botanist, refers to scientists who study the morphology, classification, physiology, ecology, distribution, occurrence, heredity, evolution, etc. of plants on the earth.Botanist research aims at development, utilization, transformation and protectionplant resources Let plants provide more food, fiber, medicine, building materials, etc. for human beings.
Modern botany is divided into five main branches according to different research levels and priorities:
Plant morphologyIt is a discipline that studies the morphology and structure of plants (from cells to organs at all levels). Its branches arePlant cytology、anatomy(focusing on internal structure), histology (caring about the nature of special types of cells)Plant embryologyEtc.
Plant physiology is a discipline that studies the functions and behaviors of various parts or whole plantsbiochemistryClosely connected.The latter studies chemical composition and changes in plant life.There is another important branch of plant biochemistry——Phytochemistry——Research plantssecondary metabolismChemical products.
Plant geneticsIt is a discipline to study plant germplasm, heredity, variation and other phenomenaPlant evolutionLink).
Sour Horn King
Plant ecology is a discipline that studies the relationship between plants and their environment. Its definition is more extensive, because in addition to its own special methods, it involves both floristics and physiology.Closely related to it isPhytogeography(includingGeobotany）Study the relationship between plants and the earth's surface and plant sociology（Phytocoenology）ResearchPlant community。
Plant taxonomy is the study of the classification and naming of plants, their systems and evolution (including floristics, the study of all plants in a specific area, their species distribution, origin and development).These distinctions are not absolute. In order to understand the function and behavior of plants, we must understand some knowledge of plant structure.Taxonomists classify plants based on the theory of pedigree, and they should also care about evolution.Plant cytology is the study of the cells of plants, partlymorphologySome are physiology, and some are genetics and so on.
In addition, there are also some special branches, such as those divided according to different groups of research objects, such asAlgology。algaeIt is quite small and simple like a fungus, but has various pigmentsHomemade food。They are composed ofMarine planktonMost of them may be an important source of human food in the future.LichensAcademic researchAlgae and bacteriaSymbiosis lichen.
Folklore botanists are interested in the different ways in which different ethnic groups use plants.PaleobotanyThe study of extinct plants (also a branch of paleontology) is an evolutionary history written in rocks.PalynologyStudy ancientpollen, spores, also belong toMicropaleontologyAn important aspect of.Of course, paleobotany and palynology also study plant evolution andPhytogeographyEspecially plantshistorical geographyAnd floristics.
He wrote Plant History or Plant Investigation in 300 BCPhilosophical PrinciplesBased on the classification of plants, describe their various parts, habits and uses.
Published in 1753“Flora”, established the two name system.He used reproductive traits (flowers) as an important basis for classification, and his 24 classes were mainly based on thestamenIn number;Reuse for each classstyleThe number of is divided into items.The simplicity of this system makes it easy for people to accept, thus promoting the collection and investigation of plants, but because this law is vagueNatural classificationIt is harmful to botany.For example, according to Linnaeus system, lily andBerberisWith the same eye, andSageAnd congenericMintBut they split up.His contribution also lies in the classification of about 6000 species of plants into various genera (the same arrangement is used today), careful description, collation of the species he knows and the naming and description of former botanistsNomenclatureNaming.This method was immediately accepted by other botanists.Only since 1753, it is easier and possible to track a plant from one scholar to another.After that andtaxonomyParallel progressPlant anatomyThe research of plant physiology and plant embryology has also developed.
Linn, Carolus Linnaeus; Carlvon: Swedish naturalist, modernBiotaxonomyThe founder of.Born in Roshult Village, Smolan Province on May 23, 1707, and died on January 10, 1778Uppsala。
She loved flowers and plants since childhood.In primary and middle school, he did not study hard but preferred to collect plants in the wild, so his father almost asked him to drop out of school and become a seaman or shoemaker.Since 1727Lund University andUppsala UniversityLearn medicine.In 1730, he was a lecturer at Uppsala University.In 1735NetherlandsHaldwick UniversityDoctor of Medicine1735-1738DenmarkGermany, Netherlands, Britain and France are the most important periods in his life.He returned to China in 1738 and became a medical practitioner. Since 1741, he has been a professor at Uppsala University.
