Aluminium hydroxide is an inorganic substance, chemical formula Al (OH)three, YesaluminumOfhydroxide。Aluminium hydroxide can react with acid to form salt and water, and with strong base to form salt and water, so it is aAmphoteric hydroxide。It is also called aluminic acid (HthreeAlOthree）。However, in fact, when reacting with alkali, tetrahydroxyaluminate ([Al (OH)four]-）。Therefore, it is generally regarded as metaaluminic acid monohydrate (HALOtwo·HtwoO），It can be divided into industrial grade and pharmaceutical grade according to its use.
Aluminum hydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)three, YesaluminumOfhydroxide。Aluminium hydroxide can react with acid to form salt and water, and with strong base to form salt and water, so it is also an amphoteric hydroxide.It is also called aluminic acid (HthreeAlOthree）。But what is actually generated when reacting with alkali isTetrahydroxyaluminate（[Al(OH)four]-）。Therefore, it is usually regarded as metaaluminic acid monohydrate (HALOtwo·HtwoO），It can be divided into industrial grade and pharmaceutical grade according to its use.
Basic properties
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Chemical formula: Al (OH)three
Molecular weight: 78.004
CAS No.: 21645-51-2
EINECS No. 244-492-7
Physical and chemical properties
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physical property
Density: 2.40g/cmthree
Melting point: 300 ℃
Appearance: white amorphous powder
Solubility: insoluble in water and alcohol, soluble in inorganic acid and alkali solution[1]
chemical property
Reaction of aluminum hydroxide with acid: Al (OH)three+3HCl → AlClthree+3HtwoO
Al(OH)three+3H+→Al3++3HtwoO
Reaction of aluminum hydroxide with alkali: Al (OH)three+NaOH → Na[Al(OH)four]
Isomerization of aluminum hydroxide in alkaline environment: Al (OH)three→HAlOtwo+HtwoO
Al(OH)three+OH-→AlOtwo-+2HtwoO
Thermal decomposition of aluminum hydroxide:
Two kinds of ionization in aluminum hydroxide water:
Where [Al (OH)four]-Used to write AlO in middle schooltwo-But in fact, this is wrong.
Generally, the so-called aluminum hydroxide actually refers to the hydrate of aluminum oxide.For example, the white colloidal precipitate obtained by adding ammonia or weak base to the aluminum salt solution has variable water content and uneven composition, which is collectively called hydrated aluminum oxide.Only in aluminate solution (containing Al (OH))four-Ion) solutiontwoOnly then can the real aluminum hydroxide be obtained.
Crystallized aluminum hydroxide is different from hydrated aluminum oxide. It is difficult to dissolve in acid and does not dehydrate when heated to 373K. It can be transformed into partial aluminum hydroxide AlO (OH) after heated at 573K for 2h.
Aluminum hydroxide belongs to amphoteric hydroxide.Since it has two ionization forms, namely weak acid, it can have the acid formula HthreeAlOthreeIt is also a weak base, and can have the basic chemical formula Al (OH)three。Aluminum hydroxide is amphoteric and can react with both acid and alkali.
The acidity of aluminum hydroxide is that it is Lewis acid and can add OH-To reflect alkalinity
Al(OH)threeDue to the existence of two kinds of ionization, two kinds of salts can be produced: aluminum salt and aluminate:
1. Aluminum salt: AlClthree、KAl（SOfour）two·12HtwoO (alum), their aqueous solution is due to Al3+It is acidic due to hydrolysis of
2. Metaaluminate, NaAlOtwo、KAlOtwoTheir aqueous solution is alkaline: AlOtwo-+ 2HtwoO → Al(OH)three+ OH-When two types of salts are mixed, double hydrolysis reaction occurs to generate Al (OH)three。
Al3++ 3 AlOtwo-+ 6HtwoO = 4Al(OH)three↓
Preparation method
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Production method
1. In the aluminum sulfate solution, alkali solution is added under stirring to generate precipitation, which is washed, filtered, dried at low temperature, and then crushed to obtain the finished product.The dehydrated paste can also be directly used as a product.The concentration, temperature, reaction temperature control and drying temperature of the solution during preparation affect the product quality.
