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Messier star list

A catalog of 110 bright objects

synonym Messier catalog (Messier catalog) generally refers to Messier catalog

messier ^[2] Catalogue It is a catalog of 110 bright objects, including nebulae, star clusters and Galaxy The essence of is also the most spectacular and beautiful celestial body in the sky. The Messier catalog is a product of more than 200 years ago. Most of the objects listed in the catalog are within 10 degrees of brightness Astronomical telescope Can be seen. It is the most spectacular and beautiful celestial body in the sky. Therefore, for many years, Messier celestial body has been widely Astronomer They often observe and take pictures.

Chinese name: Messier catalog ^[3]
Foreign name: Messier Catalog
Alias: Messier catalog

Classification: Galaxy
Discoverer: Charles Messier
Discovery time: 1751

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Discovery History

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Messier object Refers to the famous French astronomer in the middle of the 18th century Charles Messier (Charles Messier), 110 objects listed in the Nebula Cluster Catalog. Messier spent his whole life arranging the celestial bodies observed in the sky with a small telescope into this Catalogue It covers nebulae, star clusters and galaxies in all corners of the visible sky in the Northern Hemisphere. These are easier to observe with a telescope deep space , is also today's amateur Astronomer Objects who like observation.

Messier himself is a comet Hunter, he compiled this catalog of celestial bodies in order to record the celestial bodies that look like comets rather than comets in the sky, so that he could not be confused by these celestial bodies when searching for real comets. The first edition of the Catalog of Nebulas and Clusters published in 1774 recorded 45 objects, numbered M1 to M45. one thousand seven hundred and eighty Annual increase To M70. The nebula cluster list published the following year Final A total of 103 celestial bodies were collected to M103. Current Messier object There are 110, M104 to M110 are the descendants of Messier and his friends Pierre Meixiang (Pierre M é chain) discovered but not included in the Nebula Cluster List.^[1]

Messier (1730.6.26-1817.4.12), in Messier's time, nebula is a term used to indicate any ambiguous light source in the deep sky. In 1751, Messier was a famous astronomer in France, J N. Delier is the recorder and recorder of the daily observation. It is the first observation in France, which is expected to take place in 1758-1759 Halley's Comet Returned people.

Since then, Messier has become a new man comet 's enthusiasm Searcher 。 King of France Louis XV He was once called "comet hunter". Messier independently discovered 13 comets and observed many others. In 1760, he began to compile a catalogue of nebulae to better distinguish between nebulae and comets. In his small telescope at that time, the two celestial bodies looked the same. Up to now, many of the most famous nebulae are still called by the numbers in the Messier nebula cluster list. The objects in the list are modern Astronomer The best object to test the telescope.

Messier object , also known as messier Stars refer to about 100 celestial bodies listed in the Catalog of Nebula and Star Clusters compiled by French astronomer Messier in the 18th century. Messier himself is a comet Searcher, he gathered this catalog of celestial bodies to record the celestial bodies that look like comets rather than comets in the sky, so that he could not be confused by these celestial bodies when searching for real comets.

In the catalog, each celestial body is prefixed with M and then numbered. as Crab Nebula Is M1. There are 110 celestial bodies listed in the table, and most of them are within 10 degrees of brightness, which can be seen with small telescopes.

Astronomers use the New Catalog of Nebula Clusters, or NGC catalog for short, which includes nebulae Cluster galaxy 7840; There is also a supplement to the NGC catalog, referred to as the IC catalog, which includes 5836 nebula and cluster galaxies. The 110 M objects in the Messier catalog are the essence of the NGC and IC catalogs, and they are also the most spectacular and beautiful objects in the sky. Many M objects are studied by astronomers Celestial evolution A live sample of the process. For example, valuable information about the late evolution of stars can be obtained from M1 nebula, and spectacular scenes of star birth can be obtained through M8, M16, and M42.

explain: messier The nebula cluster list was published in 1784, and only 103 objects were included. Seven objects (104~110) in this list were added by later generations. In the table, the first column is the Mayer number, the second column is the NGC number, the third and fourth columns are the coordinates of the 2000 epoch, and the fifth column is Visual size (Unit: Angular minute ）, column 6 is total luminosity (item Apparent magnitude ）The seventh column is the distance (unit: thousand light years), the eighth column is the constellation, and the ninth column is the popular name.

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In all the celestial phenomena, comet The appearance of the celestial bodies is undoubtedly the most eye-catching, because they have a strange appearance and a gray white "tail", so people in any country and at any time have a horrible impression of this strange celestial body. This similar legend exists in China, India, and the West ancient Greek There are also many others. In order to dispel people's strange view of comets, scientists aimed their telescopes at the sky to look for comets.

