Hydrosphere,geologyTechnical TermIt means that liquid, gas and solid water form an almost continuousIrregularThe circle of.
The water in the hydrosphere can reach the top of the atmospheric troposphere from the upper boundary to the lower boundaryDeep groundwaterLower limit of, includingsteam、surface water、Soil water、groundwaterAnd water in the organism.
Most of the water in the hydrosphere is stored in the oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, marshes and soil in liquid form;Part of the water exists in the vast ice fields, glaciers, snow and frozen soil in the polar region in solid form;Water vapor mainly exists in the atmosphere, and the three often transform each other partially through heat exchange.[1]
The main body of the hydrosphere is the world ocean, which accounts for about 71% of the global area.Lakes, rivers, marshes, glaciers, groundwater and even water in minerals on land are all part of the hydrosphere.It can be seen that water is the most widely distributed material on the earth's surface.At the same time, water is also the most important material on the surface and an important factor in the transformation of physical energy in the geographical environment.
Different combinations of water and energy make the earth surface form different natural zones, zones and natural landscape types. Water dissolves nutrients in rocks, creating a prerequisite for meeting biological needs.Water cycle not only regulates the climate and purifies the atmosphere, but also promotes the development and evolution of geographical environment with almost all natural geographical processes.[2]
Earth water source
Announce
edit
Hydrosphere
The total water volume on the earth is about 1.36 × 10nineCubic kilometers, of which the ocean accounts for 97.2%, covering 71% of the earth's surface area.Surface water is about 2.3 × 10fiveCubic kilometers, of which only half is fresh water, accounting for about one ten thousandth of the earth's total water.Total underground water 8.40 × 10sixCubic kilometers.The amount of water in the atmosphere is 1.3 × 10fourCubic kilometers.The water on the earthGaseous, liquid and solidin the air, surface and underground, these waters are constantly moving and connecting with each other towater cycleThe way of forming the hydrosphere together.[2]
It is associated with the atmospherebiosphereThe interaction with the inner circle of the earth is directly related to the evolution of the surface system that affects human activities.So is the hydrosphereExogenic geological processThe main medium for shaping the earth's surface is the most important role.Such as valleys, river valleyswaterfallBothWater erosionFormation of the role of;Karst cave, stone forest, stone peak, etcKarst sceneryIt's all running watercorrosionAction formation.[2]
Storage form
Announce
edit
glacier
Covered by liquid and solid water bodiesGeospace。Water in the hydrosphereupper boundReachable atmospheretroposphereTop, bottom toDeep groundwaterLower limit of.Including atmospheric water vapor, surface waterSoil water, groundwater and water in organisms.Participation size of various water bodieswater cycle, constantly exchange water and heat.Most water in the hydrosphere is stored in liquid formYu Haiyang, rivers, lakes, reservoirsswampAnd soil;Part of the water exists in the vast ice fields, glaciers, snow and frozen soil in the polar region in solid form;Water vapor mainly exists in the atmosphere.The three are often partially transformed by heat exchange.[2]
water cycle
Announce
edit
water cycle
The water on the earth's surface is very active.The water vapor evaporated from the ocean enters the atmosphere, is transported to the mainland by air flow, and then falls to the ground after condensation. Some of it is absorbed by biology, and some of it is absorbed by biologyInfiltrationIt is groundwater, and part of it is surfacerunoff。surface runoffandUnderground runoffMost of them return to the sea.Water inCyclic processIt constantly releases or absorbs heat energy, regulates the energy of all spheres on the earth, and also constantly shapes the shape of the earth's surface.
Most of the surface water in the hydrosphere is redistributed in rivers, lakes and soil. In addition to the part that returns to the ocean, some of it is stored in inland lakes and forms glaciers for a long time.This part of water exchange is extremely slow, with a cycle of several decades or even more than a thousand years.From the increase and decrease of these water bodies, we can estimate the strength of water and heat exchange between sea and land.
