Climatology is a discipline that studies the characteristics, formation, distribution and evolution of climate, as well as the relationship between climate and other natural factors and human activities.It is not only a branch of physical geography, but also a branch of atmospheric science.Climate is an important environmental condition for human life and production activities.Humans can only adapt to the climate at first, instinctively use climate resources and avoid climate disasters.
Climatology is a discipline that studies the characteristics, formation and evolution of climate and the relationship between climate and human activities.It is not only a branch of atmospheric science, but also a part of geography.
With the increasing scale of production, the relationship between climate and human society is getting closer and closer.In order to reasonably develop and utilize climate resources, mitigate the impact of climate disasters, and avoid adverse consequences of human activities on the atmospheric environment, it is necessary to understand the climate characteristics and evolution laws of the region, whether it is large-scale reclamation, design and management of major projects, or the development planning and research of industrial and agricultural layout.The research results and applications of climatology are increasingly attracting attention from all aspects.[1]
Discipline Introduction
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With the development of production and the progress of science and technology, human beings have gradually mastered the distribution and change laws of climate, made achievements in the rational use of climate resources and effective defense against meteorological disasters, and began to make efforts to improve the climate. The research of climatology has also made great progress and formedPhysical climatology、Synoptic climatology、Integrated climatology、Applied climatology、Satellite climatology, tree ring climatology and other branches.
Climatology books
Climatology includes general principles, temporal and spatial distribution of climate characteristics, evolution and classification.People often record the basic climatic characteristics of a place, a region or a global scope with the spatial and temporal distribution maps of climatic elements, the comprehensive relationship map of climatic elements and various climatic statistical maps.Climatology of a certain place is the data of basic climatic conditions summarized by sorting out and analyzing the meteorological data for many years.The study of the formation, distribution, change of climate and its relationship with human activities.It is a frontier subject of meteorology and physical geography.It mainly studies the formation of climate and the temporal and spatial distribution of climate elements;Regional climate characteristics;The law of climate change;The interaction between various elements of climate formation and how to reasonably develop and use climate resources to reduce or mitigate climate disasters;Avoid adverse consequences of human activities on the atmospheric environment.According to the research scale, it can be divided into macroclimatology, mesoclimatology and microclimatology;According to the length of the research period, it can be divided into geological climatology, historical climatology and modern climatology;According to the principles and methods used, it can be divided into physical climatology, weather climatology, dynamic climatology, etc.In addition, according to the application of climatology in national economic construction and the characteristics of corresponding specialties, various branches of applied climatology are formed, such asAgroclimatology, forestry climatology, building climatology, medical climatology, navigation climatology, aviation climatology, etc.
Thousands of years ago, people had recorded the climate phenomenon.After the invention of meteorological observation instruments, climatology has developed rapidly.By the late 19th century, people had a preliminary understanding of climate formation, regional distribution of climate elements and climate classification.At the beginning of the 20th century, research began to shift from the descriptive phase to the theoretical one, and applied climatology received more attention.In the 1940s, with the expansion of observation scope and the increase of observation projects, such as radiation observation, radiosonde, ocean exploration and large-scale observation for special research purposes, especially the application of meteorological satellites, the climate data of desert, plateau, ocean and other regions were filled;With the use of large fast computers, the study of climatology has entered a new period of vigorous development.Using numerical simulation method to study the impact of human activities on climate, research on reconstruction of paleoclimate, discussion on the possibility of forecasting climate and its causes, and theoretical research on climate change all make the research of climatology enter a more accurate theoretical analysis stage.Since the 1970s, global climate anomalies have aroused widespread concern. Climate issues have been placed in an important position in international conferences on environment, food, water resources and desertification.The concept of climate system including atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere is forming, and climatology is developing towards a comprehensive discipline.[1]
development history
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Climatology became a science after the observation of meteorological instruments.However, the records of climate phenomena and the accumulation of climate knowledge can be traced back to 3000 years ago.
Human understanding and research on climate have gone through three stages of development.
Experience accumulation stage
Mainly refers to the 16th century ago.At first, human gradually realized the weather and climate by experience.For example, the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin and Shang Dynasties in China and the Book of Songs of the Zhou Dynasty have recorded a lot of weather and climate knowledge.The twenty-four solar terms and seventy-two seasons appeared in the Qin and Han dynasties, and began to predict agricultural time with seasonal changes of natural phenology, which has been used until now.Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty explained the different climates in different regions through the regional differences of phenological phenomena in his Dream Stream Tales.Aristotle in ancient Greece wrote Meteorology (about 340 BC), which systematically summarized the weather and climate knowledge at that time.In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy divided the climate from the equator to the Arctic into 24 climatic zones.The ancient Greek scholars found that from Greece to the north, the sunlight slanted and intensified, and the climate turned cold;To the south, the sun slants slowly and the climate becomes warmer.This reflects that the temperature of the climate is related to the tilt of the sun's rays.Accordingly, they divided the earth's climate into five zones, namely, the northern cold zone, the northern temperate zone, the tropical zone, the southern temperate zone and the southern cold zone.
