neon

[nǎi]

chemical element

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Neon is a kind of chemical element , chemical symbol is Ne, atomic number is 10, which is colorless Noble gas , it turns orange red when discharged. Neon is most commonly used in The neon lights in There is a small amount of neon in the air. genus Zero family elements The chemical property is extremely inactive.

Chinese name: neon
Foreign name: Neon
CAS login number: 7440-01-9
EINECS login number: 231-110-9
Melting point: -248.6 ℃
Boiling point: -246 ℃
Water solubility: Slightly soluble
Density: 0.9002 kg/m³ （0℃，101.325kPa）

Appearance: Colourless gas
Discoverer: William Ramsay
Element symbol: Ne
atomic number: ten
Atomic weight: twenty point one seven nine seven
Cycle: Second cycle
family: 0 Family
Element Category: Noble gas element
Electronic layout: 1s two 2s two 2p six

catalog

Discovery History

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William Ramsey, a British chemist, discovered that argon and helium are different from other elements that have been discovered in their properties, so he proposed to include a new group of chemical elements in the periodic table of chemical elements. He also speculated that there should be an element with atomic weight of 20 in this family according to Mendeleev's hypothesis about periodic classification of elements.

From 1896 to 1897, Ramsey, with the help of Travis, tried to obtain the elements he predicted by heating rare metal minerals in the same way as helium. They tested a lot of ores, but they couldn't find them. At last they thought of separating this gas from the air. However, it is difficult to remove argon from the air, and chemical methods are basically unavailable. The only way is to change air into liquid state first, and then use the different boiling points of its components to change them into gas successively and separate them one by one. On May 24, 1898, Ramsey received a small amount of liquid air from the British, Hampson. Ramsey and Travis first separated krypton from liquid air. Then they repeatedly liquefied and volatilized the separated argon to collect volatile components. On June 12, 1898, they finally found neon, the element symbol Ne, from the Greek Neos (new).

physical property

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character	Neon is a colorless, odorless and tasteless monatomic gas
melting point	24.55K（-248.6℃）
boiling point	27.07K（-246℃）
density	0.9002g/L（0℃，101.325kPa）
solubility	10.5mL/L（293K）
First ionization energy	2372kJ/mol^[1]

When the neon element is electrified, it will emit orange light. In all rare gases, the discharge of neon is the strongest under the same voltage and current.

isotope

There are 11 known isotopes of neon, including Ne-17 to Ne-27. Among them, Ne-20 (90.48%), Ne-21 (0.27%) and Ne-22 (9.25%) are stable. Ne-21 and Ne-22 are fission products, and their origins have been very clear. Neon-20 is not a fission product, and there is a heated debate about the source of its abundance on the earth. The nuclear reaction that causes neon is that of Mg-24 and Mg-25 Neutron emission and Alpha decay The corresponding products are Ne-21 and Ne-22. α The decay mainly comes from the uranium fission series, while the neutron is α Secondary reactions of decay. In general, this reaction series leads to a low Ne-20: Ne-22 ratio and a high Ne-21: Ne-22 ratio observed in uranium bearing rocks (such as granite). This isotope is caused by the decay of magnesium, potassium, silicon and aluminum. By analyzing the proportion of these three isotopes, we can distinguish neon in the universe from neon in magma and neon produced by nuclear reaction. This indicates that neon may be used to determine the exposure time of rocks and meteorites.

The composition of neon 20 in neon contained in volcanic gas is relatively high. The source of neon isotopes in the mantle may be different from that in the atmosphere. Among them, the high content of neon 20 may come from before the formation of the Earth and may represent the neon in the solar system. The content of neon 20 in the diamond is also relatively high, indicating that this high content may indeed come from the source of the solar system nebula before the formation of the Earth.

eighteen Ne can happen partly Diproton decay , producing unstable two He（ Helium stable isotope only three He， four He two)^[2] 。