2. The aluminum hydroxide is prepared by the reaction of sulfuric acid with aluminum powder or aluminum ash to generate aluminum sulfate, and then by the double decomposition reaction with ammonium bicarbonate.Or neutralize sodium aluminate solution and aluminum sulfate solution to pH6.5 to generate aluminum hydroxide precipitation, which is washed, filtered, dried at 70~80 ℃, and then crushed to obtain aluminum hydroxide.Its reaction formula:
3. Water aluminum oxide includes:
(1) Blow carbon dioxide into sodium aluminate aqueous solution at 40~60 ℃ and pH>12;The sodium aluminate aqueous solution is placed at room temperature without adding or adding hydroaluminate crystal seeds;
（2）Al(OCtwoHfive)threeAnd 1%~20% ethanolamine NHtwoCtwoHfourOH coexists, hydrolyzes at 20~60 ℃, and matures the gel for several months.
Bauxite includes:
(1) Blow carbon dioxide into sodium aluminate aqueous solution at room temperature;
(2) Aluminum amalgam is hydrolyzed at room temperature;
（3）Al(OCtwoHfive)threeHydrolysis below 70 ℃;
(4) The aluminum chloride aqueous solution is neutralized by alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia.The boehmite is used for hydrothermal treatment of aluminum hydroxide at 150~300 ℃ in aluminum hydroxide aqueous solution or weakly alkaline aqueous solution;Aluminum amalgam is oxidized by boiling water.The stable area of boehmite is 275~425 ℃, and the vapor pressure is above 140 atm (1 atm=98.066kPa).It is reported that bauxite can be obtained by hydrothermal treatment of aluminum hydroxide, hydrothermal treatment of ρ alumina and χ alumina produced by vacuum dehydration of aluminum hydroxide.
Laboratory method
Chemical equation: 2Al+3HtwoSOfour(dilute)=Altwo(SOfour)three+3Htwo↑
Because strong alkali (such as NaOH) is easily mixed with Al (OH)threeReaction, soPreparation of Al (OH) without strong base in laboratorythreeAnd ammonia water
It was invented by K.J. Bayer in 1888.Its principle is to useCaustic soda(NaOH) solution is heated to dissolve thealuminaTo obtain sodium aluminate solution.After the solution is separated from the residue (red mud), the temperature is lowered, aluminum hydroxide is added as the crystal seed, and after a long time of stirring, sodium aluminate decomposes to precipitate aluminum hydroxide, which is washed and calcined at 950~1200 ℃ to obtain finished aluminum oxide.The solution after precipitation of aluminum hydroxide is called mother liquor, which is recycled after evaporation and concentration.becauseGibbsite、BoehmiteandDiasporeThe crystal structures of the two are different, and their solubility in caustic soda solution is very different. Therefore, different dissolution conditions should be provided, mainly at different dissolution temperatures.Trihydrate bauxite can be dissolved at 125~140 ℃, while diaspore bauxite can be dissolved at 240~260 ℃ with lime (3~7%) added.The main progress of modern Bayer process lies in: ① large-scale and continuous operation of equipment; ②Automation of production process; ③Energy saving, such as high-pressure enhanced digestion and fluidized roasting; ④Sand alumina is produced to meet the needs of aluminum electrolysis and dry flue gas purification.The process flow of Bayer process is shown in Figure 1.
The advantages of Bayer process are simple process, low investment and low energy consumption. The lowest energy consumption per ton of alumina is only 3 × 10sixAbout kilocalorie, alkali consumption is generally about 100kg (based on NatwoCOthree).
