Bixing, pronounced b ǐ x ī ng[2]，Ancient poetryCommon skills of.In this regard, the Song DynastyZhu XiThere are relatively accurate explanations.He thought: "The comparison is to compare this thing with that thing." "The promotion is to say other things first in order to arouse the chanted words."
Generally speaking, "comparison" is a metaphor, which is a metaphor for people or things to make their characteristics more distinctive."Xing" means "Xing", that is, using other things as the starting point of poetry to cause the content to be sung."Bi" and "Xing" are often used together.
（1）《poetry》Liuyi Middle School“than”And“Xingxing”And called.Compare, compare this thing with that thing;Xing is to say something else first to arouse the chanting words."Bixing": Two Traditions of Chinese Classical Poetry CreationExpressive technique。
Southern Dynasty LiangLiu Xie《Carving a Dragon at the Core of Literature·Bixing ":" Therefore, when comparing, you can attach yourself; when you are rising, you can rise. If you attach importance to reason, you can point things out according to the category; if you attach importance to emotion, you can propose according to the micro. "
Southern Dynasty LiangLiu Xie"Wen Xin Diao Long"·Differentiate Sao》"Qiu Long is used to describe a gentleman, and Yun Ni is used to describe slander and evil, which is also the meaning of Bixing."
Tang DynastyLiu ZhijiShi Tong Narrative: "Once the article was written, the comparison was born. The birds and animals were comparable to the sages and fools, and the vegetation was square to men and women. Poets and poets are ready to speak."
Tang DynastyLiu Zhiji《Miscellaneous remarks》"However, since ancient times, Bixing has been set up, and those who are based on plants and trees all take their good and evil, incense caryopters, prosperity and decline, and virtue and crispness." See also《Poem preface》, SongZhu Xi《Biography of Poetry》。
(2) It refers to the creation of poetry.
Song DynastyWang Anshi《Ganlu Song》Word: "It's hard to compare with each other every day. They are colorless."
clearGu Yanwu《Letter with people》: "Since the decline of eight generations, it is not clear who will come back! We should not only linger and spreadYilinIt is a grand event of gentleness. "[2]
Academic definition
"Bi" and "Xing" are both creative rhetoric methods andThinking form。"Bi" has more literary factors and more ethical functions."Xing" has more artistic factors and goes beyond the scope of ethicsDirect connectionEverything and human self, and between self and nature, there is also“There is my realm”And“The realm without me”Two kinds of observation.[3]
Representative works
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1、Feng YansiVisiting the Golden Gate - The Wind Starts
Compared with the two literary techniques of "Xing", "Xing" is easier to learn and harder to understand.There are six techniques in the Book of Songs, including BixingMao GongNarration, however, stands for Xing style alone. Xing is a literary technique that must be understood by poets.You cannot appreciate beauty without being enlightened.The beauty of real poetry lies in the prosperity, and the meaning of real poetry lies in the prosperity. Without understanding the prosperity, it is like watching the mountain without climbing, climbing without looking far.The viewer is pleased with his taste
A rising person is a rising person.If you are in love, you should make suggestions according to the micro. If you are in love, you should build up your bodyXinggang Ring is a metaphor for satireObserving the instructions given by the husband, it is graceful and has a small nameIt also takes a large number of classes.Sanlu heroes;By《poetry》In the production of Sao, satire and "comparison" and "prosperity" are combined.Therefore, Xingyi died;Therefore, the songs were sung first, the daily use was more than the daily use, the month was more than the prosperity, and the learning from the small was more than the big, so the literature was also appreciated by the people of Zhou Dynasty.
