Palm oil is a kind oftropicwoodyvegetable oil, is the largest vegetable oil variety in the world in terms of production, consumption and international trade, andsoybean oil、Rapeseed oilIt is also known as the "three largest vegetable oils in the world", and has more than 5000 years ofediblehistory.
Palm oil consists ofOil palmThe palm fruit on the tree is pressed, and the pulp and kernel produce palm oil andPalm kernel oilThe traditional concept of palm oil only includes the former.Palm oil passes throughrefineBy fractionation, products with different melting points can be obtainedcatering、food industryandOleochemical industryThe industry has a wide range of uses.Southeast AsiaandAfricaAs the main production area of palm oil, its output accounts for about 88% of the world's total palm oil output,Indonesia、MalaysiaandNigeriaIt is the world's top three producer.China has become the world's largest importer of palm oil, with palm oil consumption of about 6 million tons per year, accounting for 20% of the total market.
Palm oil is an important part of the world oil marketGreaseThe proportion of total output exceeds 30%.Oil palmIt is a kind of crop that blooms and bears fruit all the year round.The commercial production of oil palm can last for 25 years!
Influenced by factors such as the expansion of global palm oil planting area and the increase of mature palm oil area, global palm oil production continued to increase in 2012, or hit a record high.
At the end of 2012, the domestic palm oil spot market recovered, mainly because the "two festivals" demand started to stimulate terminal traders to speed up procurement.At the same time, however, domestic palm oil imports accelerated to the port, far exceeding the increase in demand;The import cost of palm oil declined, and the long-term expectation was lower.
Main origin
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palm oilAlso called palm oil and palm skin oil, the oil extracted from the peel of oil palm fruit is non drying oil.The oil palm fruit is native to the west coast of Africa. In the 1970s, Southeast Asian countries began to plant it in large quantities. By the 1980sSoutheast AsiaThe area and output of oil palm have exceededAfrica。In the 1920s, China introduced Hainan Island from Malaysia, and later Taiwan, Yunnan, GuangxiFujian, Guangdong and other provinces and regions are planted, but the output is not much.Since the 1970s, palm oil production has grown fastest among all kinds of vegetable oils, and has become the main edible oil in the world today, occupying an important position in the international vegetable oil market.Due to the constraints of natural conditions such as climate, China's production development is slow. In the late 1980s, China began to import a large amount of palm oil, accounting for the world's palm oil importsTrade15% or more.
Oil palm seed
Oil palm is the most efficient oil producing plant in the world.stayMalaysiaAt present, each hectare of oil palm can produce about 5 tons of oil at mostpeanutFive times higher, nine times higher than soybeans.The average annual yield of mature oil palm in Malaysia is 4.5 tons of crude palm oil per hectare.
Palm oil isvegetable oilIt is a kind of oil that can partially replace other oilssoybean oil、Peanut oil、Sunflower oil、coconut oil、lardandButterEtc.Because of the interrelationship between palm oil and various oils, the price of palm oil fluctuates with the price of general oils in the world. At the same time, the price of palm oil fluctuates greatly.
Oil palm trees originated in West Africa.Industrial palm oil is red, extracted from the palm bark, while palm kernel oil is white, extracted from the inner core.The production process of palm oil and palm kernel oil is complex.It mainly goes through the following processes: sterilization, refining, bleaching and deodorization.
Finally, we got palm oil and palm kernel oil before sending them to storage.
Palm planting began in the early 19th century, whenBritish Industrial RevolutionCreate demand for palm oil for candle manufacturing and machinery lubricants.
Palm oil was initially supplied by farmers in West Africa, followed by the Netherlands in 1848ColonistBring palm oil planting toJava。1910EnglandThe colonists ofWilliamsonMiddletonHenryme, a banker, founded Sendamey Company in Malaysia to plant palm trees to produce palm oil.
Palm oil is the main competitor of soybean oil, which is the world's leading oil consumption. Other competitors include rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil and olive oil.However, for the first time since 2004, the total consumption of palm oil and palm kernel oil has exceeded that of the world's major edible oil, soybean oil.
