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weapons system

Comprehensive system composed of weapons, ammunition and various auxiliary devices of military aircraft

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Weapon system refers to military aircraft It is an integrated system composed of weapons, ammunition and various auxiliary devices for killing and destroying various targets in the air, on the ground, on the surface and underwater. Auxiliary devices include the installation or suspension devices of weapons and various software and hardware equipment to ensure the combat use of weapons and ammunition and hit the target. From the machine gun coordinator in the first World War I to the aircraft Aviation weapon , aviation weapons and ammunition, aviation weapons fire control system, etc Aviation weapon system 。

Chinese name: weapons system
Foreign name: weapon(s) system

application area: military
Features: Kill and destroy various targets in the air, on the ground and on the water
Advantages: Diversified development situation and diversified combat forms

catalog

seven System form
eight Operational form

System Introduction

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Weapon system refers to an integrated system composed of weapons, ammunition and various auxiliary devices of military aircraft, which is used to kill and destroy various targets in the air, on the ground, on the surface and underwater. Auxiliary devices include the installation or suspension devices of weapons and various software and hardware equipment to ensure the combat use of weapons and ammunition and hit the target. From the machine gun coordinator in the first World War I to the aircraft, aviation weapons, aviation weapons and ammunition, aviation weapons Fire control system And so on.

System Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of weapon system is the general goal of developing and using the system, the basic basis for planning, developing and deploying weapon systems, an important comprehensive performance index for evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of weapon systems, and the starting point and destination of military operations research. weapons system Performance evaluation as Military Operations Research A basic research content of, which is of great significance to the scientific rationality of the demonstration work and the correctness of the development plan and scheme. Through the effectiveness analysis of weapon systems, many problems in the construction and use of weapons and equipment can be solved, such as the comprehensive evaluation of weapons and equipment (programs), the optimal management of weapons and equipment construction projects, and the decision-making analysis of weapons and equipment use. The needs of weapon operation research can be divided into: single effectiveness, system effectiveness (comprehensive effectiveness), combat effectiveness (force effectiveness) ". System effectiveness is a measure of the degree to which a system is expected to meet a set of specific task requirements, and is a function of system availability, credibility and capability.^[1]

Performance indicators

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In the combat effectiveness simulation model of weapons and equipment, the selection of overall indicators usually focuses on the combat damage of both sides. The commonly used indicators can be divided into the following three categories:^[2]

1. Loss, that is, damage, that is, the number or percentage of destroyed weapons and equipment;

2. Victory, that is, the number or percentage of each main battle equipment damaging each other's various weapons and equipment;

3. Battle damage ratio, also known as exchange ratio, is the ratio of battle results to damage of main battle equipment.

system composition

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Composition of missile weapon system

typical Air defense missile The weapon system consists of: (1) command and control vehicle; (2) Launch vehicle; (3) Tracking and guidance radar vehicle; (4) Search radar vehicle; (5) Missiles. It includes the complete set of equipment of the basic units that complete the combat tasks, including "missiles" (missiles), "stations" (ground guidance stations and various auxiliary equipment), and "racks" (launchers). Since most missile weapon systems are used to detect and track targets, radar stations, other photoelectric communication equipment and missile launchers are installed at ground guidance stations, on the same warship or carrier aircraft, and are often shared with other weapon systems, it can also be considered that missile guided weapon systems are composed of launch platforms, missiles and technical support equipment.^[3]

The TOP-M1 anti-aircraft missile weapon system of Russia is an all-weather, mobile, single vehicle automated field operation ground-to-air missile weapons system. Its main battle equipment, 9A331, is equipped with missiles, radars and guidance stations on a self-propelled tracked armored vehicle. A single vehicle can operate independently, and can also cooperate with other combat vehicles under the command of 9C73 company command vehicles within the company organizational system. That is to say, the 9A331 combat vehicle itself can be regarded as a complete subsystem, which forms a larger system with other combat vehicles, 9C737 company command vehicles, 9T244 transport and loading vehicles, 9T245 bomb carriers and other support equipment.