The economic effect of Bayer process production depends on the quality of bauxite, mainly SiO in oretwoContent, usually based on the ratio of aluminum to silicon of ore, i.e., Al in oretwoOthreeAnd SiOtwoThe weight ratio of the content.Because in the dissolution process of Bayer process, SiOtwoTransformed into sodaliteHydrated sodium aluminosilicate（NatwoO·AltwoOthree·1.7SiOtwo·nHtwoO），Discharge with red mud.Per kg SiO in oretwoAbout 1 kg AltwoOthreeAnd 0.8 kg NaOH.The lower the alumina silica ratio of bauxite, the worse the economic effect of Bayer process.Until the late 1970s, the alumina silica ratio of bauxite processed by Bayer process was more than 7-8.Due to the gradual decrease of high-grade gibbsite bauxite resources, how to use other types of low-grade bauxite resources and new energy-saving technologies has become an important direction of research and development.
Soda lime sintering method
It is suitable for processing bauxite with high silicon content. The bauxite, sodium carbonate and lime are mixed in a certain proportion and sintered in a rotary kiln to form sodium aluminate (NatwoO·AltwoOthree）, sodium ferrite (NatwoO·FetwoOthree）, calcium orthosilicate (2CaO · SiOtwo）And sodium titanate (CaO · TiOtwo）Composed clinker.Then dissolve sodium aluminate in clinker with dilute alkali solution.At this time, NaOH obtained by hydrolysis of sodium ferrite also enters the solution.If the dissolution conditions are properly controlled, calcium orthosilicate will not react with sodium aluminate solution in large quantity, but will react with calcium titanate, FetwoOthree·HtwoO and other components are discharged.Sodium aluminate solution obtained by dissolving clinker goes through special desilication process, and SiOtwo·HtwoO forms hydrated sodium aluminosilicate (called sodium silicate slag) or hydrated garnet 3CaO · AltwoOthree·xSiOtwo·(6－2x)HtwoO Precipitation (wherex≈ 0.1).Put COtwoThe gas is fed into refined sodium aluminate solution and stirred by adding crystal seeds to obtain aluminum hydroxide precipitate and mother liquor whose main component is sodium carbonate.Aluminum hydroxide is calcined into finished aluminum oxide.Al in hydrated garnettwoOthreeCan be reused containing NatwoCOthreeMother liquor extraction and recovery.
The main chemical reactions of alkali lime sintering method are as follows:
The main technical achievements of alumina production by China's alkali lime sintering process are: the low alkali ratio formula is used in clinker burning, and the two-stage abrasive and low molecular ratio solution are used in the clinker digestion process to inhibit the loss of side reaction during digestion and make Na in clinkertwoO and AltwoOthreeThe dissolution rates of the extracts were 94 ～ 96% and 92 ～ 94%, respectively.AltwoOthreeThe total recovery rate is about 90%twoCOthreeThe consumption is about 95 kg.Alkali lime sintering process can deal with low-grade ores that cannot be economically utilized by Bayer process. Its aluminum silicon ratio can be as low as 3.5, and the comprehensive utilization of raw materials is good, with its own characteristics.
See Figure 2 for the common process of alkali lime sintering method
Bayer sintering complex
It can give full play to the advantages of the two methods, learn from each other, and use bauxite with low aluminum silicon ratio to obtain better economic results.The combined process has many forms, mainly Bayer process, supplemented by sintering process.According to the purpose and process connection mode of the combined process, it can be divided into three processes: series process, parallel process and mixed process.
① The series method is to recover Na from Bayer red mud by sinteringtwoO and AltwoOthree, used to treat gibbsite bauxite that cannot be economically utilized by Bayer process.Expand raw material resources, reduce alkali consumption, replace caustic soda with cheaper soda, andtwoOthreeThe recovery rate is also high.
② The parallel method is the parallel operation of Bayer process and sintering process, which deal with bauxite separately, but the sintering process only accounts for 10~15% of the total production capacity. The consumption of NaOH in Bayer process is supplemented by NaOH generated from the process conversion of sintering process.
③ Mixed combination method is the synthesis of the first two combination methods.The sintering process in this process not only treats Bayer red mud, but also treats some low-grade ores.