China is the largest consumer of edible oil in the world, with the total consumption of edible oil reaching more than 25 million tons every year.In 2013, the Central Economic Work Conference put forward the national food security strategy of "focusing on ourselves, basing on the domestic market, ensuring production capacity, appropriate imports, and scientific and technological support", which further attracted the attention of the society to grain and oil products.
extraction process
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It can be obtained from palm pulp by boiling, crushing and squeezingCrude palm oil(CPO) andPalm meal（PE）；At the same time, in the process of crushing, the palm kernel (i.e. palm kernel) is separated, and then crushed and the shell is removed. The remaining kernel is squeezed to obtain crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and palm kernel meal (PKE).The fruit of oil palm contains two kinds of different oils, and palm oil is obtained from the pulp;Palm kernel oil is obtained from palm seed (kernel), of which the former is more important.All the above products have been effectively applied tofood、chemical industry、AgricultureAnd other fields.It can be said that palm is a good economic plant.
After the above primary stage of extraction, the crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil are sent to the refinery for refining, and then removedfree fatty acids, natural pigment and smell, and then become salad grade oil refined palm oil (RBD PO) and palm oil salad oil (RBD PKO).Refined palm oil is nearly colorless and transparent in liquid state and nearly white in solid state.In addition, palm oil can be further fractionated and treated to formPalmitoleic acid(PFAD), palm liquid oil (OLEAN for short), palm stearin (STEARINE or ST for short).The oil palm fruit contains more lipase, so the harvested fruit must be processed or treated with yeast killing in time. The crude palm oil is easy to hydrolyze itself to generate more free fatty acids, and the acid value increases rapidly, so it should be refined or extracted in time.
palm oil
Rich in palm oilCarotene(0.05% - 0.2%), which is dark orange red. This pigment cannot be effectively removed by alkali refining. The oil color can be generally light yellow by oxidation.Under the action of sunlight and air, palm oil will also gradually decolorize.Palm oil is slightly sweet, with pleasantvioletFragrance.It is semi-solid at room temperature, and its consistency and melting point depend largely on the content of free fatty acids.Leading in the international marketfree fatty acidsPalm oil with low content is called soft oil, and palm oil with high content of free fatty acids is called hard oil.
Nutritional composition
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Palm oil contains balanced saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters.50% saturated fatty acid, 40% monounsaturated fatty acid;10% polyunsaturated fatty acids.The human body's digestion and absorption rate of palm oil exceeds 97%. Like all other vegetable edible oils, palm oil itself does not contain cholesterol.
As a kind of oil with high saturation, palm oil has been speculated that it may increase the content ofcholesterolContent.However, after further experimental demonstration by many experts, it is found that eating palm oil will not increase the cholesterol in the serum, but has a tendency to reduce cholesterol. The reason is that a large number of research data show that different saturated fatty acids have different effects on blood lipids. Palm oil is rich in neutral fatty acids, and the content of substances that promote cholesterol increase in palm oil is very small (1%)。
characteristic
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Palm oil is semi-solid at room temperature, and its consistency and melting point largely depend on the content of free fatty acids.Palm oil with low acid value is often called soft oil in the market, and oil with high acid value is called hard oil.
1. It contains more saturated fatty acids.It has good stability, is not prone to oxidation and deterioration, and has high smoke point, so it is suitable for fried food.
2. Palm oil can be fractionated to separate solid fat from liquid fat.The solid fat can be used as margarine and shortening instead of expensive cocoa butter;Liquid grease is used as salad or cooking oil, and its taste is light and refreshing.A large amount of unrefined palm tung oil is used in soap making industry.Soap produced with palm oil can have durable foam and strong decontamination ability.
3. Palm oil is rich in vitamin A (500-700ppm) and vitamin E (500-800ppm).In order to further improve the nutritional value of palm oil, research on improving its unsaturated fatty acid content has been actively carried out, and foreign countries have made certain achievements in this regard.
The fresh palm kernel oil is milky white or yellowish, like a solid consistency, with a favorite walnut flavor.Palm kernel oil is easy to be oxidized and decomposed during storage, and its smell becomes pungent.
Main purpose
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Palm oil is widely used in cooking and food manufacturing in the world.It is used as cooking oilCrunchy fatandMargarineTo use.Like othersEdible oilSimilarly, palm oil is easy to digest, absorb and promote health.Palm oil is an important component of fat. With mild properties, it is a good material for making food.From the composition of palm oil, its high solid propertyglycerolContent to avoid foodhydrogenationIt keeps stable and effectively resists oxidation. It is also suitable for hot weather and becomes a good seasoning for cakes and bakery products.Because of its several characteristics, palm oil is deeply loved by the food manufacturing industry.