What he will write when he is in Holland《Natural system》The manuscript of the book was published. The first edition (1735) of the book is only 14 pages, which is basically a list of animals, plants and minerals. Its famous "24 classes of plants" was first published here.What he proposedclassification systemAlthough it belongs to an artificial classification system, which is far from the natural classification system, it was welcomed by the academic circles at that time because of its easy retrieval, and his reputation was greatly enhanced.His important book, Plant Species, was first written in 1746, completed in six years, and published in 1753, which laid the foundation of modern plant taxonomy.In the process of republication for many times, Natural System has been constantly supplemented and revised. The tenth edition published in 1758 has expanded to 1384 pages. In this edition, he used animal classification for the first time“Binominal method”, becoming modernZootaxonomyThe starting point of.He willAnimal kingdomIt is divided into lactation, bird, amphibious, fishinsectAnd worms;There are 4 classes, orders, genera and species under the boundaryOrder element(There are no "door" and "branch" levels).The greatest contribution of his life is to establishBiological classificationAnd identified and named tens of thousands of animal and plant species, ending the confusion of animal and plant classification and naming, and greatly promoting the development of scientific taxonomy.Lin Nai has written numerous books all his life, about 180 kinds in total.In the twelfth edition of Natural System published in 1768, the statement that "species cannot change" was deleted.
Hales
Hales, an Englishman, the founder of plant physiology
In 1742, the Englishman Hales wrote in his book PhytostaticsSapFlow and pressureTranspirationHe is regarded as the founder of plant physiology.
Hales Stepben: British botanist and chemist, born on September 17, 1677KentBekeshben died on January 4, 1761MiddlesexTeddington.
Hales has served as an associate pastor in Teddington since 1708, and the poet Pope was his neighbor at that time.Hales dabbled in several sciences,Great achievements, was awarded in 1717royal society 。He was deeply influenced by Newton's works and focused onQuantitative experimental methodApplied in the field of biology.
His most importantSubjectsIt's plants. He measured the growth rate of plants, sap pressure and so on.He realized that only part of the air had an effect on the nutrition of plants, and finally corrected the Hermont * Ki people a century ago.Hales was also the first person to measure blood pressure.
He proposed to usedistillationExtracting fresh water from seawater and usingsulfur dioxideProtect grain fromWeevilsendfishThe method to avoid corruption.He realized the value of ventilation and collected different gases from the water surface for the first time.He did things like hydrogencarbon monoxide、carbon dioxide、methaneAnd sulfur dioxide, but the difference between these gases is not clearly recognized.
In 1727, he published a book about his discoveries.This is the last book to receive the official publication permission from the elderly chairman of the Royal Society Newton.
Schleiden
Botanist Schleiden
German Schleiden and His CompanionsZoologistShiwan-- First proposedcytologySaid they first proposed it in 1839Cellular theory。Since then, cytology has become an independent discipline.
Schleiden (1804-1881) Schleiden, Matthias Jakob: German botanist, one of the founders of cell theory.Born in Hamburg on April 5, 1804, and died on the Maine River on June 23, 1881Frankfurt
From 1824 to 1827, he studied law in Heidelberg and worked as a lawyer in Hamburg.He studied botany because of his strong interest in botany and graduated fromJena University。In 1850, he was professor of botany at Jena University.He described and named new species by studying the structure of plants under the microscope.Schleiden believes that in any plant body, cell is the basic component of structure according to his results of observing plant tissue structure under microscope for many years;Lower plantIt is composed of single cells,higher plantIt is composed of many cells.In 1838, he published the famous《Phytogenesis》This paper puts forward the above views.This article was published on Miller's Anthology of Anatomy and Physiology published in 1838.German zoologist TA. H. Schwann extended this concept to the animal kingdom, thus forming the concept that all plants and animals are composed of cellsScientific conceptsThat is, cell theory, which was first published in the article "Microscopic Study on the Consistency of Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants" written by Shi Wan in 1839.Cell theory was praised by EngelsThree major discoveries of natural science in the 19th centuryFirst, it has played a huge role in the development of biological scienceFacilitation。Schleiden also realized thatnucleusAnd observed the relationship between the nucleus andcell divisionofHe also described the activeMaterial movementThat is what we are talking about nowProtoplasmChuanliu movement.He was the first to accept Darwintheory of evolutionGerman biologist.
