Phyllostachys pubescens (Latin scientific name:Phyllostachys edulis(Carri è re) J. Houzeau), also known as Phyllostachys pubescens and Turtle beetle[2], belonging to the genus Phyllostachys of Poaceae（Phyllostachys）, a large evergreen scattered bamboo[1]。Phyllostachys pubescens is about 20 meters high and more than 20 centimeters in diameter, standing upright[2]。Phyllostachys dichotomous branches[3], leaves are lanceolate[2]。The flower branch is solitary and has spikes. Each spikelet has two flowers, one of which is mature[3], ovary triangular or conic.The fruit is small, caryopsis, and does not crack. There is only one seed in the fruit, which is brown, and the seed coat is thin.The flowering period is from May to August, and the seeds mature from August to September[2-3][9]。
Phyllostachys pubescens can grow in plains, basins, hills, plateaus and mountains.Among them, low shady (semi shady) slopes with an altitude of 500~800m are the most suitable, and they grow best in valleys, mountainsides, and foothills[3]。The annual average temperature of 15~21 ℃ and annual precipitation of 800~2000mm are suitable for the growth of Phyllostachys pubescens[3-4]。Phyllostachys pubescens has high requirements on soil. Generally, it grows well in humid, fertile, slightly acidic sandy soil with good drainage and air permeability and pH 4~7.0.Phyllostachys pubescens originated in China. About 85% of the world's Phyllostachys pubescens grow in the south of the Yangtze River in China, mainly in Changning, Jiang'an, Xingwen and other regions[10]。
Phyllostachys pubescens is an important type of bamboo forest resources in China, accounting for 70% of the bamboo forest area[10]。Phyllostachys pubescens is widely used in construction, paper making, agriculture and other fields due to its advantages of short growth cycle, rapid growth, strong reproductive capacity, fast timber formation and yield[5]It has high economic use value.Large scale cultivation of Phyllostachys pubescens can prevent soil erosion, regulate local climate, purify air, improve ecological environment quality, and play a huge role in maintaining and promoting local socio-economic development and environmental protection[3][11]At the same time, all parts of Phyllostachys pubescens can be eaten and have medicinal value[3][8][16-17]。
Chinese name
Phyllostachys pubescens[12]
Latin name
Phyllostachys edulis(Carrière) J. Houzeau[12]
Alias
Phyllostachys pubescens[12]
circles
Plantae[12]
door
Tracheophyta[12]
Outline
Magnoliopsida[12]
order
Poales[12]
section
Poaceae[12]
genus
Phyllostachys（Phyllostachys）[12]
species
Phyllostachys pubescens（Phyllostachys edulis）[12]
Distribution area
Originating in China, about 85% of the world's moso bamboo grows in the south of the Yangtze River in China, mainly in Changning, Jiang'an, Xingwen and other regions[10]
China has a long history of planting bamboo[2]Is the hometown of bamboo[10]。In 1736, Japan was the first country to introduce bamboo from China[3]。In 1880, France, Britain and other Western European countries began to introduce and cultivate. In 1890, the United States began to introduce and cultivate[3]。Phyllostachys pubescens has been introduced and cultivated in Asia, Europe and America.For example, more than 20 countries and regions in the world, such as Japan, Britain, Germany, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Algeria, etc., have been cultivated, enriching the species of bamboo plants in Europe and the United States. The introduced and cultivated Phyllostachys pubescens are mainly used for scientific research and garden ornamental fields[3]。
morphological character
Announce
edit
Phyllostachys pubescens is a uniaxially scattered evergreen arborous bamboo plant[13]The plant is about 20 meters high, and its diameter can reach 12-30 cm. It is upright. The basal internode is 1-6 cm long, and the middle internode is 40 cm long. The new stem has fine hairs and falls off[3][5]。
Root and stem
The underground bamboo root of Phyllostachys pubescens grows downward, the aboveground bamboo stem grows upward, and the underground bamboo whip (underground stem) grows horizontally[3]。Each branch node of Phyllostachys pubescens has two branches, which are cylindrical without branches and nodes. The nodes are 32-42cm long, and the longest can reach 50cm[3][5]。
Phyllostachys pubescens
leaf