China has developed a variety of alumina production methods according to the characteristics of the country's aluminum resources.In the early 1950s, the soda lime sintering method was used to treat the pure diaspore bauxite with an aluminum silicon ratio of only 3.5, creating a distinctive alumina production system.Using Chinese sintering method, AltwoOthreeThe total recovery rate reaches 90%;Alkali consumption per ton of alumina (NatwoCOthree）About 90 kg;SiO of aluminatwoThe content decreases to 0.02~0.04%;In the 1950s, gallium was comprehensively recovered from the process and red mud was used to produce cement.In the early 1960s, Bayer Sintering Hybrid Process Alumina Plant was built, making AltwoOthreeThe total recovery rate reached 91%, and the alkali consumption per ton of alumina decreased to 60 kg, which opened a new way for efficient treatment of high grade diaspore bauxite.China has also accumulated a lot of experience in treating high grade diaspore bauxite with the Bayer process alone.
Ammonium bicarbonate method
Ammonium bicarbonate method is to add alkali solution in aluminum sulfate solution under stirring, generate precipitation, wash, filter, dry at low temperature, and then grind to obtain finished products.The dehydrated paste can also be directly used as a product.The concentration, temperature, reaction temperature control and drying temperature of the solution during preparation affect the product quality.In the ammonium bicarbonate method, sulfuric acid reacts with aluminum powder or aluminum ash to produce aluminum sulfate, and then reacts with ammonium bicarbonate for double decomposition to produce aluminum hydroxide.2Al (OH)three+3HtwoSOfour→A1two(SOfour)three+6HtwoO+A1two(SOfour)three+6NHfourHCOthree→2AI(OH)three+3(NHfour)twoSOfour+6COtwo↑ Sodium aluminate method caustic soda reacts with aluminum ash at a ratio of 2:1 above 100 ℃ to obtain sodium aluminate solution.The sulfuric acid reacts with aluminum ash at a ratio of 1.25:1 at 110 ℃ to obtain aluminum sulfate solution.Then neutralize sodium aluminate solution and aluminum sulfate solution to pH6.5 to generate aluminum hydroxide precipitation, which is washed with water, filtered by pressure, dried at 70~80 ℃ for 12h, and then crushed to obtain aluminum hydroxide finished products.Its A1twoOthree+2NaOH→2NaAlOtwo+HtwoO+AltwoOthree+3HtwoSOfour→A1two(SOfour)three+3HtwoO+6NaAIOtwo+A1two(SOfour)three+12HtwoO→8Al(OH)three↓+3NatwoSOfourIn the recovery method, the recovered aluminum trichloride is dissolved in water, decolorized by activated carbon and filtered to remove impurities, and then reacts with sodium carbonate to generate aluminum hydroxide, which is filtered, washed and dried to obtain aluminum hydroxide products.2AlClthree+3NatwoCOthree+3HtwoO→2AI(OH)three↓+6NaCl+3COtwo↑
purpose
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Aluminum hydroxide is the most widely used inorganic flame retardant additive.As a flame retardant, aluminum hydroxide can not only be flame retardant, but also prevent smoke, drop and toxic gas. Therefore, it has been widely used and its use is increasing year by year.Scope of application: thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics, synthetic rubber, coatings, building materials and other industries.At the same time, aluminum hydroxide is also the basic raw material of aluminum fluoride necessary for electrolytic aluminum industry, and aluminum hydroxide is also widely used in this industry.
Pharmacopoeia information
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This product is a mixture with aluminum hydroxide as the main component, which can contain a certain amount of carbonate, aluminum hydroxide [Al (OH)three]Not less than 76.5%.
character
This product is white powder, odorless.
