The branches of nationality[2]，Also called "sub nation" and "sub nation", it refers to a branch of "nation"There are common or similar languages, cultures and customs in the branches, which are mutually recognized.[1][3]
In 1933, Guangdong scholarLuoxianglinIn the article "Research on Nationalities and Nationalities", the concept of "ethnic system" was put forward for the first time to explain various ethnic groups.[4-5]
Before the 20th century, there was very little research on the differences of the Han nationality.By the 1930s, Guangdong scholarsLuoxianglinHe realized that the Han nationality and other large nationalities would gradually differentiate and form slightly different sub cultural groups due to the changes of times and environment. In order to describe these sub cultural groups, he created the term "ethnic system".[3]Luo Xianglin uses the word "ethnic system" mainly to study Hakka people.Outside the Chinese context, this subcultural group is often referred to as "sub nation".[6]
Basic connotation
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According to the common view of the academic community, it refers to a branch of "nation", which has a common or similar language, culture, custom and mutual recognition.It not only has the common characteristics of a nation, but also has the personality that distinguishes it from other groups in the same nation.[1][3]People of the same ethnic group live in the same or similar areas and have the same regional identity.Regional identity often becomes the name of ethnic groups, such as Chaozhou ethnic groups.Among all ethnic groups of the Han nationality, Hakka is the only ethnic group not named by region.People of the same ethnic group also tend to have a strong sense of identity with a particular thing, believing that this thing represents some characteristics and spiritual traditions of the ethnic group.[3]
Some people also extend the concept of "ethnic system", which refers to people who belong to the same region and have mutual recognition, and may not meet the same requirements for internal language, culture and customs.For example, "Lao Biao" refers to Jiangxi people (Gan people).This extended concept of "people system" is seldom used, and is generally called "someone", such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang people, Northeast people, etc.Therefore, when used for the Han nationality, the "ethnic system" is basically only used in Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces where the language, culture and customs of various ethnic groups are quite different.[3]
Ethnicity division
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Strictly speaking, the academic community has not clearly divided the national ethnic groups.Luo Xianglin, who put forward the concept of "ethnic system", only made a simple division of the Han ethnic system in the book Introduction to Hakka Studies.
Luo Xianglin believes that since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han nationality has gradually differentiated into the Northern Han nationality and the Southern Han nationality.After the migration and separation of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Han people of the southern lineage split into several different ethnic groups.Among them, there are five most notable ones, "one is the Yuehai system, namely the Jiangsu Zhejiang system; the second is the Hunan Jiangxi system; the third is the South Han system, namely the local system of Guangdong and Guangxi; the fourth is the Minhai system, namely the current Fujian Guangdong Fulao system; and the fifth is the Fujian Jiangxi system, namely the current Fujian Jiangxi Guangdong Hakka family."[7]
Although the brewing period of the Yuehai system (Jiangsu Zhejiang system) was earlier than that of the other four systems, the formation of its characteristics may be related to the founding of the Wu Yue and Southern Tang dynasties in the Five Dynasties.
The formation of the Hunan Jiangxi system was related to the founding of Ma Yin, the king of Chu in the Five Dynasties.[7]
The formation of the Southern Han system (also known as the Guangfu system) was related to the founding of the Southern Han Dynasty by Liu Yan during the Five Dynasties.
The formation of the Minhai system (Fulao system) and the Mingan system (Hakka system) is related to Wang Shenzhi's title as the king of Eight Min in the Five Dynasties.
Luo Xianglin believed that the differentiation and formation of the above ethnic groups were generally brewed in the Sui and Tang dynasties and completed in the early Song Dynasty.[8]