The bamboo leaves are dark green, lanceolate, 4~11cm long, 0.5~1.2cm wide, and every 2~3 pieces are born on small branches.There are small serrations on one side of the edge, one side is smooth, the leaf is dark green, the back of the leaf is light green, the back hair is short, and the petiole is short.The back of the leaf is covered with hairs, and the tongue is raised, with membranous cilia.Ear not obvious, with shoulder hair, gradually falling off later.The leaf sheath is purple brown, the ear is small, and the suture hair is 1-1.5 cm long[2-3]。
FLOWER
The bamboo flower is solitary, and the inflorescence is spike shaped. There are two small flowers on each spike, and only one flower is mature[3]。Its ovary is triangular or conical, with two flower chambers, 3~6 stamens, 1~3 styles, 2~3 stigmas, feathery, flowering from May to August[2-3][9]。
Fruits and seeds
The fruit of Phyllostachys pubescens is a caryopsis, which is oblong, 4.5~6mm long and 1.5~1.8mm in diameter. The fruit is small and does not crack. There is only one seed in the fruit. The seed coat is very thin. It matures in August to September, and the color is brown[2-3]。
Distribution range
Announce
edit
Phyllostachys pubescens originated in China. About 85% of the world's Phyllostachys pubescens grow in the south of the Yangtze River in China, mainly in Changning, Jiang'an, Xingwen and other regions[3][10]。Now it has been introduced and cultivated in Asia, Europe and America.For example, Japan, Britain, Germany, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Algeria and other countries and regions in the world have cultivated[3]。
Growth environment
Announce
edit
Phyllostachys pubescens can grow in plains, basins, hills, plateaus and mountains.Among them, low shady (semi shady) slopes with an altitude of 500~800m are the most suitable, and they grow best in valleys, mountainsides, and foothills[3]。
Growth habit
Announce
edit
The most suitable annual average temperature for the growth of Phyllostachys pubescens is 15~21 ℃, the average temperature in the hottest month is 26~29 ℃, the average temperature in the coldest month is 1~12 ℃, the frost free day is 210~330 days, the annual precipitation is 800~2000 mm, and the annual relative humidity is 80%[3-4]。Phyllostachys pubescens has high requirements for soil. Generally, it grows well in humid, fertile, slightly acidic sandy soil with good drainage and air permeability and pH 4~7.0[3]。
Reproductive mode
Announce
edit
Phyllostachys pubescens mainly propagates asexually through underground stems under natural conditions[7][14]。Under artificial conditions, artificial propagation technology can be divided into seed propagation and asexual propagation[3-4][6]。
Seed breeding
The seeds of Phyllostachys pubescens are generally collected from bamboo forests with good planting conditions and more than seven years old. They are generally collected from September to October. The loose and fertile sandy soil is selected for plowing, and can be sown in spring and autumn[3-4][6]。Seeding and seedling raising should be concentrated in the smallest area as far as possible. When the original seedlings start to tiller, their adaptability to the environment will gradually increase, and they can be transplanted to the field for conventional cultivation[3]。
Asexual reproduction
The flowering and fruiting of Phyllostachys pubescens are unstable, and the source and quantity of seeds are greatly limited, so asexual reproduction such as colonization, mother bamboo, bamboo whip, etc. is adopted to breed seedlings[3]。
Fractional breeding
The 1-year-old bamboo seedlings or 2-year-old bed seedlings cultivated with seeds shall be planted in March to March of the next year.The planting should not be too deep, the root system should be stretched, the soil should be compacted, and the covering soil should be 1cm higher than the original depth of the seedlings. After planting, sufficient root setting water should be poured.After seed breeding, it can be continuously propagated within 3-5 years[3][15]。
Seedling raising of mother bamboo
The mother bamboo seedling cultivation covers the site preparation, mother bamboo selection, bamboo species excavation and transportation, bamboo planting, and tending management of Phyllostachys pubescens[3-4][6]。The mother bamboo (or seed bamboo) of Phyllostachys pubescens should be 1-3 years old, with chest height and girth of 13-20 cm, solid, even node density, dark green leaves, full whip buds, and no diseases and pests[3-4][6]。When raising seedlings, excavate the bamboo seedlings that have grown well for 1-2 years in the forest land for seedling forestation, cut off the top, and reserve 3-4 rounds of branches and leaves for field planting and seedling raising.Mother bamboo must be equipped with bamboo whip and intact whip bud, and the length of reserved bamboo whip shall not be less than 30cm[3][15]。
