"Sailor Plan", also known as“Mariner Plan”, considered as the 1960s and 1970sNASAA space exploration program led by.In this plan, a series of unmanned spacecraft designed to explore Mars, Venus, Mercury, etc. were launched.This plan has won many firsts, including the first intergalactic flyby, the first planetary probe and the first spaceship accelerating by gravity.
Ten were launched before and after "Sailor Plan"Mariner detector, of which seven succeeded and three failed.The originally planned "Sailor 11" and "Sailor 12" evolved into"Traveler Program”InVoyager 1andVoyager 2, andPirate 1andPirate 2The Mars probe is an enlarged versionMariner 9 Detector.fromVoyager probeAfter the series, the spacecraft designed based on Mariner also includesMagellan, going to JupiterGalileo。The second generation of Mariner Mark II finally evolved into Cassini, which is currently orbiting SaturnHuygens。Sent to PlutoNew Horizons , although roughly based on simplifiedPioneer 10 、Pioneer 11 However, some features originate from the Mariner series, including a three-axis stabilizer and aVoyager、CassiniType communication dish antenna.
basic design
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All Mariner spacecraft are based on octagonal bus design, which can accommodate all electrical equipment, such as antenna, camera, propellant and power supply.stayMariner 4 After that, all Mariner spacecraft have four solar panels for power supply, exceptMariner 10 There are two solar panels, as well as Mariner 2, which is designed from the guerrilla ball detection ship program.In addition, all Mariner spacecraft except Mariner 2 and Mariner 5 have TV cameras.The first five Mariners“Cosmic godThe Aegean rocket was launched, and the last five were used“Cosmic godThe Centaur rocket was launched.All the exploration ships launched on Mariner 10 and based on Mariner use Hercules III E rocketsHercules 4 carrier rocketOr solid fuelInertial upper section。
Sailor series detectors are based on "Ranger program "Rover detectorAs a result, the base is a hexagon with a diameter of 1.04m and a thickness of 0.36m.The back of the base is a 48 cm diameter dish shaped positioning antenna, and the front is a pyramid shaped metal frame.There are 5.05m long and 0.76m wide solar panels on both sides.In addition, there is a spare mercury battery to supply power for the system.The power system is a 225 N hydrazine and four nitrogen jets for attitude control.
Launched from NASA in the 1960sMariner detectorThe United States launched VenusMarsAnd a series of unmanned probes near Mercury.Including“Mariner 2 ”It is the first successful interstellar probe in the world.
Series model
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Mariner One
Mariner 1 The detector is the first sailor series detector launched by the United States. The detector was originally planned to detect Venus, but it was destroyed due to failure.Mariner 1 originally attempted to fly over Venus, and tried to launch on July 22, 1962. However, about five minutes after liftoff, the Atlas rocket carrying it failed to go off track, and was destroyed by the Air Force Range Safety Officer (RSO).
Date of launch
June 22, 1962 09:26:16 Universal Time
Launch vehicle
Optimus Rocket (Atalas)
Task object
Venus
quality
200 kg
Track data
trajectory orbit
NSSDC ID
MARIN1
Mariner Two
Mariner Two
“Mariner Two”The probe was successfully launched from the launch site on August 27, 1962.Mariner 2, as a backup of the "Mariner 1" spacecraft, weighs 202.80 kg. Its mission is to try to fly over Venus and send back the atmosphere, magnetic field, mass and other data of the planet.The power required for the long-distance flight of "Sailor 2" is supplied by two 183 cm × 76 cm and 152 cm × 76 cm solar panels, which are fully extended and operated 44 min after launch. Except for the failure of the radiation detector, other detection instruments of "Sailor 2" maintain their operational functions normally during the whole cruise mission.Mariner 2 once lost control due to the impact of suspended particles in space during its voyage to Venus, but in early November, all failures including solar absorption panels returned to normal operation.
On December 14, 1962, "Sailor 2" passed through Venus at a distance of 34773 km from Venus, and continuously sent back the detected data before January 3, 1963. On the whole, the mission of this trip was extremely successful. At present, "Sailor 2" is still in solar orbit.
Sailor Three
In 1964, the United States successivelyMarsTwo detectors were launched: Mariner 3 andMariner 4 。
Mariner 3 was launched on December 5, the first Mars probe launched by the United States. However, the protective shell of the probe failed to separate from the probe as scheduled, resulting in the deviation of the probetrack, which ultimately leads to the launch failure.
Sailor Four
Sailor Four
Mariner 4 was launched on December 28, which is the first probe ever to successfully reach Mars and send back data. Mariner 4 flew over Mars 9800km above the surface of Mars on July 14, 1965, sending back 21 photos to the Earth, and then spent three years in orbit around the sunsolar windDetect.The data sent back by Mariner 4 shows that the density of Mars' atmosphere is much thinner than previously thought.
The first successful planetary probe to Mars was launched by the United States on November 28, 1964“Mariner 4 ”。In July of the next year, Mariner 4 flew close to the red planet, 9846 kilometers from the surface.The probe took 22 close-up photos of Mars, which confirmed the existence of craters on the surface of Mars for the first time.