Darwin
Darwin, British naturalisttheory of evolutionIn 1859, its founder published On the Origin of Species, which comprehensively proposed the theory of evolution based on the theory of natural selection.The publication of the book shocked the academic circles at that time and becameHistory of BiologyA turning point on the.The evolution theory of natural selection has a great impact on various idealistic creationismteleologyandSpecies invarianceRaise fundamental challenges.So that the concepts and concepts formed in various fields of biology at that time were fundamentally changed.
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809~1882): British biologist, the main founder of the theory of evolution.He was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809 and died in Kent on April 19, 1882.
After Darwin returned home, he sorted out a large amount of data collected during the investigation, and successively published thereport on an investigation, including the Geological and Natural History Survey Diary of the Countries where the Berger Ship passed, the Voyage Fauna of the Berger Ship, and three volumes about coral reefsislandOfGeological report。In his geological treatise, he put forward the famous assertion that atolls are formed by sinking of the sea bottom and upward accumulation of corals.Five years of travel and investigation made him think moreOrigin of speciesProblems.He studied a large amount of evidence in various aspects and gradually realized that all kinds of species actually evolved from a common ancestor.Through plant cultivation andlivestockIn the case of domestication, I feel that the reason for evolution may be that nature has adopted a similar selection method for living things - to eliminate the bad and retain the good.He also noted that,BiosphereUbiquitous inindividual difference；The species adapted to the environment can breed,not suited toAnd may become extinct.He followed TR. Malthus's On Population reveals that every species has a hugeFecundity, but only a very small number of survivors, which indicates that there are violentSurvival competitionThis competition caused the death of a large number of species, thus maintaining the relative stability of the population.After years of exploration, he has gradually formed a systematic evolutionary idea: there are individual differences in the biological world. Under the pressure of survival competition, the fittest survive and the unfit are eliminated;Favorable traits retained by species in generationsTransfer processGradually accumulated inCharacter differentiationandIntermediate typeWhen it disappears, it forms a new species.From 1851 to 1854, four papers were publishedcirripedia The monograph of.Since then, he has continued to discuss with his friends, further enriching and developing his evolutionary ideas.On June 18, 1858, he received a letter from naturalist AR. Wallace's article, in which he expressed the same view of evolution.At that time, he wrote his own evolution view under the urging of his friends, which was the same as Wallace's article on July 1London Linnaeus SocietyPublished on.Their article did not attract general attention at that time.On November 24, 1859, the Origin of Species was published, in which he introduced in detail the rich evidence he had collected over the past 20 years, fully demonstrated the evolution of biology, and clearly proposedNatural selection theoryTo explain the evolutionary mechanism.After the book was published, it caused great repercussions in the society.The emergence of the theory of evolution has led to a unified explanation of various phenomena in the biological world: the biological consistency can be explained by the common ancestor;The diversity of species is the result of evolutionary adaptation.The emergence of evolutionism in philosophy andsocial sciencesIt also has great influence in the field;It strongly impacted the theological concepts that dominated the ideological field at that time.
