Flora and othersbiological groupThe main difference betweenchlorophyll, can carry outphotosynthesis, can produce organics;In addition, most of them live in a fixed environment and cannot move freely (except for a few low-grade algae)cell wall；Cell withOmnipotence, i.e. 1plant cellIt can be cultivated into a plant.
Plant coverIt touches most of the earth's land surface, as well as in oceans, lakes, rivers and ponds.Their size and life span vary greatly, and they are invisible to the naked eyealgaeTo the oceanGiant algaAnd on land“World God”（sequoia sempervirens ）They are all plants.All kinds of large and small plants in the natural biosphereecosystemAlmost all of them are uniquePrimary producer。Plants are closely related to human beings, and they are the basis for human beings and other living things to survive.
For the convenience of their own work or life, people classify plants according to only one or two characteristics or characteristics of plant morphology, habits, ecology or use, without considering the kinship between plants, which is calledArtificial classificationFor example, plants are divided into aquatic and terrestrial;Woody plant，herb；Cultivated plant，Wild plantWait a minute. Cultivated plants are divided intograin crops，Oil crops，Fibre cropThe fruit trees are divided into kernel fruits,DrupeClass, nut class,BerryClass,hesperidiumClass, Ming DynastyLi ShizhenWritten by《Compendium of Materia Medica》(1578), more than 1000 kinds of plants collected were divided into five and thirty categories: grass, grain, vegetable, fruit and wood. Qing DynastyWu QijunIn its《Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts》They also divide plants into valley, vegetable, mountain grass, mountain grass, rock grass, water grass,Vine, fragrant grass,Poisonous herbThere are 12 kinds of plants, including Qunfang, fruit and wood. Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.), a student of Aristotle in ancient Greece, divided plants intotree, shrubs and herbs. Swedish naturalistLinnai(Linnaeus 1707-1778) wrote a great book in 1753《Flora》(Specs Plantarum)stamenThe plants are divided into 24 classes according to the presence, number and living conditions ofpistilThe characteristics of fruits and leaves are used as the classification criteria of orders, genera and species respectively. The classification system established by artificial classification can also reflect the genetic relationship and evolution of plants. They have played an important role in the practical application of human production and life, and accumulated rich data and experience for scientific classification[1]
natural
Not according to people's subjective wishes, but according to the degree of similarity between plants in morphology, structure, physiology and other aspects, try to reflect the distance and closeness of their kinship in the process of evolutionclassification method This classification method is based onMorphological characteristicsBased on, comprehensiveanatomy，cytology, genetics,biochemistry，ecology，PaleobotanyClassification based on the research results of other disciplinesBiological evolutionFrom the point of view of,metaboliteTherefore, according to the number of similarities between plants, we can judge the degree of affinity between them and infer their genetic relationship. However, due to the complex changes and development of plants over millions of years, most of the ancient species have been extinct, and the occasional fossil remains are also very limited,It is quite difficult to solve the whole evolution problem. There are many classification systems established by natural classification methods, such asEngler System ，Hutchinson system，Takhtajan system ，KronquistSystems, etc. Although these systems are far from establishing an objective and complete natural evolutionary system, and there are many contradictory theories and views among the systems, they are more than artificial classification systems,It is obviously a qualitative leap. The development of plant taxonomy is also progressing with the development of some related disciplines. Traditional plant classification is mainly based on the morphological characteristics of plants, that is, according to the morphological characteristics of flowers, fruits, stems, leaves and other organs. The emergence and development of molecular biology and even computer science and other disciplines,It provides more abundantresearch methodWe believe that with the development of science, the efforts of researchers at home and abroad, and the in-depth investigation and collection work,Plant fossilThe research on the real history of plants will continue to make new progress, and it will be sooner or later to establish a more perfect plant classification system that can better reflect the objective evolution[1]
Classification table
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Plants are more difficult to define accurately than we seem.althoughbotanistIt describes a plant kingdom, but it is much more difficult to define the boundary of the plant kingdom than the common definition of "plant".We try to understand plants as a kind ofmulticellular OfEukaryoteOf organic matter, nosense organas well asAutonomous movementIt is composed of roots, stems and leaves (if complete).But biologically, onlyVessel plantThere are "roots, stems and leaves".But to be fair, vessel plants are also the plants we come into contact with every day.By 2005, there were about 400000 known plants in the world.
