 ”、“Mariner 2 ”And Mariner 5 were sent to Venus.
Correlation detection
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History of Mars Exploration in the World
October 10, 1960 14:27:49 Soviet UnionMars 1A(Mars 1960A) failure
October 14, 1960 13:51:03 Soviet UnionMars 1B(Mars 1960B) failed
At 17:55:04 on October 24, 1962, satellite 22 (Mars 1962A) failed
At 17:55:04 on November 1, 1962, the Soviet Mars 1 failed
At 15:35:15 on November 4, 1962, the Soviet satellite 24 (Mars 1962B) failed
At 19:22:05 on November 5, 1964, American Sailor 3 failed
At 14:22:01 on November 28, 1964, the American Sailor 4 was a complete success
At 13:12 on November 30, 1964, Soviet probe 2 failed
At 14:38 on July 18, 1965, Soviet probe 3 failed
Launched on February 24, 1969, American Sailor 6 arrived at Mars on July 31, and it was a complete success
Launched on March 27, 1969, American Sailor 7 arrived at Mars on August 5, and it was a complete success
Volunteers from Russia, China, France and other countries will live for 520 days and nights in the small simulated airtight cabin.
China Yinghuo-1 Mars Probe, the firstMars probeIn the early morning of November 9, 2011, I took the Russian Zenith carrier rocket to launch with the Forbes Soils Mars probe. It will fly 350 million kilometers, which will take about 10 months. The satellite will enter the orbit of Mars from August to September next year.On November 9, 2011, the Russian side announced that the orbiting of the Forbes Soils Mars probe had failed.
Russian Federal Space Agency Administrator PopovkinBaikonur Space Launch SiteThe news was announced to the outside world.He said: "We spent a very heavy night, and we were unable to find the spacecraft for a long time. Now we have finally determined its location, and found out that its starting device did not work, and the ignition was unsuccessful twice." This means that China's first Mars probe launch ended in failure.
On November 26, 2011, the US "Curiosity" Mars rover was launched, and then successfully entered the orbit to Mars.Curiosity is the first Mars rover powered by nuclear power. It landed on Mars in August 2012,
world record
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Mariner 9 is the first spacecraft to orbit the planet.[2](Guinness World Records)