Malaysia andIndonesiaThey are the major palm oil producing countries in the world, and their palm oil production accounts for more than 80% of the global production.
58 ° palm oil：
Quality indicators: specific gravity: (60 ℃/20 ℃ water) 0.882, saponification value mgKOH/g: 193, transparency: 80 ℃ clear and transparent, smell and taste: inherent smell of palm oil, good taste, color (Lovibond color comparison groove 133.4mm): Y30, R3.0,Moisture and volatile matter%: 0.04, impurity%: 0.043, melting point ℃: 57.6, free fatty acid (calculated by palmitic acid) 0.25%, acid value mgKOH/g: 0.40, unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0, peroxide value meq/kg: 5.26, iodine value (Wechsler method): 40gI/100g.Fat content%: ≥ 99%, among which palmitic acid (C16:0) accounts for 67.056%, stearic acid (C18:0) accounts for 4.905%, oleic acid (C18:1) accounts for 17.116%, and linoleic acid (C18:2) accounts for 3.942%.The quality meets the requirements of GB15680-2009 standard, and can be widely used in the chemical industry as raw materials for the production of soap, laundry soap, transparent soap, biodiesel, lubricants, papermaking additives, process candles, hydrogenated oil, stearic acid, glycerin, etc.
52 degree palm oil：
Quality indicators: (1) Specific gravity: (70 ℃/25 ℃ water) 0.875 (2) Hard value, gI/100g: 51 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH/g: 189 (4) Transparent smell, good taste (6) Color (Lovibond color comparison groove 133.4mm): Y30, R3.0 (7) Water and volatile matter%:. 07 (8) Impurity%: 0.09 (9) Melting point ℃: 52 (10) Acid value, mgKOH/g: 0.40 (11) Unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) Peroxide value, meq/kg: 10, Iodine value (Wechsler method): 40g I/100g.
44 ° palm oil:
Quality indicators: (1) Specific gravity: (60 ℃/25 ℃ water) 0.880 (2) Hard value, gI/100g: 53 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH/g: 187 (4) Transparency: 55 ℃ clear and transparent (5) Odor and taste: gas 06 (8) Impurity%: 0.05 (9) Melting point ℃: 44 (10) Acid value, mgKOH/g: 0.28 (11) Unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) Peroxide value, meq/kg: 10.
33 degree palm oil
Quality indicators: (1) Specific gravity: (50 ℃/25 ℃ water) 0.893 (2) Hard value, gI/100g: 54 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH/g: 184 (4) Transparency: 45 ℃ clear and transparent (5) Odour and taste: odor, 04 (8) Impurity%: 0.04 (9) Melting point ℃: 33 (10) Acid value, mgKOH/g: 0.18 (11) Unsaponifiable matter.
24 degree palm oil:
Quality indicators: (1) Specific gravity: (40 ℃/25 ℃ water) 0.902 (2) Iodine value gI/100g: 56 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH/g: 180 (4) Transparency: 35 ℃ clear and transparent (5) Smell and taste: good smell and taste (6) Color (Lovibond color comparison tank 133.4mm): Y30, R3.0 (7) Water and volatile matter%: 0.03 (8) Impurity%: 0.03 (9) Melting point ℃: 24 (10) Acid value mgKOH/g: 0.16 (11) Unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) Peroxidation value, meq/kg: 10.It meets the requirements of new national food standards and can be widely used in the food industry.
Transformed into biological aviation kerosene
On February 12, 2014, the Civil Aviation Administration of China issued to Sinopec the approval letter for the first biological aviation kerosene technical standard regulation project in China, marking that China's biological aviation kerosene products with independent intellectual property rights have won the "ticket" for commercial application.Biological aviation kerosene is aviation kerosene produced from renewable resources.The No.1 biological aviation kerosene, which has obtained airworthiness approval, uses palm oil and waste catering oil as raw materials.
Custody mode
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In palm oil, the formation of acid is due to thelipaseorFatty acid catalaseEither of them is caused by hydrolysis.The free fatty acid is very low in the unbroken fruit, but once the cell is damaged, the fruit lipase is activated, and the free fatty acid will rise sharply at the initial stage;Then, the rise of free fatty acids slowed down until the lipase activity was inactivated.The content of free fatty acids in palm oil actually depends on three factors: the degree of immaturity of the fruit (too mature fruit is vulnerable to damage);The degree of ear pretreatment (yeast killing);And the delay time between harvesting and lipase inactivation.