When the comet appeared in 1680, Newton and his friend Halley studied the comet together. They demonstrated that comets move on a long curve. Halley made great efforts to study this comet, and demonstrated that the comet circled the sun in 1682 was very similar to the comet observed twice in 1531 and 1607. Therefore, he believed that this was the third appearance of a comet, and demonstrated that it would come again around 1758. This one comet It can be explained by a 76 year cycle around the sun, and also demonstrates that comets are solar system Ordinary members of. Halley did not see the return of the comet, but his argument was correct. After his scientific prediction was confirmed, it caused great repercussions in the world.

In the 18th century, western heresies about comet superstition were largely dispelled. However, these observations have found many dim and fuzzy white foggy spots in the sky. They are not comets. Westerners generally call them "nebulae". "Nebula" makes those who try to hunt comets in trouble.

In order to get rid of this dilemma King of France Louis XV Astronomer Messier, known as "comet detective", came out to rescue. He first compiled a table of the 45 nebulae he observed and published it in 1774. Later, in cooperation with Mechin, 103 nebulae were added after three times Catalogue , published in 1781. Since the first letter of both men is "M", later generations called it the M star catalog. But people are still used to calling it messier A catalogue of stars. The Messier star list is numbered M45 , also known as the Seven Sisters Cluster, is the brightest star cluster Open cluster one of.

Other catalogues

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NGC The general table was compiled by Dreyer, which included 7840 celestial bodies. Basically, every object in the Messier catalog has an NGC number.

There are 110 numbers in the Messier catalog. But because of Messier's own observation mistakes, there are three objects in Messier's star list that do not actually exist.

and NGC catalog Because the amount of data is too large, there are problems such as duplicate numbers and no objects.

HD table is a star table. It contains the coordinate information of tens of thousands of stars.

At present, the main observation basis is the Messier catalog.