Discipline establishment stage
It mainly refers to the 16th and 19th centuries.Climatology became a discipline after meteorological instruments were used for observation.From the 16th century to the 17th century, thermometers, barometers and other instruments were invented and widely used.Using the observation records of these instruments, systematic climate research began.In 1817, A. von Humboldt of Germany drew the global isotherm map for the first time, which became the beginning of modern climatology research.
In 1883, JF. Von hann compiled the climatology handbook, which proposed a more complete methodology for climatology research and provided data for the study of global climate.In 1884, Russia А.И. Voyeikov wrote the book Global Climate and Russian Climate, analyzing the effects of solar radiation, water cycle, underlying surface, etc. on climate.Later, E. Bruckner and others predicted the future climate according to the change cycle of sunspot number.During this period, the regional distribution of climate elements was analyzed and studied, and the characteristics of regional climate were qualitatively described.In the same year, Cobain of Germany classified the world climate.These achievements laid the foundation of climatology.
Development stage since modern times
Related books
In the late 19th century, the world meteorological observation network gradually formed.At the beginning of the 20th century, the research of climatology has developed from descriptive to theoretical, with the emergence of cyclone models, frontal theory, air mass theory, etc., the accumulation of a lot of weather map data, the beginning of the study of climate formation and change, and the application of climatology in all aspects has been valued.1900-1936, WP. Cobain classified the world climate according to the relationship between climate and plants (seeCobain climate classification)。1920-1925, Soviet Union Е.Е. Fiodorov founded comprehensive climatology.In 1930, Cobain and R. Geiger published the Handbook of Climatology and made a comprehensive review of climatology.In the early 1930s, T.H.P. Bergeron and T. Hesselberg pioneered weather climatology.In the 1930s and 1940s, CW. Thornswick, Б. П. Alisov, etc. have carried out their own climate classification (see Thornswick Climate ClassificationAlisov climate classification）。In the middle of the 20th century, with the high altitude meteorological observationradio technology With the wide use of meteorological satellites and electronic computers, as well as the use of artificial climate simulation and other methods, climatology has developed rapidly.In the 1950s, N.A. Phillips first usedHydrodynamic methodThe formation of climate was simulated on an electronic computer.With the study of the relationship between the ocean and the atmosphere, some scholars have studied the radiation budget and energy conversion of the earth atmosphere system from the perspective of dynamics to explore the causes of climate formation.In 1950, CE. P. Brooks studied the climate of geological periods and various historical periods.In the early 1970s, the worldwide climate anomalies caused widespread concern, and the research on climate change was widely carried out.In 1972, Zhu Kezhen, China, published the article "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in the Past Five Thousand Years".Since then, Chinese scholars have published 500 years of historical data on drought and flood in China.American scholars used numerical methods to simulate the paleoclimate state more than 10000 years ago.The research on future climate change trend has been extensively carried out.With the application of meteorological satellites, the number of climate data has increased dramatically, and the business of fast processing climate data with electronic computers has also developed.Since the 1970s, climatology has been extended to the study of climate systems involving the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
Relationship with other disciplines
Climatology has extensive connections with various basic sciences, technical sciences and social sciences.From both theoretical and methodological perspectives, climatology is closely related to mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geosciences and other basic disciplines as well as various branches of atmospheric science.Climate monitoring requires the application of various technologies and sciences.Therefore, climatology is a subject that is widely connected with other disciplines.
Since climate involves all aspects of human life and production, since 1972, climate issues have played a prominent role in a series of important international conferences on environment, food, water resources, desertification, etc.The World Climate Plan was put forward at the 1979 World Climate Conference, making climate issues a major subject of international cooperation. Climate science has become an increasingly active discipline. The meaning of climatology is also developing. The concept of climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, is also taking shape.Although climatology is still focusing on the atmosphere, its content is constantly enriched and enriched, from a branch of atmospheric science to a discipline of comprehensive climate system.[1]
Main categories
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Meteorology and Climatology
Due to the different characteristics of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and underlying surface, there are significant differences in the climate characteristics of different regions.For example, the climate characteristics of the east and west coast of the mainland are different;Even if they belong to the east coast, the climate of the east coast of Eurasia and North America is different.This regional feature is the important reason why climatology has become a branch of geography, and it is also the basis for climate classification research in climatology.Only by observing and investigating in a wide range can regions and boundaries with similar climatic characteristics be obtained.According to the spatial scale of climatology, there are different scales of climate, such as global climate, northern hemisphere climate, regional climate and local climate.According to the time scale, there are interannual climate change, climate change over decades and climate change over 10000 years.To study interannual climate change and short-term climate change, at least 30 consecutive years of observational data are required.In order to study the changes of decades of cycles, it is necessary to have data at least ten times the length of the cycle. Therefore, in addition to modern meteorological data, it is also necessary to use historical records and tree rings for analysis to extend the data life.For changes over ten thousand years, geological cores, ice cores, fossils and other data are often used for analysis and speculation.