Iron is removed when making oil, which can indirectly control oxidation.At the same time, attention should be paid to controlling all environmental conditions that promote oil oxidation.The conveyor and elevator shall be cleaned regularly;Prevent soil and debris from planting areas from polluting oil.Do not use copper, brass, or bronze fittings to prevent contact between copper and oil.The reason is that copper is a strong oxidant.Keep the temperature as low as possible without prejudice to oil extraction.At the same time, try to make the oil less exposed to the air.
During storage, a refrigerator can be installed behind the vacuum drying section of the factory to reduce the temperature of oil to 45-50 ℃ before entering the storage tank.After the oil is filled into the tank, fill the tankinert gas(carbon dioxide, nitrogen).Antioxidants can also be added to the oil to passivate trace metals to eliminate oxidation during oil storage.In addition, when large containers are used to store oil, oxidation can also be controlled, and oil splash during loading and unloading can also be reduced.
Precautions during transportation and unloading: First, the tank is coated with epoxy resin, and the tank cleaning shall be checked before oil loading.Second, spray and cover with inert gas.Third, the oil shall not be spilled.Fourth, the oil temperature shall be kept at 32-40 ℃ during shipping.Before loading, heat the oil to raise its temperature at a rate not exceeding 5 ℃ every 24 hours.Fifth, the shipment temperature of oil shall not exceed 55 ℃.Sixth, deodorized palm oil is loaded withepoxy resinAnd filled with nitrogen.
Production and trade
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The global oil market is mainlysoybean、palm oil、sunflower seedandrapeseed Four crops dominate.In 2005, the globalGreaseThe production has reached 139 million tons, 9 million tons more than the previous year. At the end of the 1970s, the global oil demand was about 51 million tons, which has nearly doubled.In the oil, vegetable oil accounts for 82% of the total oil, and the rest is made up ofbutter、lard、Tallowandfish oilEtc.Although the overall oil production has been increasing in recent years, the output of animal oil has basically remained unchanged, and the growth of oil production mainly comes fromVegetable oilAmong all vegetable oils, palm oil has seen the most significant growth in the past decade.
Production
Palm oil production has increased rapidly in recent years. The reason for the increase isCultivated landIncrease in area and yield.Before 1989, the global palm oil production was less than 10 million tons, while before 1997, the production was only a small increase, from 10 million tons to 20 million tons.Since 1998, the global palm oil production has achieved a leap growth with the rapid increase of palm oil production in Southeast Asia. By 2006, the global palm oil production had exceeded 35 million tons, which is seven times the output in the 1950s.The expansion of the use of edible palm oil and palm oil industry has promoted the rapid increase of palm oil production. Compared with the low price of other oil products, the rapid economic development of the world and some regions has set off one peak after another of palm oil consumption, thus promoting the vigorous development of palm planting in Southeast Asia.In 2015/2016, the total output of palm oil was 65.5 million tons;Accounting for 35% of the total oil production in the world, ranking first;The second is soybean oil, with a total output of 53.82 million tons;29%;Rapeseed oil;The total output is 26.5 million tons;Accounting for 14% of the total global oil production.
About 20 countries in the world produce palm oil, mainly state-ownedMalaysia、IndonesiaandNigeriaThe total output of these three countries accounts for 88% of the world's total palm oil output.
Producing country
Southeast Asian countries belong toTropical rainforest climateorTropical monsoon climateMalaysia and Indonesia are the world's two largest palm oil producers.Over the past decade, the palm oil production of Malaysia and Indonesia has witnessed a sustained and stable growth. The palm oil produced by these two Southeast Asian countries accounts for more than 86% of the world's total palm oil production.
1. Malaysian palm oil production
Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world, and its palm oil production is nearly 45% of the world's total.The planting area of palm trees in Malaysia accounts for about 1/3 of the national cultivated land, amounting to 2.5 million hectares.In 1985, Malaysia's palm oil output basically hovered around 5 million tons. In 2005, Malaysia's palm oil output reached a record 15.2 million tons, and the output tripled in 20 years. The main reason is that the harvested area has increased significantly. In 2006, Malaysia's palm oil output also remained at about 15 million tons.