according toPlant evolutionThe main connotation of plant classification is to classify them, determine the overall and partial evolutionary relationship, kinship, occurrence and development law of the plant kingdom, and make people clear the direction of using and transforming plants, which is the main connotation of plant classification. With the evolution process of plants and the deepening of people's research on the plant kingdom, plant species will continue to increase,In this sense, plant taxonomy also studies plant species andspeciationWe can use the knowledge of plant kinship to introduce, domesticate, cultivate, transform and find new plantsplant resources Etc
Correct identification of plant species is of great practical significance for plant utilization, crop production and daily life. For exampleIllicidaceaeThere are more than 50 kinds, of which onlyStar anise(Illicium verum Hook. f.) is non-toxic. Its fruit is a famous flavoring spice, while other species are toxic, especially the herb (I. lanceolatum A. G. Smith). Its fruit is very similar to the fruit of star anise, but it is highly toxic. Anyone who eats it by mistake may diemedicinal plantIdentification is particularly important because different plants have different chemical components. If the identification is not clear, it will not only fail to achieve the purpose of curing the disease, but will harm the patients. Generally speaking, species with similar kinship often have similar or identical chemical components, and people can often find substitute plants based on it, such as those used in oil explorationGuar bean, available leguminousSesbaniareplace;UmbelliferaeBupleurum chinese DCAntipyretic analgesics, congenialBupleurum angustifolia(B. scorzonerifolium willd.) Although it is not the same species as the former, it has the same efficacy
In 1952,US militaryLaunch in North KoreaBacteriological warfare, leaves were used as the carrier of bacteria, which were airdropped to North Korea and Northeast China. After careful identification, Chinese plant taxonomists confirmed that the infected leaves were onlySouth KoreaOnly distributedLauraceaeOfMountain pepper[Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Bl.] andFagaceaeKorean red handleCyclobalanopsis glaucaQuercus aliena var. rubripes Nakai, with iron evidence, confirmed that the infected leaves were dropped by the US military
It can be seen that plant taxonomy is of great significance to the production and development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines, fishery, medicine, light industry, petroleum, national defense and other fields
Classification unit
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According to a certain number of plant species in natureClassification gradeThey are arranged to indicate the systematic status and attribution of each plant, which is the plant division: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, of which the kingdom is the largestClassification unit, species is the basic classification unitgenetic relationshipThe collection of similar species is a genus, and the combination of similar genera is a family, and so on. Within each hierarchical unit, if there are many species, it can also be divided into more detailed units, such asYamen，Subclass, suborder,subfamily, family, subfamily, subgenus, group, subspecies, varieties, forms, etc. Through systematic classification, each plant can not only show its position in the plant kingdom, but also show its relationship with other plant species
Now take wheat as an example to illustrate its various units in plant classification:
Species: YestaxonomyOnBasic unit, are the samemorphologyPhysiological characteristics and certain naturerangeOfBiota, intraspecific and inter individual energyNatural matingProducing normal fertile offspring, interspecific existenceReproductive isolation. speciesobjective existenceA taxon that has both relatively stable morphological characteristics and is evolving. One species may develop into another new species through heredity, variation and natural selection. Many species on the earth have evolved from their common ancestors
Subspecies（subspecies, subsp.): Intraspecific groups refer to individual groups formed within the same species due to geographical, ecological or seasonal isolation
Variety (var.): intraspecific type orIndividual variationRefers to the same plant with the same distribution area, becauseMicrohabitatDifferent plants canStable hereditySome minor differencesasBottle gourd[Lagenaria siceraria var.hispida (Thunb.) Hara]gourd〔L.siceraria(Molina)Standl.〕Variants of
Form (f.): refers to different individuals of the same species with irregular distribution and slight morphological differences, such as the presence or absence of hair, flower color, etc
Cultivar (Cv.): NoPlant taxonomyIt is a taxon in Chinese, but belongs to the variation type in culturology. Usually, human beings are cultivated or foundeconomic valueThe variation (such as size, color, taste, etc.) ofCultivated plantA variant or variant of[2]
Naming method
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Each plant often has different names in different countries, or even in different regions of the same country. Generally, the names known in the same country or in the same language are called common names;The name that is known only in a certain region or a smaller area of China is called the local name. For example, potato（China)，Potato(British and American), κ α ρтοφ еτSoviet Union）It is the common name of the same plant in different regions, while the foreign yam（Nanjing）, potato（Shaanxi，GansuChinese yam egg (Inner Mongolia) and other titles are called local names. Of course, there is sometimes no strict boundary between common names and local names, such as potatoes. This is“SynonymThere are also many phenomena of "homonymous foreign objects", for examplewindflowerThere are as many as 16 kinds of plants calledPulling seedlingsThere are also more than 10 kinds of plantsThe phenomenon of "homonym" and "homonym" has brought many inconveniences to the research and utilization of plant classification, especially to the academic exchanges between China and the world
scientific name It was initiated by A.P. De Candollo in 1867 toSwedennaturalistLin Nai (1753) founded“Double nameIt is named after the "Law of the People's Republic of China" and has been discussed and revised by many international botanical conferences and has become a must for common complianceInternational Code of Plant Nomenclature. SpecifiedBinominal methodTwoLatinWords Name plants. The first word is a generic name, a noun, and the first letter should be capitalized;The second word isSpecies addition, usually an adjective, all letters musta lowercase letter. A completeGrus japonensis Also attach the surname abbreviation of the celebrity after the two names, and the first letter should also be capitalized. For example, the scientific name of potato is Solanum Tuberosum L. The "L." behind it is the abbreviation of the celebrity Linnaeus, and only Linnaeus can use one letter.In case of subspecies, varieties or forms, subspecies shall be added after the species name（subspecies）, variant（variety）Or form (subsp.), (var.) or (f.), and then add subspecies, variants or variantscontributionFinally, there should still be the name or abbreviation of the celebrityasglutinous riseOryza sativa L. var.glutinosa Matsum[1]
Protect plants
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look outaphid。Don't let others pick some plants. If you pick too many branches, the plants may not stand itFlowering without fruitingEven death.