This product is insoluble in water or ethanol, but soluble in dilute inorganic acid or sodium hydroxide solution.
identify
Take about 0.5g of this product, add 10mL of dilute hydrochloric acid, heat and dissolve it, and then identify the aluminum salt (general rule 0301).
inspect
Antacid power
Take about 0.12g of this product, precisely weigh it, put it into a 250mL conical flask with a stopper, precisely add 50mL of hydrochloric acid titrant (0.1mol/L), tightly plug it, shake it continuously at 37 ℃ for 1h, cool it, add 6-8 drops of bromophenol blue indicator solution, and titrate it with sodium hydroxide titrant (0.1mol/L).The hydrochloric acid titrant (0.1mol/L) consumed per 1g shall not be less than 250mL.
Alkali carbonate
Take 0.20g of this product, add 10mL of newly boiled cold water, mix well, filter, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution to the filtrate, if it turns pink, add 0.10mL of hydrochloric acid titrant (0.1mol/L), and the pink color should disappear.
chloride
Take 0.10g of this product, add 6mL of dilute nitric acid, boil it to dissolve it, cool it, dilute it with water to 20mL, filter it, separate 5mL of filtrate, check it according to the law (general rule 0801), and compare it with the reference solution made of 5.0mL of standard sodium chloride solution, it should not be thicker (0.2%).
sulfate
Take 0.1g of this product, add 3mL of diluted hydrochloric acid, boil it for dissolution, cool it, dilute it with water to 50mL, filter it, take 25mL of filtrate, check it according to the law (general rule 0802), and it shall not be more concentrated (1.0%) than the control solution made of 5.0mL of standard potassium sulfate solution.
cadmium
Take two 0.50g portions of this product, one portion is added with 4mL nitric acid, boiled and dissolved, cooled, quantitatively transferred to a 50mL volumetric flask, diluted with water to the scale, shaken well, filtered, take the continued filtrate as the test solution, and the other portion is precisely added with 1mL standard cadmium solution (precisely measure an appropriate amount of cadmium single element standard solution, quantitatively dilute with water to make a solution containing 1.0 μ g cadmium per 1mL), operate in the same way,Take the continued filtrate as the reference solution.According to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (General Rule 0406, the second method), it shall be measured at the wavelength of 228.8nm, which shall meet the requirements (0.0002%).
mercury
Take two 1.0g portions of this product and put them into a 50mL volumetric flask respectively. Add 4mL hydrochloric acid to one portion and shake it up. Add 25mL water and 0.5mL 5% potassium permanganate solution. Shake it up. Add 5% hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution dropwise until the purple disappears. Dilute it to the scale with water, mix it up, filter it, and take the continued filtrate as the test solution,Add 1mL of standard mercury solution into the other part precisely (accurately measure an appropriate amount of mercury single element standard solution, dilute with water to make a solution containing 2.0 μ g of mercury per 1mL), operate in the same way, and take the continued filtrate as the reference solution.According to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (General Rule 0406, the second method), measure at the wavelength of 253.6nm, and it should meet the requirements (0.0002%).
heavy metal
Take 1.0g of this product, add 5mL of hydrochloric acid, put it on a water bath to evaporate to dryness, add 5mL of water, mix well, continue to evaporate to nearly dryness, stir to form a dry powder, add 2mL of acetate buffer solution (pH 3.5) and 10mL of water, dissolve it at a slight temperature, filter it, add an appropriate amount of water to make 25mL of the filtrate, check according to law (General Rule 0821, the first method), and the heavy metal content should not exceed 30 parts per million.
Arsenite
Take 0.20g of this product, add 10mL of dilute sulfuric acid, boil it, cool it, add 5ml of hydrochloric acid and an appropriate amount of water to make it 28mL, and check according to the law (the first method of general rule 0822), which should meet the requirements (0.001%).