2. Indonesia's palm oil production
In 2005, Indonesia's palm oil production accounted for 41% of the total global palm oil production.With less and less agricultural land suitable for palm tree growth in Malaysia, the growth of palm oil production has shifted to Indonesia.In the past decade, Indonesia's palm oil production has also tripled.In 1997, the output of Malaysian palm oil was 3.6 million tons higher than that of Indonesia, but the gap was gradually narrowing. By 2006, the output of Indonesian palm oil had exceeded that of Malaysia.As a result of climate impact, the unit yield of Malaysian palm oil has declined, while Indonesian palm trees have entered a peak production period, and the unit yield has increased, and the plantation has further expanded. In general, Indonesia's palm oil production has more growth potential.
Trade situation
In the field of world oil trade, palm oil usually leadssoybean oil, leading the export market.In the 1960s, palm oil was not prominent in the world oil trade. At that time, soybean oil and animal oil were the main trade oils.By 1993, the situation had changed greatly. The proportion of palm oil trade in global oil trade had increased from 10% in 1970 to 20% in 1977, and reached 30% in 1985.In 1997, the total output of palm oil in the world was 17.41 million tons, while the export volume reached 11.346 million tons.By 2006, palm oil trade accounted for more than 50% of the total world oil trade.
Malaysia is a major producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. 90% of its total palm oil production is used for export. Only a small amount of palm oil exported by Malaysia is unrefined crude palm oil.Before 1985, Malaysia almost controlled the entire palm oil export market.In 1986, Malaysia's gross palm oil production was 4.54 million tons, accounting for 60% of the world's palm oil production in the same year, and palm oil exports accounted for 68% of the world's palm oil exports.In 1996, Malaysia's palm oil output was 8.86 million tons, accounting for 53% of the world's total output, and its export volume was 7.325 million tons, accounting for 64% of the world's total export volume.With the continuous increase of Indonesia's palm oil export share in recent years, Malaysia's palm oil export volume has dropped to about half of the global share.In 2005, the total export volume of global palm oil reached 26.3 million tons, including 13.45 million tons of Malaysian palm oil, accounting for 49%, and 10.3 million tons of Indonesian palm oil, accounting for 39%.
The 88% share of the world palm oil export market is firmly controlled by these two major producers.In addition, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Colombia and other countries and regions also produce and export a certain amount of palm oil.
Consumption
In recent years, the proportion of animal oil consumption in the global oil has declined significantly, from 24% in the late 1980s to 17%. Driven by the growth of world population and per capita consumption, the consumption of vegetable oil has increased at an annual rate of 3-4%.The proportion of regional oil consumption is inclined to developed countries. 75% of the world's population is concentrated in Asia and Africa, but Europe and America, which account for a small number of the world's population, consume 40% of the total oil.With economic development, the oil growth potential of developing countries is higher than that of developed countries.
In 2001, the global consumption of palm oil was 24 million tons. Since 1995, the consumption of palm oil has increased sharply. By 2005, the global consumption of palm oil had reached 33 million tons, with a consumption increase of 38% in five years.In general, the consumption of palm oil is mainly concentrated in Asian countries, and the EU has also increased the import of palm oil to offset the supply gap of rapeseed oil caused by increased demand in the biofuel industry.The main consumers of palm oil are India, 25 EU countries, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan, which account for 60% of the total consumption.As a major consumer country, China accounts for 14% of global palm oil consumption, and India accounts for 11%.In recent years, China's palm oil consumption has increased most significantly. In 2001, China's domestic palm oil consumption just exceeded 2 million tons, and by 2005, the consumption more than doubled to 4.36 million tons.
Price trend
In the past 20 years, the price of international palm oil has fluctuated greatly, similar to the price trend of vegetable oil such as soybean oil.The lowest price of Malaysian crude palm oil futures appeared in 1986, when the global oil seed production, especially the US soybean harvest, led to the suppression of all vegetable oil prices, including soybean oil, and the palm oil price reached a periodic low.As the world has experienced several severe climates, includingEl Nino andLa NinaSuch phenomena have affected the global output of vegetable oil. Palm oil has experienced several large-scale price rises, including 1988 and 1994, when the price rose from below 800RM/t to 1400-1600RM/t.In 1999, due to the continuous disastrous weather, the production of oilseeds was reduced, and the supply of vegetable oil was tight, but the demand increased unprecedentedly. The expansion of production was difficult to follow the growth of demand, leading to the palm oil price reaching a historic high of 2600 yuan/ton. By the end of April 2007, the price of palm oil on the Malaysia Stock Exchange was about 2200 yuan/ton.