Plants can play a role in beautifying the environment and food health care.European VanillaIt can be planted indoors or outdoors. Most varieties are native to the Mediterranean region for one year orPerennial herbPlantStem and leafIt is the main source of fragrance. As long as there are a few such plants, they will continuously emit their unique fragrance, making people refreshing.So some people call it "natural perfume bottle" in the room,Lavender、rosemary、SageThese herbs were awarded the annual vanilla by the International Vanilla AssociationVanillaIt is the vanilla pride of the house, which can be used as an ordinaryPotted plant, and can be plantedChlorophyteIt has good plant type, cold resistance, thriving growth, evergreen all the year round, cool and sweet aroma.
Search Table
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brief introduction
BotanySearch TableIt is the key to identify plants in plant taxonomyLamarck(Lamarck, 1744 ～ 1829)Classification principleAll plants to be included in the key list to be compiled shall be divided into two categories by selecting more than one pair of significantly different characteristics;Then find out the relative characteristics from each category.(eg family, genus, species, etc.) appearPlant Keyfrequently-usedExpressionThere are two kinds of fixed distance (equidistant) key table and parallel (stepped) key table
Distance index
The fixed distance retrieval table is the most commonly used one. In this kind of retrieval table, each pair of relative features is numbered as the same number and placed at the same distance on the left side of the page. Each pair of the same number can only be used once in the retrieval table. Continue like this, stagger step by step to the right, and the description line is getting shorter and shorter until the subject is traced,The advantage of this key is that each pair ofRelative characterThe features of are arranged at the same distance, which is clear and easy to finddeficienciesWhen there are many kinds, the left margin is too large, wasting space
The parallel key table is to place the description of each pair of relative characteristics in two adjacent rows for comparison. It is either a plant name or a number at the end of each row. If it is a number, it is rewritten from another row, and it is arranged in parallel with the other pair of relative characteristics until it is terminated. The advantage of this key table is that it is arranged neatly and saves space,The disadvantage is that it is not as clear as the fixed distance key table. It is also explained by the above 10 plants
1. Leaves are composed of blades, petioles or stipules;Reticulate vein;Straight root system.................................... 2
1. Leaves are composed of leaves and leaf sheaths;Parallel vein;Fibrous root system
2. Single leaf
2. Compound leaves
3. Flowers bisexual;Superior ovary;Capsules
3. Flower unisexuality;Inferior ovary;Bottle fruit
4. Four strong stamens;Pod
4. Single stamen;Capsule............................................................ Cotton
5. Yellow flowers;Fruit dehiscence after ripening
5. Light red or purple flowers;The fruit does not crack after ripening;With fleshy taproot.................................... Radish
6. Triple pinnate leaves;Cracking of pods after ripening
6. Even pinnate compound leaves;No cracking of pods after ripening
7. Annual tall herb with stem height more than 2m;Internode solid
7. One or biennial herb, stem height is generally less than 1m;Hollow internode
8. The flowers are unisexual and monoecious;Male inflorescences are conical and terminal, female inflorescences are spicate and axillary
9. Panicle, spikelet stalked;6 stamens
9. The spike is erect, terminal, and the spikelet is sessile;3 stamens
Common search tables areDivision, sub genera and sub species key lists can be used to retrieve the families, genera and species of plants respectively. To correctly retrieve a plant, first of all, complete key list data should be available. Second, it is necessary to master the detailed morphological characteristics of the retrieval object, and be able to correctly understand the meaning of various special terms used in the key list. If there is a slight error or ambiguity, it is difficult to find the correct answer. Therefore, in theRetrieval processYou should be very careful and patient
Searching for a new plant species, even for an experienced workerRegular meetingsAfter many twists and turns, the process of retrieval is also a process of learning and mastering taxonomic knowledge