Sailor Five
Sailor Five
Sailor 5to1967June 14thLaunched to Venus, and1967In October, we approached Venus and flew to a place only 4000 kilometers away from Venus.It carries a full set of experiments toradio wavesExplore Venusatmosphere, detect the brightness under ultraviolet light, and obtain solar particle samples andmagnetic fieldChange phenomenon.
Task: Fly over Venus
Mass: 245 kg (540 lb)
Sensors: ultraviolet photometer, cosmic dust, solar plasma, radiation maskcosmic ray、magnetic fieldRadio occultation and celestial mechanics
Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 are two sister spacecraft of the same Mars mission.Mariner 6 was launched on February 24, 1969, and Mariner 7 was launched on March 27, 1969.They flew over the equator of Mars and the southern hemisphere.Mariner 6 is mainly in the equatorial region of Mars, while Mariner 7 is in the southern hemisphere.Both spacecraft flew over Mars and took 210 high-resolution photos.These photos reveal signs of erosion on the surface of Mars.
But in the end, they fell into failure and failed to complete all tasks.
Mission: Fly over Mars
Mass: 413 kg (908 lb)
Sensors: Wide angle and narrow field cameras with digital tapes, infrared spectrometers and radiometers, ultraviolet spectrometers, radio occultation and celestial mechanics.
Status:
Mariner 6 - Malfunction, stuck in heliocentric orbit.
Mariner 7 - Malfunction, stuck in heliocentric orbit.
Sailor 8 and 9
Mariner 9
Sailor 8andMariner 9 Two sister ships designed to jointly map the surface of Mars, but Sailor 8 failed due to rocket failure.Its sister ship Sailor 91971It was launched in May and became the first man-made satellite to orbit Mars.It is on1971In November, it entered the orbit of Mars and began to take photos of the earth's surface and analyze the Martian atmosphere with infrared and ultraviolet instruments.
Mission: Orbit Mars
Mass: 998 kg (2200 lb)
Sensors: Wide angle and narrow field cameras with digital tapes, infrared spectrometers and radiometers, ultraviolet spectrometers, radio occultation and celestial mechanics.
Status:
Mariner 8 - Launch failed.
Sailor 9 - End.At present, it is in the aerocentric orbit of Mars, and will not leave the orbit and enter the Martian atmosphere until 2022 at least.
On May 8, 1971, Mariner 8 was launched, and a few minutes later it crashed into the Atlantic Ocean due to rocket failure.
On May 30, 1971, Mariner 9 was launched, which was the first probe ever to successfully enter the orbit around Mars and achieved unprecedented success.Mariner 9 arrived at Mars on November 13, 1971, after five and a half months of flight.This is the first time that an interplanetary spacecraft actually orbits another planet.Within a few weeks, Mariner 9 was unable to take pictures of the surface of Mars due to the massive dust storms that covered the entire planet.However, in nearly a year's effort, Mariner 9 mapped the terrain of Mars and took pictures of Mars' moons Phobos and Phobos.
The 7329 photos sent back by Mariner 9 covered more than 80% of the surface of Mars, revealing a cold, dusty planet with a pitted surface dominated by extinct volcanoes, grand canyons and polar crowns.The most surprising discovery is that the river bed, which seems to have been dried up for a long time, once had abundant water sources.The photos sent to Earth refuted the view that there are canals on Mars, leading scientists to conclude that there is no obvious sign of life on the red planet.
Mariner 10
Mariner 10
Mariner 10 Spacecraft on1973November 3rdLaunch, it is the firstGravity support orbit(gravity assist trajectory) accelerate into the gravity influence area of Venus, and then the gravity of Venus throws it into a slightly different orbit to approach Mercury.It is also the first spacecraft to approach two planets at close range, and the first spacecraft to take pictures of Mercury at close range.
Mission: Fly over Venus and Mercury
Mass: 433 kg (952 lb)
Sensors: a pair of narrow field cameras equipped with digital tapes, infrared spectrometers and radiometers, ultraviolet spectrometers, charged particles, magnetic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics.
Status: Mariner 10 - no longer operational.be locatedHeliocentric orbit.
Mariner 10 is the first aircraft designed by humans to carry out a dual planet exploration mission, and also the first detector equipped with an image system. Its design goal is to fly over Mercury and Venus.It was launched by the United States on November 3, 1973.Sailor 10 weighs 503kg and is equipped with ultraviolet spectrometer, magnetometer, particle counter, TV camera and other instruments.On February 5, 1974, Mariner 10 flew over 5760 kilometers from Venus and took thousands of pictures of the clouds of Venus.Then it continued to move towards Mercury.On March 29, 1974, Mariner 10 passed 700 kilometers (435 miles) from the surface of Mercury, and then entered an orbital orbit with a period of 176 days, circling the sun. Its period is exactly two Mercury years, which makes it always at the same place before returning to Mercury, because every time Mariner 10 circles the sun, Mercury circles twice.
On September 21, 1974, Mariner 10 passed Mercury for the second time;On March 6, 1975, it passed 330 kilometers (203 miles) above Mercury for the third time.At this time, Mariner 10 ran out of gas to keep it in a stable position, so it could not make further research on the planet.However, these three close observations have captured more than 10000 pictures, covering 57% of Mercury's surface area.