Chinese market
There are many trading enterprises in China's palm oil spot market, and the circulation links are developed.Guangzhou, Zhangjiagang and Tianjin are the main importers of palm oil, which radiates to the surrounding areas.Palm oil is used for both food and chemical purposes, and there are many consumer enterprises.
Processing and circulation
China's palm oil mainly depends on imports. North China (surrounding areas of Tianjin and Shandong), East China (surrounding areas of Shanghai such as Zhangjiagang, Taixing and Ningbo) and South China (surrounding areas of Guangzhou such as Huangpu, Shenzhen and Xiamen) are the main import, processing and sales areas of palm oil in China. Palm oil imports account for 92% of the total imports in China, of which North China accounts for 24%,East China accounts for 34%, and South China accounts for 34%.From the perspective of import ports, Tianjin Port, Zhangjiagang Port and Huangpu Port account for 67% of the total import volume of the country. In addition, Qingdao, Shenzhen and Xiamen also import large amounts of palm oil, accounting for about 5% of the total import volume of the country.
There are thousands of palm oil processing (refining, fractionation and blending) enterprises in China, and major palm oil processing enterprises such asYihai Grain and OilIndustry Co., Ltd., Tianjin Longwei Cereals and Oils Industry Co., Ltd., etc. are basically distributed in the surrounding areas of major import ports. According to the customs import and export data in 2006, there were more than 50 large grease enterprises carrying out palm oil import that year, accounting for about 60% of the total import volume. Grease enterprises carrying out direct import usually refine and extract most of the palm oil before entering the trade field,A small part enters the circulation field through intermediaries.
There are nearly 10000 palm oil trading enterprises in China, among which large trading enterprises directly import from abroad and then distribute through a large number of small and medium-sized distributors after entering China.In 2006, more than 80 trade enterprises carried out palm oil import, accounting for 34% of the total import volume.These trading enterprises generally do not have special storage warehouses, and usually rent storage tanks from grease enterprises or storage enterprises.
The surrounding areas of Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou are not only the main import and trade hubs of palm oil in China, but also the major palm oil processing enterprises, with sufficient capacity for palm oil processing and storage.
1. The surrounding areas of Tianjin.The import volume, processing and inventory capacity of palm oil in the surrounding areas of Tianjin are sufficient. The main oil enterprises have a total processing capacity of about 4500 tons/day and a tank capacity of nearly 400000 tons.The sales areas of palm oil in this region are Beijing, Tianjin, most of Hebei, northern Henan, eastern Shandong, most of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, northeast, Gansu and Shaanxi.In order to obtain lower logistics costs, palm oil processing enterprises are basically built near ports. Large ships can be conveniently docked, and the outward transportation is mainly through railways and roads. With convenient conditions, palm oil processing enterprises are an important distribution center for domestic palm oil.
2. The surrounding areas of Shanghai.The major oil and fat enterprises around Shanghai have a refining capacity of about 2500 tons/day and a tank capacity of nearly 600000 tons, of which the tank capacity of processing enterprises is about 200000 tons and that of warehouses is about 400000 tons.The sales regions of palm oil in this region are Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, and parts of Henan and Shaanxi.The palm oil processing enterprises in this area all choose the port industrial development model, which is mainly distributed in Zhangjiagang, Taixing, Ningbo and other regions. Most of the ports can accommodate cargo ships of 30000 to 50000 tons.Among them, the sales to Henan and Shaanxi are mainly through railways, and the sales to other provinces are mainly through the Yangtze River waterway, which has a good function of palm oil distribution.
3. The surrounding areas of Guangzhou.The production capacity and tank capacity of palm oil in the surrounding areas of Guangzhou are also sufficient. Each major oil and fat enterprise has a refining capacity of about 3000 tons/day and a tank capacity of 400000 tons. These tank capacities are basically distributed in processing enterprises.The sales regions of palm oil in this region are Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou.Palm oil processing enterprises are mainly concentrated in Guangzhou Dongguan Shenzhen along the Pearl River estuary, and most ports can berth 30000 to 50000 ton cargo ships.Among them, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces mainly sell palm oil by water, and have a certain radiation force to the south of Hunan and the east of Guangxi. The sales to other regions are mainly railway and road transportation, and palm oil has a strong distribution function.