Bamboo whip seedling raising
The rhizome seedling raising of Phyllostachys pubescens is generally carried out in combination with afforestation and fractional seedling raising.Cut off the long bamboo whips in afforestation and sub breeding, cut them into 20-30cm long whips and plant them at regular intervals, with a depth of 5cm. Pay attention to covering grass after burial to keep the soil moist and prevent surface hardening after watering[3]。
cultivation techniques
Announce
edit
soil preparation
Phyllostachys pubescens land preparation includes miscellaneous cutting, mountain clearing, soil turning, burrowing and other processes. Manual or excavator can be used for full reclamation, strip reclamation, or cave shaped land preparation[3-4][6]。
Bamboo species excavation and transportation
In the process of digging seed bamboo, try not to damage the bamboo whip and the small shoots and sprouts on the whip, and each seed bamboo must carry about 20kg of soil.If bamboo seeds need long-distance transportation, they must be loaded and unloaded lightly to protect the soil and sprouts. If necessary, they need to be wrapped with straw. After being transported to the planting site, they need to be planted in time[3-4][6]。
Phyllostachys pubescens planting
When planting Phyllostachys pubescens, the bamboo whip shall be stretched and leveled in the hole, and the planting depth is 5cm deeper than the original depth of the bamboo species.No gap shall be left in the filling, and the upper part of the whip root shall be properly kept loose.Bamboo should not be planted too deep, or it will affect the growth of bamboo shoots or the phenomenon of rotten whip.Do not bury stones and other impurities into the soil during planting, so as not to affect the survival of planted bamboo[3-4][6]。
Planting management
After the planting of Phyllostachys pubescens, it needs to be nurtured twice a year in the first two years. The first time is in May and June, and the second time is in August and September. The bamboo should be righted, earthed, scarified, uprooted and buried in the soil[3-4][6]。After the afforestation of Phyllostachys pubescens, it is necessary to build the mountain in time from July to September, that is, cut down the weeds in the bamboo forest and scatter them on the surface of the forest land to supplement the organic fertilizer in the forest soil.The mountain repair is generally carried out 1-2 times a year. If it is only carried out once, it should be carried out in early July.Reclamation is carried out every autumn and winter,[10]。
Fertility and water management
The amount of fertilizer applied to Phyllostachys pubescens needs to be combined with the actual soil conditions of the forest land of Phyllostachys pubescens. If the soil layer is 60~80cm, the amount of fertilizer applied will increase moderately;If the soil layer is more than 80cm, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced appropriately;If the soil layer is very thin, the amount of fertilizer will be less.Attention should be paid to the combination of nitrogen fertilizer for bamboo shoots. Organic fertilizer is mainly used for bamboo shoots and timber, and farm manure should be applied in March, July and November every year for timber bamboo forests[3][10]。
disease
Moso bamboo diseases mainly include bamboo base rot, withered shoot disease and coal stain disease[3][10]。
The characteristics of Moso bamboo base rot include that there are very obvious purplish brown spots at the base of bamboo shoots. After the bamboo sheaths fall off, brown or sauce purple spots can be clearly observed, and the pungent smell can be smelled.From May to June, conidia piles will appear, which are white or pink.From September to October, the disease spots dried up.Spray carbendazim wettable powder or methyl tobuzin wettable powder for prevention and control when spreading leaves[3][10]。
The dieback disease of Phyllostachys pubescens generally occurs in the middle of July, which will cause damage to the new young bamboos in the same year, cause dieback and dieback, and affect the quality of Phyllostachys pubescens.It can be controlled by spraying carbendazim wettable powder regularly from young bamboo leaves[3][10]。
The coal stain disease is characterized by the formation of irregular black coal seams similar to coal smoke on the surface of the host stem.The control measures are to cut down the old bamboos properly to ensure the ventilation distance between plants, remove the diseased branches and leaves to prevent diseases, or spray omethoate and other drugs to control diseases and pests[3][10]。