Symbol	Z（p）	N（n）	Isotope mass (u)	half life	decay mode	decay product	Nucleus spin	Relative abundance (mole fraction)	Relative abundance Variation (mole fraction)
fifteen Ne	ten	five	(15)	2.522(66)MeV	2p	thirteen O
sixteen Ne	ten	six	16.025761(22)	9×10 -21 s [122(37)keV]	2p	fourteen O	0+
seventeen Ne	ten	seven	17.017672(29)	109.2(6)ms	β+,p(96.0%)	sixteen O	1/2–
					β+,α(2.7%)	thirteen N
					β+(1.3%)	seventeen F
eighteen Ne	ten	eight	18.0057082(3)	1.672(8) s	ε	eighteen F	0+
					2p	sixteen O
					two He	sixteen O two He
nineteen Ne	ten	nine	19.0018802(3)	17.296(5) s+	β+	nineteen F	1/2+
twenty Ne	ten	ten	19.9924401754(19)	stable			0+	0.9048(3)	0.8847–0.9051
twenty-one Ne	ten	eleven	20.99384668(4)	stable			3/2+	0.0027(1)	0.0027–0.0171
twenty-two Ne	ten	twelve	21.991385114(19)	stable			0+	0.0925(3)	0.0920–0.0996
twenty-three Ne	ten	thirteen	22.99446690(11)	37.24(12) s	β-	twenty-three Na	5/2+
twenty-four Ne	ten	fourteen	23.9936108(4)	3.38(2)min	β-	twenty-four Na	0+
twenty-five Ne	ten	fifteen	24.997737(28)	602(8)ms	β-	twenty-five Na	(3/2)+
twenty-six Ne	ten	sixteen	26.000461(29)	197(1)ms	β- (99.87%)	twenty-six Na	0+
twenty-six Ne	ten	sixteen	26.000461(29)	197(1)ms	β-,n(.13%)	twenty-five Na	0+
twenty-seven Ne	ten	seventeen	27.00759(12)	32(2)ms	β- (98.0%)	twenty-seven Na	(3/2+)#
twenty-seven Ne	ten	seventeen	27.00759(12)	32(2)ms	β-,n(2.0%)	twenty-six Na	(3/2+)#
twenty-eight Ne	ten	eighteen	28.01207(16)	18.3(22)ms	β- (78.0%)	twenty-eight Na	0+
twenty-eight Ne	ten	eighteen	28.01207(16)	18.3(22)ms	β-, n (22.0%)	twenty-seven Na	0+
twenty-nine Ne	ten	nineteen	29.01939(29)	15.6(5)ms	β-	twenty-nine Na	(3/2+)#
thirty Ne	ten	twenty	30.02480(61)	5.8(2)ms	β-	thirty Na	0+
thirty-one Ne	ten	twenty-one	31.03311(97)#	3.4(8)ms	β-	thirty-one Na	7/2−#
thirty-one Ne	ten	twenty-one	31.03311(97)#	3.4(8)ms	β-, n	thirty Na	7/2−#
thirty-two Ne	ten	twenty-two	32.04002(86)#	3.5(9)ms	β-, n	thirty-one Na	0+
thirty-two Ne	ten	twenty-two	32.04002(86)#	3.5(9)ms	β-	thirty-two Na	0+
thirty-three Ne	ten	twenty-three	33.04938(86)#				7/2−#
thirty-four Ne	ten	twenty-four	34.05703(87)#	1#ms [>1.5µs]			0+

remarks: The data marked with # represents theoretical speculation without experimental proof, while the data enclosed in parentheses represents data uncertainty.^[3]

chemical property

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The arrangement formula of extranuclear electrons in neon is 1s two 2s two 2p six , which belongs to a stable 8-electron configuration. At the same time, the neon atom is small, and the electronic binding force of the atomic nucleus is strong, leading to the chemical properties of neon element being very stable.

Up to now, there is no confirmed compound in neon, only some unstable cations and unconfirmed hydrates have been found.

At low temperature and high pressure, neon can form "van der Waals force molecules" with many substances, such as NeAuF and NeBeS, and the atoms are isolated in the parent inert gas. NeBeCO three Solids can be detected by infrared spectroscopy in neon atmosphere. It is made of beryllium gas, oxygen and carbon monoxide.

"Van der Waals force molecules" formed with metals include Ne Li.

More similar "Van der Waals force molecules" include Ne CF four And Ne CCl four 、Ne two -Cl two 、 Ne three -Cl two 、Ne x -I two （ x =1~4）、Ne x He y -I two （ x =1~5， y =1~4）。

It can also form so-called "van der Waals force molecules" with organic molecules, including aniline, dimethyl ether, 1,1-difluoroethylene, pyrimidine, chlorobenzene, cyclopentanone, cyclobutyronitrile and cyclopentadiene.

Neon can also be used as a ligand to form very weak bonds for transition metal atoms, such as Cr (CO) five Ne、Mo(CO) five Ne and W (CO) five Ne。

Preparation method

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Since neon exists only as a single substance, it is generally separated from air to obtain neon.

The mixed gas of neon and helium can be extracted from the air separation tower while producing oxygen and nitrogen, and neon can be obtained by liquid hydrogen condensation or adsorption of activated carbon silica gel.

Neon is also very rare in the earth's atmosphere, accounting for only one part of 65000 of the atmosphere.^[1]

Element Usage

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The bright red and orange light emitted by neon is often used to advertise neon lights. Other applications are:

Vacuum tube, high-voltage indicator, lightning rod, TV fluorescent screen, He Ne laser are used as coolant (liquid neon) for high-energy physics research, fill neon with spark chamber to detect the behavior of particles, fill mercury lamp and sodium vapor lamp, etc.^[3]

Neon is a rare gas, which does not react with other substances under normal circumstances. Neon emits orange glow when discharging, which is widely used in urban neon lights. In addition, the test pencil used in daily life is also filled with neon gas, which makes use of the characteristics of neon discharge and high resistance. When using the test stylus, the current flows from one end of the stylus. After passing through neon, the current intensity drops to the safe range of the human body, then reaches the tail, and leads to the earth through the human body. When the neon window in the middle of the test pen lights up orange, it shows that the tested circuit is well energized.^[1]

safety protection

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When the product is in high concentration, it can reduce the oxygen partial pressure in the air, leading to suffocation risk. The symptoms are rapid breathing, inattention and ataxia; Then fatigue, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, coma, convulsions, and death occur. No special protection is generally required during production. However, when the oxygen concentration in the air of the workplace is less than 18%, you must wear an air respirator, oxygen respirator or a long tube mask.

Liquid neon temperature is extremely low, so frostbite shall be prevented.^[1]

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