Consumption
Palm oil can be used for both edible and industrial consumption. Statistics from traders show that palm oil consumption in China is mainly edible, with 24 degree refined palm oil as the main variety, accounting for more than 60% of the market share.
1. Consumption structure of vegetable oil in China
If the market share of each oil product is measured by its consumption, the consumption structure of vegetable oil before and after 2001 has changed significantly.Before 2001, the share of various vegetable oils in the total consumption did not change significantly. The market share in 2001 was in descending order: rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, and small seed oil.After 2001, the consumption shares of soybean oil and palm oil increased significantly, while the consumption shares of rapeseed oil, peanut oil and cottonseed oil decreased. By 2013/2014, the market shares were from large to small, followed by soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, other fats and oils, and cottonseed oil.The consumption of palm oil has been growing continuously. In 2006/2007, the consumption of palm oil reached 4 million tons, and in 2013/2014, the consumption of palm oil reached 4.7 million tons.
2. Industrial consumption of palm oil
Since China does not implement quota management on palm oil above 44 degrees, which has greatly promoted the import of palm oil above 44 degrees in recent years, and the industrial consumption of palm oil has also increased rapidly.The industrial consumption of palm oil was 350000 tons in 2002 and 1.2 million tons in 2004, with an average annual increase of 420000 tons from 2002 to 2004.It is estimated that the industrial consumption of palm oil in China will be 1.4 million tons in 2005, 200000 tons more than that in 2004.
3. Consumption enterprises of palm oil
From the perspective of consumer enterprises, there are thousands of large-scale palm oil consumer enterprises in China. If small enterprises are included, the number is more than 5000, which are mainly distributed in the catering, food processing and chemical fields. Representative enterprises include instant noodle manufacturers such as Tongyi Food Group, Dingxin Group, etc., and chemical enterprises such as Guangzhou P&G Co., Ltd., Naeis Yiyang Co., Ltd.Most consumer enterprises usually do not import directly by themselves, but mainly rely on middlemen to supply goods.In 2006, there were about 30 consumer enterprises that imported directly, accounting for about 2% of the total imports.According to incomplete statistics, on the whole, the proportion of imported palm oil used for commercial circulation is about 80%, and the proportion of goods directly entering terminal consumption, processing trade with supplied materials, and bonded area warehousing transit goods is about 20%.
4. Seasonality of palm oil consumption in China
As the melting point of palm oil is relatively high, its consumption has a certain seasonality. The consumption is relatively large in summer and small in winter.The seasonality of consumption is directly reflected in the seasonality of import volume. From 2004 to 2006, the import volume in January and February was relatively small, about 1.6-29 million tons. The import volume from June to September was relatively large. August 2004, June 2005, and August 2006 were the months with the largest import volume of the year, reaching 410000 tons, 500000 tons, and 670000 tons respectively.
Misunderstandings
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Palm oil is a classfatty acidThe palm oil with a melting point of 40 degrees can only be used forsoapAnd cosmetics;It has a melting point of 24 degrees and can be used for fryinginstant noodlesAnd making cakes;The melting point of 12 degrees can be used asEdible vegetable oil。However, palm oil with a melting point of 24 degrees is the most easily available in the market.
Generally, consumers tend to think that palm oil is similar to coconut oil, but also contains higherLauric acidAnd myristic acid.This misunderstanding has led many people to believe that palm oil consumption is "unhealthy".Therefore, it gives palm oil a "bad impression".In fact, the main component of palm oil is palmitic acid (i.e. hexadecanoic acid). This short chain saturated fatty acid has less impact on the human body than we thought.
Palm oil and health
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CAC：Palm oil is one of 17 vegetable oils with FAO and WHO standards under the leadership of CAC.
Food:Palm oil has been used as food for more than five thousand years.
Saturated fatty acids:Palm oil is made from the pulp of palm fruit by cooking and pressing.Because it does not contain a large amount of decanoic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid, and the content of saturated fatty acid components is low, it is obviously different from palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
cholesterol:Like other vegetable oils, palm oil does not containcholesterol。
Cooking oil:Today, palm oil is used worldwide as cooking oil, margarine and shortening, and is also added to blended oil and various foods.