Liu XieComparisons between articles and theories are more important, but theories are less importantIt can be seen that it is difficult to talk about and use prosperityClassics use the technique of Xing. The first one should be the Book of ChangesSet up an image to fulfill one's intentionThis is the way of XingThe difficulty of prosperity lies not in the author, but in the readerThe ancients discussed Xing from the author's point of view, which is one-sidedXingying should first discuss from the perspective of the reader, and then return to the perspective of the author how to writeEasy is difficult to understand, and ignorance is a major reasonThe comparison of prosperity and inclusiveness is better than that of non prosperity, and the combination of prosperity and inclusiveness is more profound than that of non prosperity
When readers understand the meaning of interest, it is a question of second conception. When the author uses the meaning of interest, the part of interest can not be found in the text. The reader must be allowed to conceive by himself and study it deeplyProsperity depends on whether readers can reach the author's thinking ground or realmTherefore, when the author rises, he can only wait for his bosom friend to come, just likeThe Analects of ConfuciusIsn't it true that "learning from the middle and learning from time to time"?It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar？People don't know but don't get upset,Not a gentleman？” . Can you understand that Xing is a matter of bosom friendsThe depth of understanding depends on the level of the readerMy thinking world refuses without a door. Its origin is like a person. Those who know how to gallop and those who are deceived are hard to enter. This is the difficulty of solving the problem of happiness. Although there is no threshold, the threshold is high. After the difficulty of knowing how to thrive, a smart reader can still say: "Green is taken from blue and green is blue"Go beyond the author's thinking world, and break into a larger thinking world
For example, Gan:Yuan Heng Lizhen。ninth day of a lunar month: Qianlong, do not use it.Ninety two: When you see the dragon in the field, you can see the adults.Ninth three: The gentleman is dry all day long, impetuous and blameless.Ninety four: Or jump in the abyss, without blame.Ninth Five: Flying dragons are in the sky, so you can see the adults.Top nine: Proud dragon, regret.Yong Jiu: It's lucky to see the leaderless dragons.
The author uses a lot of fun, but what he says is profound. It is the readers' business whether they can understand or notFour VirtuesTogether, what has arisen?The Four Virtues are the essence of the dragon. They are born as outstanding people, and the rise ofElite culture，Leadership cultureLike the sun, the sun has four virtues. The sun makes all things grow;Let the beautiful things get together;The sun shines everywhere, and everything is bright and harmonious;It forms all things without ceasingNinth day: Hidden Dragon, don't use itRise: First, you must be a dragon, a person with four virtues, and then a sneak. That is to say, you can keep loneliness, and don't use it, which raises the question of provenanceThe ancients said the source is what to takeNowadays, when people are on the top, they have many means, which in turn shows what is not to useThe superior method is immoral and cannot be used until the time and the machine are availableDo not use these two words, in conjunction with Qianlong and Side. As far as we know, the meaning contained in these two words, the author's thinking world, not Qianlong, do not use the four words to convey. The reader has to think twice and enter the author's thinking placeThink about the land and know its meaning. Its meaning can be used to guide life. This is the literary technique of Xing, literary value
Guanguan Jujiu is on the island of the river.A fair lady is a good match for a gentleman.Staggered flowers flow from left to right.My fair lady, look forward to it.Can't wait to be satisfied.Relax, toss and turn.Staggered head vegetables are picked from the left and right.a quiet and modest maiden,marital harmonyFriends.Staggered staggerheads are left and right.My fair lady is full of bells and drums.
The first poem in the Book of Songs also uses the technique of Xing.In ancient times, women in society had to go to school at a certain age,Girls' schoolWomen can only gather together, usually by the river or on an island, so that it is easy to encircle and prevent outsiders from entering or landing on the island.Love on one side, people on both sides.This is the era background of "the so-called beauty is on the water side".At this time, there was a picture in my mind: a group of young women were working, studying and washing clothes by the lush water. They were healthy, lively and lovely, dancing and singing, which was very touching.This is the land of thought in "Guanguan Jujiu, on the island of the river", which refers to a group of beautiful girls like birds who study and live harmoniously and happily on the island in the river.Singing like a song, it is beautiful and integrates with nature.That's why the fu in the last sentence is to express feelings frankly."A fair lady is a good match for a gentlemanCauliflowerAnd flow from left to right. "The stem is slender, soft and multi branched, creeping, rooting on the nodes, floating on the water or in the soil.Leaf shapeWater lilies, small and unique, bright yellow flowers stand out of the water, with many flowers and long flowering period.CauliflowerMarch