Assay
Take about 0.6g of this product, weigh it accurately, add 10mL of hydrochloric acid and water respectively, boil it for dissolution, cool it, transfer it quantitatively to a 250mL measuring flask, dilute it with water to the scale, shake it well, weigh 25mL precisely, add ammonia test solution to neutralize it until it just precipitates, then add dilute hydrochloric acid to drop it until it just dissolves, add 10mL of acetic acid ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH6.0),Add 25mL of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium titrant (0.05mol/L) precisely, boil for 3-5 minutes, cool down, and add 1mL of xylenol orange indicator solution.Titrate with zinc titrant (0.05mol/L) until the solution turns from yellow to red, and correct the titration result with blank test.Every 1mL of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium titration solution (0.05mol/L) is equivalent to 3.900mg of Al (OH)three。
category
Antiacid.
Storage
Sealed storage.
preparation
1. Aluminum hydroxide sheet.
2. Aluminum hydroxide gel.
2. Compound aluminum hydroxide tablets.[2]
Brief Introduction to Drugs
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pharmacological action
Aluminum hydroxide is a typical and commonly used antacid, which has the functions of antacid, absorption, local hemostasis and ulcer surface protection.Aluminum hydroxide neutralizes or buffers the existing gastric acid in the stomach, but has no direct effect on the secretion of gastric acid. Its antacid effect is slow and lasting.The neutralization and buffering effects of aluminum hydroxide can cause the pH value of gastric contents to rise, thus alleviating the symptoms of hyperacidity.However, it must be pointed out that the acid mixing ability is lower than that of magnesium containing preparations and calcium carbonate, and higher than that of aluminum carbonate and sodium aluminum bicarbonate.When aluminum hydroxide reacts with gastric acid, the aluminum chloride produced has astringent effect, which can stop bleeding locally, but may also cause constipation.Aluminum hydroxide is also mixed with gastric juice to form a gel, covering the ulcer surface to form a protective film, playing a mechanical protection role.In addition, since aluminum ions combine with phosphate in the intestine to form insoluble aluminum phosphate that is excreted from the feces, the absorption of phosphate in the intestine of uremic patients can be reduced after taking large doses of aluminum hydroxide, thus reducing acidemia (but attention should be paid to the above side effects at the same time).
Pharmacokinetics
A small amount of aluminum hydroxide is converted into soluble aluminum chloride in the stomach, which is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine.Most of them are excreted from feces in the form of aluminum phosphate, aluminum carbonate and fatty acid salts;Aluminum hydroxide takes effect slowly, and the duration of its action in the stomach is related to the speed of gastric emptying.The effect of taking medicine on an empty stomach can last for 20 to 30 minutes, and the effect time of taking medicine 1 to 2 hours after meal can be extended to 3 hours.
indication
1. It can relieve the symptoms of acid regurgitation caused by excessive gastric acid, and is suitable for the treatment of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, reflux esophagitis, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
2. When combined with calcium and vitamin D, it can treat neonatal hypocalcemia (tetany).
contraindication
1. Not suitable for fracture patients.
2. Patients with hypophosphatemia (such as malabsorption syndrome) should not take it.
3. It is not suitable for premature infants and infants (because infants are easy to absorb aluminum, which may cause aluminum poisoning).
4. It is not suitable for people with insufficient secretion of bile, pancreatic juice and other strong alkaline digestive juice or dysuria.
matters needing attention
1. (1) Renal insufficiency.(2) Long term constipation.
2. In case of appendicitis or acute abdomen, taking aluminum hydroxide can aggravate the condition and increase the risk of appendiceal perforation.
3. Because the aluminum hydroxide tablet is not as effective as the gel, the gel is commonly used.
4. Aluminum hydroxide gel should be used in the treatment of gastric bleeding, because the tablet can block the intestinal tract with blood.
5. When used to neutralize stomach acid, it must be taken 1~2h after meals.
6. Avoid taking other drugs within 1-2 hours after taking aluminum hydroxide.
7. Because aluminum hydroxide can hinder the absorption of phosphorus, it is not suitable for long-term use in large doses.If long-term use is required, phosphate should be added to the diet.