Trans fatty acids:For most foods, palm oil does not need to be hydrogenated, so it will not produceTrans fatty acid。
Vitamin A source:Refined palm oil is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, and it has the functional activity of vitamin E when used in food.Red palm oil is rich in carotenoids and can be used as a source of vitamin A.
Cyclic polymer:Palm oil is a good frying oil without hydrogenation.Unlike unsaturated oils such as soybean oil, corn oil and sunflower oil, it is not easy to oxidize and can resist the formation of polar components and cyclic polymers.
Edible oil:Palm oil, like other common edible oils, is a source of heat and is easy to digest, absorb and use.In EuropeU.S.AAnd in Asia, many recent studies have confirmed that when palm oil is used to replace most other fats in the diet, there is no significant increase in total cholesterol in the blood.
High density cholesterol:In the above researchHigh density cholesterolIt is obviously increased or unchanged.Lipoprotein in plasma is the main risk indicator of coronary heart disease, when palm oil is the maindietWhen oil is used, the index decreases significantly.
Improve cholesterol:Palm oil has been proven to be an essential component in today's dietary recommendations, making it an essential ingredient in saturated, unsaturated andPolyunsaturated fatty acidsTo reach a balanced proportion.When people's diet has such a balanced proportion of fatty acids, it will improve the overall cholesterol ratio.
Carotene:Other components contained in palm oil: carotenoids, tocopherols and tocotrienols have health beneficial properties including antioxidant, anti-cancer and cholesterol reduction.In addition, carotenoids in palm oil have the biological activity of vitamin A source.
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palm olein : Palm oil is made by controlling the temperaturecrystalAfter that, the liquid part is separated from it.Palm oil is the main oil in the world oil trade.Take 2004 as an example, Malaysia alone exported 6.1 million tons of palm oil, while the total export volume of sunflower oil in the world trade in 2004 was 2.7 million tons.The physical properties of palm oil are different from palm oil.In warm weather, it is completely liquid, and the composition range of glyceride is narrow, which can be well blended with any vegetable oil.The two main grades of palm liquid oil produced in Malaysia are: standard palm liquid oil and secondary fractionation (super) palm liquid oil.The cloud point of secondary fractionated palm oil is low.Standard palm oil is still produced in bulk.
As far as palm oil is concerned, the characteristics of liquid oil have passed a lot of tests and careful research, forming the Malaysian palm oil standard MS: 816:1991.
Palm stearin:Palm stearin is the solid part separated from palm oil after freezing crystallization.Therefore, it is a by-product of palm oil.Although the amount of stearin proposed by the division is small (the ratio of stearin to liquid is about 25:75).However, it plays a major role in international trade.In international trade in 2003, Malaysia alone exported 1.48 million tons of palm stearin.Physical properties of palm stearin and palm oil are very different.Its melting point and iodine value range is relatively wide.However, it is very important that the range of properties of stearin can be reduced.Many suppliers can provide palm stearin with low hardness, medium hardness and high hardness according to the determined sliding melting point and iodine number index.Palm stearin is a good natural raw material for shortening, pastry margarine, Indian margarine and other products.Palm stearin is also the best choice among animal feed and oily products.It can also partially replace tallow and be used in soap.
Characteristics: The chemical and physical properties of palm stearin have been determined by the former Malaysian Palm Oil Research Institute after a lot of determination, and the Malaysian standard MS815:1991 has been formed
Palm kernel oil:It is made from palm kernel, and its components are very different from palm oil.Its composition and characteristics are very similar to coconut oil.The unrefined crude oil is yellowish. Bright palm kernel oil can be obtained simply by refining, which is suitable for both food and non food applications.The melting point of fatty acids in palm kernel oil is 25.9-28.0, and the iodine value is 16.2-19.2.The fatty acid composition range is C6-C20.Lauric acid is the main type of fatty acid, accounting for 46% - 51% of the total composition.The main components of triglycerides are C36 and C38, and others are less than 10%.When the ambient temperature is below 28 ℃, palm kernel oil is semi-solid.At a lower temperature, the solid content is higher, but when the temperature rises to 30 ℃, the solid content will rapidly decline.With steep solid contentcurveIt is very suitable for candy industry.
