Ernest Rutherford obtained theUniversity of New ZealandBachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Science;Entered in 1895Cavendish Laboratory ；Served in 1898McGill University, CanadaProfessor of physics;In 1907, he returned to England and took officeUniversity of ManchesterHead of Department of Physics;In 1908, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry;In 1914, it was granted the title ofsir；Director of Cavendish Laboratory in 1919[4]；In 1925, he was elected President of the Royal Society of England;In 1931, he was appointed Baron Nelson;He died in Cambridge on October 19, 1937 at the age of 66[3]。
Ernest Rutherford is mainly engaged in the research of nuclear science and radioactivity[8]。
On August 30, 1871, Ernest Rutherford was born into a handicraft worker's family in Nelson, New Zealand, and grew up in New Zealand.
In 1883, the family moved toMarlborough Sounds Havelock of Marlborough Sounds.
In 1887, he won the Marburg Education Commission Scholarship of Nelson College and boarded at Nelson College.
In 1889, as a member of the rugby team, he won a scholarship to enter the University of New Zealand in Wellington, and then studied at Canterbury College in Christchurch[10]。
In 1893, he graduated with the first prize in mathematics and physical science, and carried out short-term research work in Canterbury College[7]。
In 1894, at the age of 23, he obtained three degrees (Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts and Bachelor of Science) from the University of New Zealand.
In 1895, he was admitted to the University of Cambridge as a scholarship student at the London International Fair, entered the Cavendish Laboratory, and became aJoseph John Thomson (Joseph John Thomson).
In 1897, he received a bachelor's degree in research from Trinity College, Cambridge University and a Kutz Trott student scholarship.
In 1898, at the recommendation of Joseph John Thomson, he served as a professor in the Department of Physics of McGill University in Canada, where he worked for nine years.
In 1900, he was elected an academician of the Royal Society of Canada.
In 1903, he was elected an academician of the Royal Society.
In 1907, he returned to England and became the director of the Department of Physics of the University of Manchester.
In 1908, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry[3]。
In 1914, he was knighted[23]。
In 1919, he took over the post of retired Joseph John Thomson as the director of Cavendish Laboratory[21]。
From 1926 to 1930, he served as the president of the Royal Society of England.
In 1926, he helped establish New Zealand's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research[10]。
In 1931, he was granted the title of 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson[5]。
In 1933, the Academic Assistance Council was established and served as the chairman[10]。
On October 19, 1937, he died of illness in Cambridge at the age of 66. His ashes were buried inWestminster Abbey(Westminster Abbey) nave, andIsaac Newton（Isaac Newton）、Michael Faraday (Michael Faraday) Buried side by side[5]。
Key achievements
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Scientific research achievements
Overview of scientific research
Alpha particle scattering experiment
In 1898, Ernest Rutherford reported the existence of alpha rays and beta rays in uranium radiation, and pointed out some properties of them[7]。And first put forwardRadioactive half-lifeIt is confirmed that radioactivity involves the transmutation from one element to another.He also classified radioactive materials into alpha rays and beta rays according to penetration capacity, and confirmed that the former is helium ion[22]。
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford proposed a nuclear structure model based on the experimental phenomenon of alpha particle scattering and createdRutherford Model (Planetary model)[1-2]。
In 1919, Ernest Rutherford made the experiment of bombarding nitrogen nuclei with alpha particles.He beat out a particle from the nitrogen core and measured its charge and mass. Its charge is a unit, and its mass is also a unit. Rutherford named itproton[20]。
In 1932,James Chadwick (James Chadwick) Under the guidance of Ernest Rutherfordneutron[9]。
Academic treatise
Ernest Rutherford published many books in his life[3], including:
time
name
remarks
1904
Radioactivity
1906
Radioactive Transformations
Silliman Lectures of Yale University
1919
Radiation from Radioactive Substances
Co authored with James Chadwick and Ellis
1926
The Electrical Structure of Matter
1933
The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements
1937
The Newer Alchemy[3]
personnel training
Instruct students
Many of Ernest Rutherford's students and assistants in his work have won Nobel Prizes. The details are as follows:
full name
relationship
remarks
Frederick Soddy(Frederick Soddy, September 2, 1877 - September 22, 1956)[12]
assistant
1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Francis Aston (September 1, 1877 November 20, 1945)[13]
student
1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Niels Bohr (October 7, 1885 November 18, 1962)[14]
student
Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922
Charles Wilson (February 14, 1869 November 15, 1959)[15]
assistant
Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927
James Chadwick (October 20, 1891 July 24, 1974)[9]
student
1935 Nobel Prize in Physics
Patrick Blackett (November 18, 1897 July 13, 1974)[19]
assistant
Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1948
John Cockcroft (May 27, 1897 – September 18, 1967)[18]
Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Reference source:[3][10]
Personal life
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Family background
Ernest Rutherford [2]
Ernest Rutherford's father, James Rutherford, was a Scottish wheelwright who immigrated to New Zealand with his family in 1855. His mother, Martha Thompson, was an English teacher. His parents had seven sons and five daughters. He was the fourth and second son in his family[3]。
marriage and family
In 1900, Ernest Rutherford married Mary Newton, the only daughter of Arthur and Mary de Renzy Newton.Their only child Eileen married the physicist Ralph Howard Fowler[3]。
Character evaluation
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Ernest Rutherford is often called the "father of nuclear physics"[5]。(Evaluation of the Atomic Heritage Foundation)
Ernest Rutherford developed the nuclear decomposition theory and the nuclear atom model, and was praised as one of the greatest scientists ever. His research career witnessed the beginning of the atomic age. His research team trained many talented young scientists (Lord Rutherford,who developed the theory of nuclear disintegration and a model of the nuclear atom, was lauded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. His research career witnessed the beginning of the atomic age, and his research group was a hotbed of talented, young scientists）[24]。(Review of Angelwandte Chemie)
Commemoration for future generations
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Element "𬬻"
In 1969, in memory of Ernest Rutherford, the metal element with atomic number 104 was named“𬬻”(rutherforum), element symbol Rf, is an artificial radioactive element, belonging to periodic system Ⅳ B group[11]。
stamp
Ernest Rutherford appeared on the stamps of four countries: Sweden in 1968, Canada in 1971, the Soviet Union and New Zealand[10]。
New Zealand currency
In 1992, Ernest Rutherford's head appeared on the largest denomination of New Zealand currency - 100 yuan, as the country's highest respect and commemoration for him[6]。