Since then, most of Darwin's works have further explained and developed the theory of evolution.For example, in 1868《Variation of animals and plants under domestication》The problem of manual selection is discussed;1871《the descent of manandselectioninrelationtosex 》The theory of evolution is extended to humans.In addition, there are a series of books discussing many aspects of the plant kingdomAdaptive phenomenonFor example, Strategies for Orchids to Attract Insects and Pollen in 1862, Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants in 1865, Insectivorous Plants in 1875, and Effects of Cross pollination and Self pollination in the Plant World in 1877.Published in 1872《Human and animal expressions》It's the earliest oneBehaviorswork;In 1881, the role of earthworms in the formation of garden soil wasSoil ecologyThe pioneer of.He also studied the movement of plants towards light and ground, and concluded that there was some substance that could transmit information in plants according to experiments;Anticipated what was discovered laterauxin。
Chinese botanist
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Li Jidong
Li Jidong
Li Jidong, Chinese botanist.Born in Xinghua County, Jiangsu Province on August 24, 1897, died on December 12, 1961HohhotCity.He entered St. John's University in 1916 and transferred toJinling UniversityLin Ke was admitted to Tsinghua University to study in the United States at public expense after graduation in 1921Yale UniversityGraduate student of Forestry Research Institute.He received a master's degree in 1923.He received his doctor's degree in 1925 and returned to China in the same year.First taught at Jinling University (1925-1926), thenNankai University（1926～1929）、Tsinghua University(1929-1936) Professor.During the Anti Japanese War, they moved with the schoolChangsha Temporary University(1937~1938), KunmingSouthwest Associated University(1938-1946), and returned to Tsinghua University (1946-1951) after the victory of the Anti Japanese War.Transferred in after the adjustment of the national departments in 1952Peking University, Professor and Director of Botany Teaching and Research Section.In 1955, he was employed as a member of the Biology Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.1957Inner Mongolia Universityvice-principal.He devoted himself toPlant physiology、Plant ecologyandPhytocoenologyResearch.Have studied in plant physiologyphotosynthesis、plant cellWater absorptionauxinandPlant organAnd tissue culture in vitro.When he was teaching in Nankai University, he took advantage of the disadvantages and passed theaquatic plantThe emitted bubbles are used to measure the speed of photosynthesislight intensityorColor of lightWhen changing, the photosynthetic rate has a transient effect, that is, it takes some time to reach a constant speed.This achievement is to find that there are two photosynthetic mechanismsPhotoreactionIt is a pioneer in the field of science and technology, more than ten years earlier than similar discoveries abroad.He used in vitro culture method to studyginkgoOfembryonic developmentThe work of the process is artificial cultivation in Chinaplant tissue And the beginning of the organ.
Single person Hua
Single person Hua, born in 1909JiangxiprovinceGao'an CountyHe is a famous botanist in China.Graduated from the Biology Department of Central University in 1934Academia SinicaInstitute of Zoology and Botanyassistant research fellow。He is determined to develop the botany of his motherlandPlant specimenAnd information is more important than life.After the Lugouqiao Incident in 1937, he traveled thousands of miles from Shanghai to Yunnan and Guizhou to protect plant specimens, regardless of the Japanese bombing and his wife who was about to give birth. Finally, he safely transferred all specimens to Chongqing in the rear area.In 1946, he went abroad to study in the United States. Three years laterUniversity of CaliforniaDoctor degree in botany, and was invited toscientific and technical workerHonorary Society Member.On the eve of the liberation of the motherland, when he heard the news, he was so excited that he could not sleep all night without taking his doctor's certificate or taking out his savings from the bank. He quietly caught up with the last ship from the United States to Shanghai and returned to the embrace of the motherland in May 1949.After returning to China, he served as a researcher of the Institute of Botany of the Central Academy of Sciences, actively engaged in the construction and scientific cause of the new socialist China, and set about establishing the East China Workstation of the Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the predecessor of the Jiangsu Institute of Botany.When Shanghai was liberated, he was received by Marshal Chen Yi and Chairman Mao Zedong in 1956.In 1957, he joined the Communist Party of China with honor.Older generationProletarian Revolutionist His enthusiasm encouraged him to overcome all difficulties: the solemn vow under the Party banner made him never lose his way.His specialtyPlant taxonomy, especially committed toUmbelliferaePlant classification is the pioneer of Umbelliferae research in China.For decades, he has extensively collected and sorted out the literature of predecessors, traveled mountains and rivers to collect plant specimens, and carefully studied tens of thousands of umbelliferae plant specimens collected in major herbariums at home and abroad.During the ten years of the Cultural Revolution“rebel faction”Attempt to burn more than 400000 specimens collected in the institute.Dananhua said angrily, "If you want to burn me, you must burn me. You are not allowed to burn specimens." Because of his unremitting struggle, today's botanical research in the motherland has left invaluable wealth.
