synonymMariner 10 (Sailor 10) generally refers to Sailor 10 detector
Mariner 10 is the first aircraft designed by humans to carry out a dual planet exploration mission, and also the first equipmentImage systemIt is designed to fly overMercuryandVenusTwo planets.It is the United States“Sailor Plan”10th indetector, and the last one in the plan.Mariner 10 detected by flyingMercuryAndVenusAnd the first to detect Mercuryspacecraft。
Sailor 10, on November 3, 1973U.S.ALaunch.Sailor 10 weighs 503kg and is equipped withultraviolet raysSpectrometer, magnetometerParticle counter，TV cameraAnd other instruments.On February 5, 1974, Mariner 10 flew over 5760 kilometers from Venus and took thousands of pictures of the clouds of Venus.[1]Then it continued to move towards Mercury.
On March 29, 1974, Sailor 10 leftMercuryIt passes 700 kilometers (435 miles) on the surface, and then enters an orbit with a period of 176 days. It orbits the sun, and its period is exactly two Mercury years. This makes it always return to Mercury at the same place before, because every time Mariner 10 circles the sun, Mercury circles twice.
On September 21, 1974, Mariner 10 passed Mercury for the second time;On March 6, 1975, it passed 330 kilometers (203 miles) above Mercury for the third time.At this time, Mariner 10 ran out of gas to keep it in a stable position, so it could not make further research on the planet.However, these three close observations have captured more than 10000 pictures, covering 57% of Mercury's surface area.
On March 13, 1975, we flew close to the surface of Mercury for the third timeU.S.AMariner 10 sent back hundreds of valuable pictures and data of Mercury from outer space to the earth in one week.These photos and measured data are very valuable for scientists to determine the nature of the planet.[2]
Detection results
Announce
edit
Mariner 1 [2]
During the flyby of Venus, Mariner 10 found evidence of cloud system circulation and very weak magnetic field on Venus.Mariner 10 flew over Mercury three times in total. Due to the relative position of the orbit (the orbital period of the spaceship is almost twice that of Mercury), each time it detects the same side facing Mercury, so it only detectsMercuryAbout 40-45% of the surface.However, the data sent back by Mariner 10 is still very important, and it is also the main source for astronomers to understand Mercury at present, because it is impossible to directly observe the surface of Mercury with telescopes.
The Mariner 10 probe of the United States had taken pictures of Mercury from 1974 to the next year. At that time, only half of the sphere was photographed.It is difficult to understand the overall appearance of Mercury.[3]
Mariner 10 discovered that Mercury has rareatmosphereIt is mainly composed of helium. It is also found that Mercury has a magnetic field and a huge iron core.The radiometer shows that the night temperature of Mercury is about - 183 ° C (- 297 ° F), while the daytime temperature can reach 187 ° C (369 ° F).
Venus photographed on Sailor 10[4]
Mercury is the planet closest to the sun in the solar system. It is 57.9 million kilometers away from the sun, 4878 kilometers in diameter, only 5.58% of the mass of the earth, has a rotation period of 58.6 days, and has spent 88 days circling the sun without satellites.On November 3, 1973, the United States launched the Mariner 10 probe, whose main task is to detectVenusAnd Mercury.The detector flew to Venus on February 5, 1974 for detection, changed its orbit direction with the help of the gravity of Venus, turned to Mercury, and reached near Mercury on March 29, becoming the only detector near Mercury.It sent back more than 2500 precious photos to the ground.
It was found that the surface of MercuryMoonThe surface is very similar, and is also covered with dense craters, but there are few large craters with a diameter of 20-50 kilometers, while the moonCraterMany are more than 100 kilometers in diameter.Mercury's atmosphere is so thin that it has no water.Because it is close to the sun, it becomes the most harsh place in the solar system. The noon temperature can reach more than 400 ℃, and the temperature of the place away from the sun drops to - 170 ℃.I thought Mercury existedmagnetic fieldOn the contrary, there is not only a magnetic field, but also a global magnetic field. The magnetic field intensity is also very high, which is 1% of the earth.Mercury is not big in diameter,densityBut it is not small, 5.4 times of water, second only to the nine planetsearth。Its core is mainly composed of iron, nickel and other elements, with a diameter of 3600km, almost 3/4 the diameter of Mercury, while the diameter of the Earth's core is only a little more than half of the Earth's diameter.
Mariner 10 once flew over Mercury three times, all from the same area, and the surface of Mercury only accounted for 37% of the total area.Mercury needs further exploration.
According to the magnetic field observation results of Mariner 10, there is an inherent magnetic field of about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field on the surface of Mercury.
There may be water ice at the two poles of Mercury, which is the result of transmitting radio waves from the Earth to Mercury and observing its returned signals.
On Mercury, which is close to the sun, the equator is strongly illuminated by the sun, and the maximum temperature in the daytime can reach 430 degrees Celsius. However, near the poles, because the incidence angle of sunlight is close to the horizon, at the bottom of a depression like a crater, it will become a "permanent shadow" without sunlight until the end of the year.According to the calculation, the surface temperature of the permanent shadow is about minus 210 degrees Celsius, and water can exist there for billions of years.However, it is a pity that even if there is ice, it is still in the shadow, so it is impossible to shoot. "[3]
Device configuration
Announce
edit
Instruments carried by Sailor 10
The detection equipment and experiments of Sailor 10 include:
1 A pair of cameras with narrow viewing angle and digital tape recorder
2 Ultraviolet spectrometer
3 Infrared radiometer
4 Solar plasma detector
5 Charged particles
6 Magnetic field detection
7 Occultation observation
8 Celestial mechanics exploration
world record
Announce
edit
On March 29, 1974, NASA's Mariner 10 probe flew over Mercury for the first time, setting the Guinness World Record for the first spacecraft to visit MercuryRecord.[5]