Insect pest
Moso bamboo diseases and pests mainly include bamboo borer, bamboo boat moth, bamboo egg bug, and moso bamboo base rot[11]。
The bamboo borer mainly includes the bamboo leaf borer of Lepidoptera moth family.The larvae like to eat leaves, which will cause a large area of death of Phyllostachys pubescens in serious cases, resulting in a 35% - 50% reduction in the weight of the injured Phyllostachys pubescens after being cut down.In winter, the overwintering larvae can be eliminated by reclaiming and scarifying the soil through bamboo forests, or by spraying Bacillus thuringiensis or Beauveria autorhizii at the larval stage. In the peak period of adults from May to June, light traps or moths can be used to kill moths at the honey source. In serious cases, imidacloprid emulsion stock solution or fenitrothion emulsion stock solution can be injected into the bamboo cavity[3][10]。
The bamboo boat moth mainly includes the Lepidoptera boat moth family, the bamboo boat moth, the bamboo boat moth, the bamboo boat moth, and the leathery boat moth.It also eats leaves at the larval stage.In order to control the bamboo boat moth, the bamboo forest can be scarified in winter to kill the overwintering larvae and pupae, or the pyrethroids can be sprayed in late April and May for control.For example, 2000 times of Avisu cloud wettable powder or 80% DDVP emulsifiable concentrates can be injected into the bamboo cavity if the population density is high.Spray green willey on the bamboo base before fumigating or using larvae to prevent them from climbing on bamboo[3][10]。
The bamboo oval stink bug belongs to Hemiptera stink bug family.Its nymphs and adults like to suck juice, and withered branches appear when the damage is serious, until the whole plant withers.In the first ten days of April, apply one part of butter and three parts of engine oil to the base of the bamboo pole for 10cm1 circle to prevent nymphs from getting on the bamboo. If there are pests but no bamboo, spray green Weilei contact breaking microcapsules at this time. If there are a large number of bamboos, spray imidacloprid plus pyrethroids, and concentrate the liquid on bamboo root. The proportion is 10 ml of imidacloprid plus 1-2 ml of pyrethroids. If the harm is serious, bamboo cavity injection can be carried out[3][6][10]。
Key values
Announce
edit
economic value
Phyllostachys pubescens is widely used in construction, paper making, agriculture and other fields due to its advantages of short growth cycle, rapid growth, strong reproductive capacity, fast timber formation and yield[5]It is not only often used as building materials, furniture assembly, weaving materials and other materials, but also can make various appliances and handicrafts, such as bamboo mats, bamboo hats, bamboo bowls and cups, bamboo chairs and bamboo benches;Bamboo pulp is processed as raw material for paper making[3][5]。It also has high use value and is popular with people[6][11]。
Edible value
The bamboo shoots of Phyllostachys pubescens, the edible fungus of Dictyophora which is cultivated by Phyllostachys pubescens, the bamboo juice extracted from the bamboo stems and the extracts extracted from the bamboo leaves are all green food with rich nutrition.Bamboo shoots are rich in protein, various nutrients and vitamins, enjoying the reputation of "vegetarian first"[1][3]。
Ornamental value
Phyllostachys pubescens is tall and straight, with green leaves and evergreen all the year round. It is often planted in courtyards, pools, streams, hillsides and indoors, and has high ornamental value[10]。
ecological value
Phyllostachys pubescens has strong soil fixation, which can conserve water and soil.Large scale cultivation of Phyllostachys pubescens can prevent soil erosion, regulate local climate, purify air, improve ecological environment quality, and play a huge role in maintaining and promoting local socio-economic development and environmental protection[3][11]。
Medicinal value
The roots, shoots or leaves of Phyllostachys pubescens are all sources of Chinese medicinal materials, which have certain medicinal value, and have the effects of clearing heat, diuresis, dispelling wind and promoting blood circulation.Its rhizome mainly cures joint wind pain, etc;Bamboo shoots are mainly for external use and firearm wounds;Ye mainly treats children with fever, persistent high fever, irritable fever, thirst, malnutrition, etc.[18]
Plant culture
Announce
edit
Phyllostachys pubescens, plum trees and pine trees are called "Three Friends in Winter"[10]。