Climatology is a subject with strong application.All activities, from industrial and agricultural production, transportation, communication, energy, military and even human activities, are closely related to climate. A large number of marginal disciplines, such as urban climate, architectural climate, military climate, agricultural climate, forest climate, marine climate and tourism climate, are gradually formed.
Solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and underlying surface conditions (such as sea, land and vegetation) are the main factors for climate formation. However, how these factors interact to form a local climate feature remains to be further studied;In addition, the impact of human activities on climate change due to the increase of trace elements and pollutants in the atmosphere, as well as the impact of various Earth astronomical parameters on climate, etc.All these make the study of climate formation theory extremely complicated, and there is still a lack of accurate and effective theoretical models.
Introduction to climatology includes general principles of climatology, temporal and spatial distribution, evolution and classification of climate characteristics.People often record the basic climatic characteristics of a place, a region or a global scope with the spatial and temporal distribution maps of climatic elements, the comprehensive relationship map of climatic elements and various climatic statistical maps.Climatology of a certain place is the data of basic climatic conditions summarized by sorting out and analyzing the meteorological data for many years.
Physical climatology andDynamic climatologyThis paper mainly studies the causes of climate formation and climate change with the theory and method of dynamics.The main contents include: the relationship between the changes of radiation balance, heat balance, water cycle, various pollutants and trace elements in the atmosphere and the climate.The use of large electronic computers for climate simulation is a researchPhysical dynamic climatologyThis new branch opens up a new prospect for the theoretical research of climatology.
Synoptic climatology is the study of the general state of atmospheric circulation and the regularity of its changes over many years.For example, the classification of circulation and its frequency, the frequency, intensity and path of weather system, and the relationship between large-scale climate anomalies and atmospheric circulation.
According to the special needs of industrial and agricultural production and life, applied climatology studies the relationship between them and climate, and how to apply climate knowledge to all aspects.The main research contents are: utilization of climate resources, prevention of climate disasters, analysis, assessment and zoning of atmospheric environment, and corresponding climate problems of relevant disciplines.In addition, climatology can also be divided into near surface climatology and stratospheric climatology according to atmospheric stratification.
Climatology has extensive connections with various basic sciences, technical sciences and social sciences.From both theoretical and methodological perspectives, climatology is closely related to mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geosciences and other basic disciplines as well as various branches of atmospheric science.Climate monitoring requires the application of various technologies and sciences.Therefore, climatology is a subject that is widely connected with other disciplines.
Since climate involves all aspects of human life and production, since 1972, climate issues have played a prominent role in a series of important international conferences on environment, food, water resources, desertification, etc.The World Climate Plan was put forward at the 1979 World Climate Conference, making climate issues a major subject of international cooperation. Climate science has become an increasingly active discipline. The meaning of climatology is also developing. The concept of climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, is also taking shape.
Although climatology still takes the atmosphere as its main research object, its content is constantly enriched and enriched, from a branch of atmospheric science to the discipline of comprehensive climate system.[1]
research contents
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Modern climatology research mainly includes the following aspects:
① Climate formation.Study the role of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and underlying surface conditions in the formation of climate, as well as the impact of human activities and changes in earth astronomical parameters on climate, such as the study of radiation climate, dynamic climate, physical climate, monsoon climate, pollution climate, etc.
There are significant differences in climate characteristics among regions
② Climate distribution.Study the physical characteristics and differences of climate in different regions, and the distribution laws of various climatic elements, such as climate classification and zoning, regional climate, near surface climate, upper air climate, marine climate, etcClimate change.To study the climate characteristics and change rules in each period and in the future since the formation of the earth, such as the climate in geological period, historical climate, modern climate, climate prediction, etc.
④ The relationship between climate and other natural factors.Study the interaction and relationship between climate and topography, hydrology, vegetation, soil, etc., such as the study of microclimate, topography, hydrology, vegetation and soil climate.
⑤ Application climate.To study the impact of climate on human production activities, life activities and military affairs, such as the use of climate resources, climate disaster prevention, atmospheric environment analysis and evaluation, and agricultural climate, industrial climate, building climate, aviation climate, urban climate, medical climate, military climate, etc.
⑥ The relationship between climate and human beings.The study of human impacts on climate includes consciously improving climate conditions and unconsciously worsening climate.
Development prospect
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All aspects of human production and life are closely related to climate.Rational use of climate resources and effective prevention of climate disasters have become more and more important issues in climatology research.The future climate change has attracted great attention.sinceworld meteorological organization(WMO) Since the World Climate Plan (WCP) was formulated in 1979, scholars all over the world have conducted more extensive and in-depth research on climate change and anomalies and their impact on human beings.The widespread application of new technologies and methods has greatly expanded the scope of climatology research, and climatology is developing towards the direction of comprehensive research on climate system.[1]