8. To prevent constipation, it can be taken alternately with magnesium trisilicate or magnesium oxide.
9. Patients with abnormal renal function should pay special attention to the danger of aluminum accumulation in their bodies when taking aluminum hydroxide.If the aluminum content in the serum exceeds 150 μ g/mL, or there is a precursor of encephalopathy, the drug should be stopped immediately.For dialysis patients, the aluminum content in dialysate shall not exceed 10 μ g/mL.
Adverse reactions
1. Common constipation is related to the dosage.Long term high-dose administration may cause severe constipation, and even fecal agglomeration, which may cause intestinal obstruction.Aluminum may also cause the increase of serum cholic acid concentration, which is dose and time dependent. At the same time, with the decrease of bile flow, it can induce abnormal liver and bile functions.
2. Metabolic/endocrine system: aluminum hydroxide can combine with phosphate ions in the intestine to form insoluble aluminum phosphate, which is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a decrease in the concentration of phosphate in the serum and an increase in the content of calcium, resulting in abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism and affecting bone formation.Long term and large dosage can lead to hypophosphatemia, osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
3. Nervous/mental system: a small amount of aluminum hydroxide is converted into soluble aluminum chloride in the stomach, which is absorbed from the stomach and intestines. In patients with renal insufficiency, the concentration of aluminum ions in the blood may increase.Long term use of aluminum hydroxide in patients with renal failure may cause aluminum poisoning and mental symptoms. Especially for patients undergoing hemodialysis, dialysis dementia may occur, which may be manifested as muscle pain, twitching, nervousness or restlessness, abnormal taste, slow breathing, extreme fatigue and weakness.
4. Blood system: renal insufficiency can lead to the increase of aluminum ion concentration in blood, and aluminum is one of the main reasons for anemia in patients with advanced nephropathy.For patients with uremia, excessive aluminum may cause microcytic hypochromic anemia, which may be caused by inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis, decrease of enzyme activity and decrease of iron utilization.Reducing the dosage of aluminum hydroxide or using ferramine chelating agent can effectively correct this symptom.
5. Skin: When patients sensitive to aluminum are injected with diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine (DTP triple vaccine) during taking aluminum hydroxide, itching, eczema like lesions and pigmentation often occur at the injection site.
Usage and dosage
1. Aluminum hydroxide gel: 5-8mL each time, three times a day, generally taken 1h before meals.The dosage can be doubled in severe cases.
2. Aluminum hydroxide tablets: 0.6~0.9g each time, three times a day, generally taken 1h before meals.
Drug interactions
1. Combined with cimetidine or ranitidine, it is effective to relieve the pain symptoms of duodenal ulcer, but it is generally not recommended to use both within 1 hour, because it can reduce the absorption of cimetidine or ranitidine.
2. Aluminum hydroxide contains multivalent aluminum ions, which can form complexes with tetracycline drugs and affect their absorption, so they should not be used together.
3. Aluminum hydroxide can interfere with the absorption or elimination of warfarin, dicoumarin, quinine, quinidine, chlorpromazine, propranolol, indomethacin, isoniazid, iron salt, and barbiturates through a variety of mechanisms, so that the efficacy of the above drugs will be affected, and simultaneous use should be avoided as far as possible.
4. When the dosage is large, the bile salt can be absorbed, thus reducing the absorption of fat soluble vitamins and reducing their blood concentration. Both should be avoided as far as possible.
5. When used in combination with digitalis, it may affect the absorption of the latter and reduce its blood concentration. Both should be avoided as far as possible.
6. When used together with enteric coated tablets, it can accelerate the dissolution of enteric coated coating and stimulate the stomach and duodenum.
7. Dialysis patients taking allopurinol and aluminum hydroxide at the same time can cause a sharp rise in serum uric acid content, which may be caused by aluminum hydroxide reducing the absorption of allopurinol.
8. The combination of aluminum preparations and citrate may have special risks. Some studies have shown that the combination of aluminum preparations and citrate may lead to a sharp rise in blood aluminum content.
security information
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Safety terminology
S26:：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
After eye contact, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