Operational process

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It is divided into 9 stages^[4]

1. Search - search the target according to the target information sent by the superior command post, or search the target directly by the search radar in the air defense missile weapon system;

2. Tracking - tracking the searched target and measuring the target motion parameters;

3. Identification - identify enemy or friend targets and true or false targets according to target motion characteristics, echo characteristics, etc;

4. Threat judgment - determine the threat level of the target and implement the interception procedure;

5. Launch decision - determine the interception point and launch time;

6. Fire distribution - assign combat tasks to fire units;

7. Launch control - complete the preparations before launching the missile; Enter the irreversible launch procedure until the engine ignites and the missile leaves the rack;

8. Flight control - according to the relationship between the relative motion of the missile and the target, control the missile to fly until it hits the target according to the specified flight plan and guidance law;

9. Killing effect evaluation - evaluate the killing effect, and determine the next operational plan based on the evaluation results.

Development characteristics

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How should air power adapt to the needs of armed conflict in the future international environment? What kind of impact does the new military technology revolution bring to the aircraft weapon system and the operational effectiveness of the aircraft? These are important issues in the field of military aviation that people often pay attention to.

Practice shows that the combat effectiveness of air force depends on aircraft, aircraft weapon systems and their combat methods. The development of aircraft weapon system is bound to be restricted by changes in military strategy and tactical thinking; From the technical point of view, it is closely related to the development of aircraft, the characteristics of targets attacked and the development of new technologies. Therefore, the development of combat aircraft is not only one of the driving forces to promote the development of aircraft weapons, but also restricts the development of weapons in terms of volume, weight, shape, energy and working environment.

From the analysis and prediction of the combat environment, target characteristics and new technology development of air power in the 21st century, the main characteristics of the development of future aircraft weapon systems are internal suspension, long-range (out of defense area) launch, no matter after launch, precision guidance, integrated control of aircraft and weapons, and the ability to deal with precision weapons, stealth targets and implement information attacks.^[5]

System form

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Internal weapon compartment and conformal store

Weapons can be installed inside the aircraft or hung outside the aircraft. The interior space of the aircraft is limited, and only a few weapons can be hung; The external ammunition hanging is limited by space, and three bullet ejection rack (TER) and multi bullet ejection rack (MER) are used to hang as many weapons as possible within the effective load range of the aircraft. However, this "Christmas tree" type external weapon mode will not only increase the flight resistance of the aircraft sharply, but also increase the radar reflection area of the aircraft. The choice of internal bomb compartment or external hanging bomb is mainly a compromise between increasing the load and reducing the flight resistance and radar reflection area. The F-105, F-106, F-111 and F-117A fighter planes all have an internal weapon compartment for hanging ammunition. In addition, F-105 and F-111 fighter It also makes full use of the advantages of external hanging ammunition. Fighters and attack aircraft after F-111 (except F-117A) have abandoned their internal weapon cabins and all use external missiles. This configuration continued to the F/A-18 fighter.

The increased resistance of weapon external stores includes basic resistance, Interference resistance And balancing resistance. The influence of aircraft stores on flight resistance is usually described by Drag Index. When there are no hanging devices and weapons outside the aircraft (that is, the external surface of the aircraft is very "clean"), the resistance index (DI) is zero. Generally, the more hanging devices and external weapons, the greater the DI value. For the same suspension device and external weapons, the higher the flight speed of the aircraft, the greater the DI value. In other words, the value of DI is usually related to the type of aircraft, flight altitude, flight speed, number, type and suspension position of external weapons (including suspension devices). The resistance index of the basic resistance varies greatly. The maximum value of the resistance index corresponding to the interference resistance is 25~30, and the resistance index corresponding to the trim resistance is not more than 5.

The maximum speed of F-111 fighter without external store at high altitude can reach M2.5; One B43 nuclear bomb is hung in the bomb compartment, and only two AIM-9 are hung outside“ Rattlesnake ” Air-to-air missile The resistance index is 20. Four 907kg mk84 When the bomb is detonated, the resistance index is 100; When 24 MK82 universal bombs are hung outside, the resistance index is as high as 180~200, and the maximum speed is only about M0.8. This shows that Supersonic aircraft It can only be used when the outside is full of bombs Subsonic flight 。 After the aircraft stores auxiliary fuel tank and weapons, the combined effect of the increased resistance and the weight of external stores on the combat radius is that the combat radius of the aircraft is usually reduced by about 50% than that of the clean aircraft. Weapon external pair Aircraft flight performance Another adverse effect is that it limits the mobility of the aircraft. An aircraft can be pulled up to 7g when it is overloaded in clean shape, and it is difficult to pull up to 3g continuously when external stores are added. The flight speed of the next generation fighter will be higher than the typical speed of the active aircraft, and supersonic maneuvering and supersonic cruise will be adopted. If the weapon is hung outside the aircraft, it will cause greater resistance. In order to prevent this adverse situation, weapons may be hung inside the aircraft again, as in the F-22^[6] 。

