hydrogen atomThat is, hydrogenatom。The hydrogen atom model is electrically neutral, and the atom contains aPositive priceWith a negative electron, they are coulombicLawsBound to atoms.There are only three types of hydrogenisotope: Protium (P)NucleusThere is oneproton, Noneneutron, the abundance is 99.98%;Deuterium (D) (also called heavy hydrogen), there is one proton and one neutron in the atomic nucleus, with an abundance of 0.016%;Tritium (T) (also called superheavy hydrogen), with one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus,abundance0.004%。
In 1913,Niels BohrAfter making some simplified assumptions, calculate theSpectral frequency。These assumptions,Bohr modelThe foundation stone of "energy" is not completely correct, but the correct energy answer can be obtained.[1]
In 1925/26,Erwin Schroumldinger Apply his inventionSchrodinger equationWith rigorous quantum mechanical analysis, the reason why Bohr's answer is correct is clearly explained.The solution to the Schrodinger equation of hydrogen atom is an analytical solution, and it can also calculate theenergy levelAndspectrumSpectral lineOffrequency。The solution of Schrodinger equation is more accurate than that of Bohr model, which can obtain the wave functions (orbits) of many electronic quantum states and also explainChemical bondOfanisotropy。
brief introduction
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hydrogen atomyesHydrogen elementOfatom。ElectroneutralityThe atom of contains a positiveprotonAnd a negativeElectronics, wasCoulomb's lawBound toNucleusInside.In nature, hydrogen atoms areabundanceThe highest isotope is calledhydrogen，Hydrogen - 1, orProtium。The hydrogen atom does not contain anyneutron, other hydrogenisotopeContains one or more neutrons.This entry mainly describes hydrogen - 1.[2]
The hydrogen atom has aprotonAnd aElectronics, is a simpleTwo body system。In systemForceIt is only related to the distance between the two bodies. YesInverse squareCentripetal forceIt is unnecessary to idealize and simplify the anti square central force two body system.Describe the (nonrelativitySexual)Schrodinger equationyesAnalytic solutionThat is, the solution can be expressed in a limited number of common functions.Satisfying the Schrodinger equationwave functionIt can completely describe the quantum behavior of electrons.So it can be said that inquantum mechanicsThere is no simpler and more practical problem with analytic solution than the problem of hydrogen atom.The basic physical theory deduced can be checked by simple experiments.Therefore, the problem of hydrogen atom is a very important one.
In addition, theoreticallySchrodinger equationIt can also be used to solve more complex atoms and molecules.However, in most cases, analytical solutions cannot be obtained, and computers must be used（computer）To calculate and simulate, or make some simplified assumptions, the analytical solution of the problem can be obtained.
Electronic track diagram
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The overview diagram shows several hydrogen atomic orbitals with the lowest energy (energy eigenfunction).Different angular quantum numbers (l) are displayed horizontally, and different energy levels (n) are displayed vertically.
Probability density mapping of electrons
These are plots of probability density sections.The brightness of various colors in the figure represents different probability density (black: 0 probability density, white: highest probability density).The angular quantum number l is marked at the top of each vertical row according to the usual spectroscopic code rules.S means l=0, p means l=1, d means l=2.Principal quantum number
Mark at the rightmost end of each horizontal row.The magnetic quantum number m is set to 0.The section is the xz plane (the z-axis is the longitudinal axis).Rotate the plot around the z-axis to get the probability density of three-dimensional space.
ground stateIt is the lowest level quantum state and the most commonly found quantum state of the electron, labeled as 1s state, n=1, l=0}.
Pay special attention to the number of times the black line appears in the picture of each track.These two-dimensional black lines, in three-dimensional space, areNodal plane(nodal plane) 。The number of nodal surfaces is equal to n-1}, which is the sum of the number of radial nodes (n-l-1) and the number of angular nodes (l).
stability
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Considering the stability of hydrogen atom and applying classical electrodynamicsCoulomb forceThe bound electrons will be attracted by the atomic nucleusSpiral motionIt falls into the atomic nucleus and emits infinite energy at the same time, so the atom is unstable.However, this virtual phenomenon does not actually occur in nature.So why don't the bound electrons of the hydrogen atom fall into the nucleus?applicationquantum mechanicsIt can be calculated that the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom system is greater than a certain limited value, which is called to meet the "first stability condition", that is, the ground state energy E of the hydrogen atomzeroGreater than a certain limited value:
Quantum mechanicalHeisenberg Uncertainty Principle It can be used to enlighten this problem. The closer the electron is to the nucleus, the greater the kinetic energy of the electron.However, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle cannot strictly give mathematical proof, and some special cases cannot meet the first stability condition, because { displaystyle Delta x} measures the half width of the wave function, rather than the extent to which the wave function is concentrated near the atomic nucleus, so the wave function number can have a certain half width and be extremely concentrated near the atomic nucleus,Cause coulomb potential energy to tend to
, while maintaining limited kinetic energy.
For more detailed analysis, only considerHydrogen like atomSystem, given atomicAtomic orderZ ，The energy E of the atom is
Where T is kinetic energy, V is potential energy,
To describe thewave function, x is the position coordinate,
In October 2022,The National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences used the Chinese Celestial Eye FAST to make imaging observations, and found a huge atomic gas system with a scale of about two million light-years, that is, a large amount of diffuse hydrogen atomic gas, in the dense galaxy cluster - "Stephen Quintuple Galaxy" and the surrounding sky region.[3]