Wu Qijun
Wu QijunWord Zhai;Nicknamed Yu Lou Nong.He was born in Gushi, Henan Province.Born on February 6 (March 1, 1789), the 54th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty;He died on December 11, the 26th year of Daoguang era (January 27, 1847).Botanymineralogy。
Wu Qijun was born in a bureaucratic family.fatherWu Xuan, BrotherWu QiyanHe used to be a Hanlin, a waiterShuntian Mansion(Today's Beijing) academic and political posts.brilliance of virtueHis father died in the first year (1821) and his mother died in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825).His house“Gong Baodi”。Wu surnameThe clan isQing dynastyGushi CountyOne of the "Four Families".
Wu Qijun was eager to learn when he was young. At the age of 21 (1810), he was selected as a candidate, and at the age of 28 (1817), he won the first prize in the examCompiled by Imperial Academy、Minister of Rites、Military Ministry AssistantGrade.Later, he served as governor or governor of Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Shanxi and other provinces, and also served as senior officials of salt administration, so he was said to have "half a world's official career".Wu Qijun is different from ordinary officials in the Qing Dynasty. He has profound attainments in botany and mineralogy, and has written《Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts》, Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts《Sketch map of south Yunnan mine》And "The Journey to Yunnan" and other books, which are very highAcademic value。
Chen Bangjie
Chen Bangjie(1907~1970) World famousBryobotanyJia is the founder of bryobotany research in China.Professor.Dantu people in Jiangsu.He graduated from the Biology Department of Central University in 1931.Won in 1939University of Berlin, GermanyDoctor of Science.He was once a professor of Central University.Successive posts after the founding of the People's Republic of ChinaNanjing UniversityProfessor, Professor of Nanjing Normal University (now Nanjing Normal University), Director of Biology Department andInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciencesresearcher.Jiusan SocietyMembers.He is a deputy to the Third National People's Congress.Engaged in botany teaching and research for a long time.He has written Genus of Mosses in China, etc.In the 1950s, Professor Chen Bangjie enrolledNanjing Normal UniversityThe first graduate student in history.[1]
Feng Guomei
Feng Guomei, a famous botanist, horticulturistKunming Institute of BotanyOne of the founders in plant taxonomic research andplant resources Its achievements in development and utilization are recognized by experts in the industry.Especially forAzaleaceae、Theaceae、Acanthopanaceae、MalvaceaeHas conducted in-depth research and clarified a lotName and realityConfused problems for plant classification andIntroduction and domesticationLaid the foundation.Mr. Feng Guomei has been committed to gardening for a long timeornamental plantResearch, based on in-depth research on Yunnan ornamental plant resources, has promotedEight famous flowers in YunnanSelection of.To find rare tree species in China——Big Tree RhododendronHe organized human resources three times and went there twiceTengchong, go deep intovirgin forestIn 1981, he finally found the big tree cuckoo.During his lifetime, Mr. Feng Guomei edited volumes 1-3 of Chinese Rhododendron, Rare and Endangered Flowers in China, and《Rhododendron yunnanense》, Yunnan Camellia, etc;He has participated in editing important monographs such as "Chinese Plants" and "The Classic of Chinese Flowers", enjoying high reputation at home and abroad.