Weapon inner hanging

It can reduce the radar reflection area of the aircraft. Stealth characteristics (low detectability of targets) will affect the future combat aircraft from both attack and defense aspects. First, aircraft with stealth capability can significantly improve their viability. For example, the loss rate of fighter or bomber in the 370km penetration process can be reduced from 13% to 6.5%. With other factors unchanged, the maximum detection range of the radar is proportional to the fourth root of the radar reflection area of the target. If the radar reflection area of the target decreases by an order of magnitude, the detection range of the radar to the target will be reduced by 44%. This indicates that the attack aircraft must improve its radar detection range or adopt anti stealth radar and comprehensive detection means against stealth targets when facing targets with stealth capability. In order to reduce the radar reflection area of the aircraft, the weapons should be mounted internally or externally as much as possible. Because the radar reflection area of the aircraft is reduced, three situations should be avoided as far as possible in the shape design: cavity and corner reflector, which can produce high radar reflection area values in a wide sector; The flat plates with specular incidence generate high radar reflection area in a narrow sector; Side cylinders, which produce high radar reflection areas in all directions. For example, a 0.01 square meter (10cm × 10cm) small plate with a vertical radar beam has a radar reflection area of 1 square meter, 100 times the actual area. The connection between the external hanger and the wing or fuselage is just a typical corner reflector, which should be avoided as far as possible. The analysis shows that when the radar reflection area of the aircraft is reduced to one tenth of the original, the aircraft will suffer from radar controlled surface-to-air missile The probability of interception is reduced by 40%, and the radar reflection area is smaller than BVR air combat China is also quite favorable. Another way to reduce the flight resistance and radar reflection area of external stores is to use the fully buried conformal suspension method. This method is to embed all the suspension devices and most of the external stores inside the aircraft, and the cylindrical surface of the external stores is tangent to the surface of the wing or fuselage, so as to ensure that the aircraft has a good overall streamline. flight test The results show that on the modified F-4B test aircraft, the conformal pylon reduces the total resistance by 60%, increases the operational radius of the aircraft by about 50%, and doubles the activity time over the target; On F-15C aircraft, the drag of conformal fuel tank is 50% less than that of auxiliary fuel tank on two hangers.^[6]

Operational form

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2 Long distance (outside the defense area) supersonic cruise launch and simultaneous engagement with several targets in air combat require that aircraft can launch weapons at a distance far from the target. As mentioned above, assuming that the speed ratio of 1.15 is used to intercept the target of M1.4 head-on, the approaching speed of both sides is up to 3 times of the sound speed. Even if the two sides are 250 kilometers apart, they will meet in 4.2 minutes. Therefore, in the future air combat, especially when intercepting the carrier carrying nuclear warheads and other weapons of mass destruction, Beyond visual range operation Will be a major form. At present, the maximum range of medium and long range air-to-air missiles under development has reached 50 to 185 kilometers, or more.

In the air to surface attack, the main danger of the attack aircraft is to fly over the target and be forced into the target's defensive firepower range. Practice has proved that the most effective way to reduce the loss of attack aircraft is to launch weapons from outside the range of target defense firepower (Stand off) to attack the target. The launching distance of such weapons depends on such factors as the operational purpose of the aircraft, the power of the weapon warhead, the characteristics of the target to be attacked, and the defensive firepower, and its range ranges from tens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers. In helicopter anti tank combat, both actual combat and simulation show that the launching distance of weapons is closely related to the loss ratio of helicopters and tanks. When the combat distance is 2500 meters, the loss ratio of the two is 1:10, the combat distance increases, and the above loss ratio decreases; When the distance from the helicopter to launch weapons exceeds 4000 meters, the loss of the helicopter becomes minimal. Therefore, the future Antitank helicopter Of Antitank missile The launching distance of is about 4000~6000m.

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