in the lunar calendarReturning to green, it is just in the beautiful spring scenery that the scattered and well arranged water lettuce flows around with the water, lively and vivid.The joy of the poem is that in the spring, the lively and naughty girl, dressed in green clothes and yellow clothes, dodged around, refused to face me, but I like it very much.She plays on the river bank, and her singing is fluttering, which touches my heart. I can't sleep at night. I just miss her.That kind of yearning, she was still in her dream when she fell asleep, and her body and mind were in a sweet and dense state.It is the beauty of a girl that grows up in the vegetable. "Left and right picking" means that a gentleman and a lady become good friends."Pick" is to get it. A gentleman and a lady finally get to know each other. Because they know each other, they have the following sentence: "Friends of zither and zither".Readers can interpret Xing together with the preceding text and the following text, without the limitation of text order.Therefore, the author's interest is just thinking. When the reader enters the thinking place, he can read the whole article and then interpret another article."Staggered vegetables are picked from the left and right. My fair lady is the friend of the zither." The zither is also the harmony between the rising gentleman and the lady.Lovely girl, I love you as if you were playing harmoniously. Our love is like a harmonious friendship.Guan Ju is happy but not lustful. This kind of love is pure, friendly and joyful."Staggered cauliflower, left and right. My fair lady, bell and drum music." Picking the cauliflower more gently, the rising me and the lovely girl, feeling gentle and lingering."Bell and Drum Music" is the rise of love in the gentle lingering.The rising world of thought here must taste the meaning of progressive progress, from the zither to the bell and drum, from the chord to the ringing of the golden leather.Bells and drums are melodious and passionate rhythms, which has sprung up. The feelings of girls and gentlemen are no longer single love but mutual knowledge, and then from mutual knowledge to passionate love.The whole poem compares with each other,Fengfu, from the scenery to the people, from the dreamy secret love to the chord friendship, to the hot love of Jinge.Joy without lust, sorrow without injury.
Xingzhisijie is created by the author;When the reader realizes the truth, he is happy without words.
Poetic significance
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On Chinese Classical PoetryArtistic techniqueIn addition to special attention to the harmony of rhythm, "rhyme coordination leads to speech conformity, and speech conformity leads to sound"Accessibility”The degree oflanguage artsIn addition to being musically rich, its form of expression is no more thanFu, Bi, XingThree, and comparison and prosperity are particularly important.On the significance of Bixing,Liu XieExisting monograph（《Carving a Dragon at the Core of Literature》Volume VIII Bixing (36), again in Ming Poetry《Differentiate Sao》As mentioned in other articles.[15-16]”Ancient Chinese poets always took "wind" and "Sao" as the highest standard of learning.Zhang Huiyan《selections of ci》In the preface, this point is mentioned first.[17]In the Tang Dynasty,Kong YingdaExplain "ShiyouSix meanings”And introduced Han ConfucianismZheng XuanIt can be explained that Fu, Bi and Xing are poetic techniques, but "comparing the overt and prospering the covert", so the way to use them is slightly different, which is nothing more than mixing feelings and scenes and expressing the meaning.[17-19]
To use metaphor to talk about words is to have the connotation of "saying here and meaning there", which is what predecessors called "sustenance".[20]”People's feelings fluctuate due to the stimulation of foreign environment, which isBixing TechniqueThe basic reason that occupies the primary position in the poetic language art.[21]This“Borrow sceneryThe technique of "romance" is the key to the application of language art in classical poetry, which is also the basic spirit of the technique of "metaphor".[22]When you touch the scene, you have to skillfully use the technique of Bixing to transform the "unimportant words" into "extremely important words", so that the deep feelings contained in the author become an off line sound of "words are full but meanings are endless".For example,Xin Qiji《Qing Pingle · Wang's Nunnery in Boshan》、Li Jing《Break the Huanxi Sand》Xin Qiji's Fishing, etc.[23]
Manipulation
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Origin of the Book of Songs
"Before the mulberry leaves fall, the leaves are as fertile as if they were. There is no food when the dove is cryingMulberry”"The mulberry is falling, but it is yellow and falling"（《Wei Feng, Rogue》）
Here, there are both "comparison" and "prosperity".More than simple "Xing" or "Bi"artistic charm 。The poet usedmulberry leavesIt is used to describe the change of abandoned women from youth to youth.The contrast between mulberry leaf "Woruo" and "Huangchong" not only implies that the heroine's appearance is aging from youth, but also symbolizes the love between the heroine and "rogue" from prosperity to decline.By eating mulberries, the dove leads to a woman's addiction to a man who is unfaithful, full of pain and sorrow.
Here, the poet symbolizes the peacock flying south but unwilling to lose its mateJiao ZhongqingandLiu LanzhiLove and attachment.There are both "comparison" and "Xing", which set a sentimental mood for the whole poem.
