Aircraft used for passenger and cargo transportation in air transportation.In May 1918, the aircraft was used for transportation.It became mature in the 1930s.the Second World WarAfter that, aviation technology developed rapidly, and appeared in the 1950sTurboprop aircraft。At the same time, the turbojet transport plane was successfully developed, which is considered to have epoch-making significance in the development history of civil transport aircraft.High flow ratio in 1970sTurbo fan engineIt is widely used in civil transport aircraft.Today,Supersonic speedThe civil transport aircraft has entered the practical stage, but it is not widely used due to poor technical and economic performance and serious environmental pollution.[1]
Airplanes were first used for civilian transportation by regular postal flights between Paris London and New York Washington Chicago in 1918.
More mature civil transport aircraft appeared in the 1930s, such as the "DC-3" aircraft produced in the United States and the Juncker "JU-52" aircraft produced in Germany.Their power unit isPiston engineThe maximum flight height is 3000~4000m, which can carry 20~30 passengers or 2~3 tons of cargo.
Example
the Second World WarAfter that, aviation technology has made rapid progress, and civil transport aircraft have made considerable progress in safety, economy and other technical performance.In 1953, Britain first developedTurboprop engineThe Viscount is a powered aircraft.The capacity of such aircraft can reach 50~100 passengers, the flight speed is less than 800 km/h, and the maximum range is not more than 5000 km.
Subsequently, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed turboprop aircraft and put them into the air transport market.At the same time, the aircraft manufacturing industry has also succeeded in applying turbojet technology to civil aircraft.Britain was the first to develop a jet transport aircraft, and their "Comet 1" aircraft was tested in 1949.The Soviet Union was the first to put the jet transport aircraft "Figure 104" into flight in 1956.The emergence of jet transport aircraft has epoch-making significance in the development history of civil transport aircraft.This kind of aircraft has the advantages of high speed, large load, simple maintenance, and lower operating cost than piston aircraft, so it is widely used soon.
The technical performance of jet transport aircraft is superior to that of piston transport aircraft. This type of aircraft has a large load, fast flight speed, a flight height of more than 10000 meters, and a maximum range of about 12000 kilometers. However, it consumes a lot of fuel, and its speed reaches more than 0.8 Mach number. The takeoff weight, passenger capacity, and range have all reached new levels.The first generation of jet transport aircraft from the United States“Boeing 707”Type A, "DC-8" and other aircraft are more representative.Turbojet engineAfter two major improvementsturbojet engineHigh traffic ratio in the 1970sTurbo fan engineThe fuel efficiency has been greatly improved.The improvement of the power unit has promoted the birth of new transport aircraft.The notable features of the wide body civil transport aircraft, which came out in the early 1970s, are low fuel consumption, low noise and relatively low cost per person km.Long range wide body aircraft, with a range of more than 10000 kilometers, can double its payload, such as the United States“Boeing 747”The maximum takeoff gross weight of the aircraft exceeds 350 tons, and it can carry more than 500 passengers.
In terms of technical performance, supersonic civil transport aircraft have entered the practical stage. For example, the "Concorde" made by Britain and France and the "Tu-144" aircraft made by the Soviet Union have been used for passenger carrying flight on routes, but they cannot be widely used because of poor technical and economic performance and serious environmental pollution.After the above problems are solved,Supersonic aircraftIt will become a new generation of civil transport aircraft.[2]
structure
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Civil transport aircraft mainly consists of fuselage, wing, tail wing, landing gear, engine and other parts:
fuselage
The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, which is arranged with passenger cabin, luggage compartment and service cabin (cargo plane is arranged with cargo cabin), and the front is arranged with cockpit and control system.Other parts of the aircraft are also directly mounted on the fuselage.In order to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers, the cabin of modern passenger aircraft is a pressurized sealed cabin, which is equipped with air conditioning, oxygen supply, life-saving and other equipment.
wing
The main part of an aircraft that generates lift and maintains stability in the air.The wing has control surfaces such as flaps and ailerons.Most aircraft models have the main fuel tank in the wing
Tail
It usually consists of a vertical tail and a horizontal tail.The rudder is installed on the vertical tail and the elevator is installed on the horizontal tail, both of which are important control surfaces of the aircraft
Landing gear
The general term of the wheel set and its support used for taxiing and taxiing before takeoff and after landing.The landing gear of most aircraft can be put into the fuselage after lift off to reduce flight resistance.For aircraft landing gear taking off and landing on snow or water, skid or buoy can be used instead of wheels.
engine
The power unit of an aircraft.Modern civil transport aircraft are mainly equipped with turbojet enginesTurbo fan engineJet and turbinePropeller aircraft。withPiston enginePowered aircraft are no longer used for major flights and are being phased out.[3]
characteristic
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The main characteristics of civil transport aircraft are economy and comfort.It is required to maximize fuel efficiency and reduce flight costs.Cabin design is required to provide passengers with superior and comfortable living conditions.
Flight procedures
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Example
The civil transport aircraft performs the flight of transport mission, including the whole process from driving before takeoff to shutting down after landing.
Flight category The flight of civil transport aircraft is divided into airport area flight and route flight according to flight area;According to pilotage and driving conditions, it can be divided into visual flight and instrument flight.
Civil transport aircraft flight activities usually include preparation stage and implementation stage.CAAC stipulates that there are four stages: flight preparation in advance, flight preparation directly, flight implementation and post flight evaluation.
The flight preparation is usually carried out one day before the flight. In case of temporary emergency mission, it can be combined with the direct preparation phase.The main contents of preparation in advance include: assigning tasks and equippingFlight crew, determine the aircraft type, select the route, study and develop flight and command plans, and handle flight applications.The direct preparation for flight is usually started 1 hour and 30 minutes before the aircraft is expected to take off.Its main contents include: studying weather conditions, conducting pilot calculations, preparing aircraft, loading passengers and cargo, inspecting equipment, revising and supplementing various work plans and program measures, and deciding the acceptance and release of aircraft.Flight implementation is to implement the whole flight process and ensure the flight according to the scheduled plan.The post flight evaluation is to summarize the flight in order to improve the flight level.