The moisture in the atmosphere participates in the cycle of the hydrosphere, and the exchange rate is fast, with a period of only a few days.becauseWater cycle, causing complex weather changes on the earth.The exchange of water between the ocean and the atmosphere leads to frequent exchange of heat and energy, and the exchange process has a great impact on weather changes everywhere.Countries pay great attention to the study of the sea air relationship.biosphereThe organisms in are greatly affected by flood, waterlogging and drought. The distribution of biological population and the formation of settlements are also closely related to the spatial and temporal distribution of water.BiomeIt alternates, multiplies and dies with the abundance and shortage of water.FloristicTranspirationIt also promotes the circulation of water.Water in the atmosphere, biosphere andlithosphereThey are closely related to each other and form various forms ofSubstance exchangeSystem, forming variousgeographical environment。[2]
Formation process
Announce
edit
Eight planets in the solar systemOnly the earth is covered with liquid water.The origin of water on the earth is very different academically, and there are dozens of different theories of water formation.It is believed that in the early days of the earth's formation,Primitive atmosphereThe hydrogen and oxidation in the form of water will gradually condense and form the ocean;It is also believed that the composition of water existed in the nebula material that formed the Earth.[2]
Origin of the atmosphere and hydrosphere
Another view is that,Primitive crustMiddle silicate and other substances react and release water under the influence of volcanoes.There are also views that comets and meteorites attracted by the earth are the main source of water on the earth, and even the water on the earth is still increasing.[2]
When the earth was just born, there were no rivers, no oceans, and no life. Its surface was dry, and there was little water in the atmosphere.The earth is made up ofSolar nebulaDifferentiatedInterstellar matterIt is polymerized, and its basic components are hydrogen andnitrogenAnd some dust.Solid dust gathers and combines to form the core of the earth, surrounded by a large amount of gas.When the earth was first formed, its structure was loose, its mass was small, its gravity was small, and its temperature was very low.Later, as the earth continued to shrink, radioactive substances in the core produced energy, which led to the rising temperature of the earth. Some substances slowly warmed and melted, and heavier substances, such asiron、nickelFormed in the centerearth 's coreThe lightest material floats on the surface.
With the earthsurface temperature Gradually, the surface begins to form a hard crust.But because of the high temperature inside the earth,Magmatic activityIt's very intense.volcanoThe eruption is very frequent, and the crust is constantly changing. Some places rise to form peaks, and some places sink to form lowlands and valleys. At the same time, a large amount of gas is emitted.As the volume of the earth continues to shrink, the gravity also increases. At this time, these gases can no longer get rid of the gravity of the earth, thus surrounding the earth, forming“Primitive EarthAtmosphere ".Primitive atmosphereIt is composed of many components,steamIs one of them.[2]
The solid dust that made up the original earth is actually a large number of fragments exploded from an aging planet. These fragments are mostly inorganic salts and so on. There are many water molecules in them, which are calledCrystalline hydrate。In crystalline hydratesCrystal waterUnder the action of high temperature inside the earthSegregationWhen it comes out, it becomes steam.When the water vapor sprayed into the air reaches saturation, it cools into clouds, turns into rain, falls on the ground, gathers in low-lying places, gradually accumulates into lakes and rivers, and finally gathers in the lowest area of the surface to form an ocean.[2]
When the water on the earth began to form, no matter in lakes or oceans, the amount of water was not very large. With the water vapor generated in the earth's interior constantly being sent into the atmosphere, the amount of water on the ground also continued to increase. After several billion years of earth evolution, we finally formed the rivers, lakes and oceans we see today.[2]
human beings
Announce
edit
Human body composition
Water is an indispensable substance in human life. In order to maintain life, human beings must drink water and get necessary water from food.The total amount of water in an adult's body accounts for 65%~70% of the total body weight.Water in human body mainly exists in blood, lymph and cellsMarine waterIt is inextricably linked.There is water in human organs and tissues: about 80% in heart, lungs and kidneys, 30% in bones on average, and 0.3% in tooth enamel.The biological liquid in human body, saliva, gastric juice and urine account for 95%~99%.[2]
interact
Large scale human activities have a certain impact on the water movement in the hydrosphere.Large scale deforestation, large areas of barren mountains and forests, water diversion from large basins, and large areas of drainageswamp, a large amount of pumping of groundwater, etc., will cause corresponding changes in the water movement and exchange process, thus affecting the earthWater cycleThe process andWater balanceComposition of.Human economic prosperity and production development also depend on water.For example, the development of hydropower, irrigation, shipping, fishery, industry and cities are all closely related to water.[2]