"For exampleMorning dewIt's hard to go to the sun "," It's as bright as the moon, when can it be restored "," The mountains are never tired of being high, the sea is never tired of being deep "（《Short Song Line》）
In these three places, "comparison" is used alone, "morning dew" is used to describe the perishability of life, "bright as the moon" is used to describe the talent and virtue of Goldman Sachs, and "mountain and sea" are used to describe broad mindedness. The more talents you can accept, the better.
Development of Song Ci
Bixing TechniqueIt is nothing more than feeling and scenery. The perfect combination of the exterior and the interior, or the first flash, or the divine light separation and reunion, should be the most influential with the words close to the purpose and endless implications.That isSu Shi、Xin QijiFor one school, it is almost everywhere to use this technique to express his feelings of "being quiet, sad, and unable to speak for themselves, and hesitating to describe his intentions".Northern Song DynastypoetHe ZhuSome of his works are close to Su Shi and open the heroic style of Xin Qiji.He tried to say that he learned poetry from his predecessors, and he had eight lines of experience: "Plain and simple are not mere vulgarity, and strange and ancient are not adjacent to eccentricities,Inscribe a poemNot embarrassed by the physical image, and not sick by the narrativerules governing the rhythm of wordsHe who is more advanced than others knows physics, and he who uses ministry works as if he has already done so. In particular, he cannot engrave the whole article, and he cannot bend the spirit out of words. "（《Tiaoxi Yuyincong dialect》The fifth and eighth sentences are the most important ones.A poet will not achieve much if he cannot skillfully master the technique of Bixing and has the spirit of "boldness and unyielding".In the same way as He Zhu, he uses objects to describe people and express his sense of life experienceLu You。《Bu Tuan · Yong Mei》In the middle part, the last part expresses the sadness and indignation of the loyal people who are not especially abandoned and are also devastated by the coldness and desolation of the plum blossom. The next part shows that I have no intention of competing for power and profit, but only to maintain integrity, that isQu Yuan《LiSao》The only meaning is that "I would rather die than live in exile, but I can't bear it".It is easy to see that "comparing the obvious to the hidden".as forJiang Kui, on《Small Heavy Mountain Order · Fu Tan Zhou Red Plum》He deliberately depicts a virtual "plum soul"Xiang FeiTo express the endless sadness of personal wandering.andXin QijiAt the same time, he boasted that his words were "the bosom of life economy, slightly old"Chen LiangSome works are also written by means of Bixing.On《Water Dragon Chant - Spring Hate》On the surface, what is depicted is just some "no matter what" words that say goodbye to springLiu XizaiHowever, he picked up the following 15 words of "hate Fangfei's world", thinking that "if the purpose is near, Zong Liushou (Ze) has always called for crossing the river."（《Artistic sketch》Volume IV Introduction to Ci and Qu)[24]
Lu Xun's essay art has a unique personality: prose poetry is the core of his essay style system, and metaphor and symbol are his basic artistic ideas and expressions;Stylistically, it is mixed and comprehensive, and its words are full of twists and turns and ingenuity.Lu XunHe has his own name for the style of essays. When he emphasizes the freedom of spirit, the immediate response to real life, and the informal style of writing, he uses both the concept of miscellaneous feelings and essays.The "feeling" that comes from feeling, the "miscellaneous" that does not stick to one pattern, is all satisfied with expressing oneself and intervening in the society. He does not care about the length of the space at all,literary genre This is the primary characteristic of Lu Xun's essays.[26]
From the pre Qin to the Tang Dynasty, the way of poetic thinking experienced a gradual evolution from analogy and association to instant intuition.Bixing is two basic methods of ancient poetry creation. They are the product of analogy and association thinking.However, the poetry with the highest artistic level in ancient times is not good at comparison.Since the Han Dynasty, 19 ancient poems have been represented, reflecting the significant effect of natural changes on poetic thinking.After the Wei and Jin dynasties, under the background of "open voice and color", the experience of "sense of things" led to the poetic tendency that perception took precedence over lyricism.Pastoral poetryandLandscape poetryThe appearance of is evidence.Metaphysics and Buddhism changed the ancient people's sense of time, and time is no longerobjective existenceIs empty.The empty time consciousness provides the basis for the intuition of watching and moving.Bixing is no longer necessary.Wang WeiThe landscape poetry of the poem looks at the color in the empty, and the landscape becomes a pure phenomenon under the instant intuition.[27]