Detailed list

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number	NGC	Right ascension (2000)	Declination (2000)	Visual size/'	Apparent magnitude	constellation	Type or name	Distance from the ground (light year)
M 1	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-two	05 34.5	+22 01	6×4'	eight point four	Taurus	Crab Nebula	seven thousand and two hundred
M 2	seven thousand and eighty-nine	21 33.5	－00 49	thirteen	six point five	Aquarius	Globular cluster	thirty-six thousand and nine hundred
M 3	five thousand two hundred and seventy-two	13 42.5	+28 23	sixteen	six point four	Beagle	Globular cluster	thirty-two thousand and two hundred
M 4	six thousand one hundred and twenty-one	16 23.6	－26 32	twenty-six	five point nine	scorpio	Globular cluster	seven thousand and one hundred
M 5	five thousand nine hundred and four	15 18.6	+02 05	seventeen	five point six	Serpent	Globular cluster	twenty-five thousand
M 6	six thousand four hundred and five	17 40.1	－32 13	twenty-five	five point three	scorpio	Open cluster	one thousand and nine hundred
M 7	six thousand four hundred and seventy-five	17 53.9	－34 49	eighty	four point one	scorpio	Open cluster	eight hundred
M 8	six thousand five hundred and twenty-three	18 03.8	－24 23	90×40	six	Sagittarius	Lagoon Nebula	three thousand and nine hundred
M 9	six thousand three hundred and thirty-three	17 19.2	－18 31	nine	seven point seven	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	twenty-six thousand
M 10	six thousand two hundred and fifty-four	16 57.1	－04 06	fifteen	six point six	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	fourteen thousand and seven hundred
M 11	six thousand seven hundred and five	18 51.1	－06 16	fourteen	six point three	Shield pedestal	Open cluster	five thousand five hundred and forty
M 12	six thousand two hundred and eighteen	16 47.2	－01 57	fifteen	six point seven	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	eighteen thousand and two hundred
M 13	six thousand two hundred and five	16 41.7	+36 28	seventeen	five point eight	Hercules	Globular cluster	twenty-three thousand and five hundred
M 14	six thousand four hundred and two	17 37.6	－03 15	twelve	seven point six	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	thirty-five thousand and one hundred
M 15	seven thousand and seventy-eight	21 30.0	+12 10	twelve	six point two	Pegasus	Globular cluster	thirty-one thousand and one hundred
M 16	six thousand six hundred and eleven	18 18.8	－13 47	seven	six point four	Serpent	Eagle Nebula	five thousand four hundred and ninety
M 17	six thousand six hundred and eighteen	18 20.8	－16 11	eleven	seven	Sagittarius	Omega nebula	four thousand and two hundred
M 18	six thousand six hundred and thirteen	18 19.9	－17 08	nine	seven point five	Sagittarius	Open cluster	six thousand and three hundred
M 19	six thousand two hundred and seventy-three	17 02.6	－26 16	fourteen	six point eight	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	twenty-two thousand
M 20	six thousand five hundred and fourteen	18 02.3	－23 02	twenty-eight	nine	Sagittarius	trifid nebula	five thousand and six hundred
M 21	six thousand five hundred and thirty-one	18 04.6	－22 30	thirteen	six point five	Sagittarius	Open cluster	four thousand three hundred and fifty
M 22	six thousand six hundred and fifty-six	18 36.4	－23 54	twenty-four	five point one	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	ten thousand and three hundred
M 23	six thousand four hundred and ninety-four	17 56.8	－19 01	twenty-seven	six point nine	Sagittarius	Open cluster	four thousand and five hundred
M 24	six thousand six hundred and three	18 18.4	－18 25	ninety	four point six	Sagittarius	Open cluster	sixteen thousand
M 25	four thousand seven hundred and twenty-five	18 31.6	－19 15	forty	six point five	Sagittarius	Open cluster	two thousand
M 26	six thousand six hundred and ninety-four	18 45.2	－09 24	fifteen	eight	Shield pedestal	Open cluster	four thousand and nine hundred
M 27	six thousand eight hundred and fifty-three	19 59.6	+22 43	8×6	seven point four	Foxy	Dumbbell Nebula	eight hundred and twenty
M 28	six thousand six hundred and twenty-six	18 24.5	－24 52	eleven	six point eight	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	fifteen thousand
M 29	six thousand nine hundred and thirteen	20 23.9	+38 32	seven	seven point one	Cygnus	Open cluster	three thousand
M 30	seven thousand and ninety-nine	21 40.4	－23 11	eleven	seven point two	Capricornus	Globular cluster	forty-one thousand
M 31	two hundred and twenty-four	00 42.7	+41 16	178×63'	three point four	andromeda	Andromeda galaxy	two million and three hundred thousand
M 32	two hundred and twenty-one	00 42.7	+40 52	8×6	eight point one	andromeda	Elliptical galaxy	two million and three hundred thousand
M 33	five hundred and ninety-eight	01 33.9	+30 39	73×45	five point seven	Triangular seat	spiral galaxy	two million and five hundred thousand
M 34	one thousand and thirty-nine	02 42.0	+42 47	thirty-five	five point five	Perseus	Open cluster	one thousand three hundred and ninety
M 35	two thousand one hundred and sixty-eight	06 08.9	+24 20	twenty-eight	five point three	Gemini	Open cluster	two thousand and six hundred
M 36	one thousand nine hundred and sixty	05 36.1	+34 08`	twelve	six point three	Auriga	Open cluster	four thousand one hundred and ten
M 37	two thousand and ninety-nine	05 52.4	－32 33	twenty-four	six point two	Auriga	Open cluster	four thousand one hundred and seventy
M 38	one thousand nine hundred and twelve	05 28.7	+35 50	twenty-one	seven point four	Auriga	Open cluster	four thousand six hundred and ten
M 39	seven thousand and ninety-two	21 32.2	+48 26	thirty-two	five point two	Cygnus	Open cluster	eight hundred and sixty-four
M 40	-	12 22.4	+58 05	/	eight point four	ursa major	Optical binary	/
M 41	two thousand two hundred and eighty-seven	06 47.0	－20 44	thirty-eight	four point six	Canis Major	Open cluster	two thousand and five hundred
M 42	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-six	05 35.4	－05 27`	85×60	four	Orion	Orion nebula	one thousand and five hundred
M 43	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two	05 35.6	－05 16	20×15	nine	Orion	Diffuse nebula	one thousand and five hundred
M 44	two thousand six hundred and thirty-two	08 40.1	+19 59	ninety-five	three point seven	Cancer	Praesepe	five hundred and twenty
M 45	-	03 47.0	+24 07	one hundred and ten	one point six	Taurus	Pleiades	four hundred and ten
M 46	two thousand four hundred and thirty-seven	07 41.8	－14 49	twenty-seven	six	Stern seat	Open cluster	six thousand
M 47	two thousand four hundred and twenty-two	07 36.6	－14 30	thirty	five point two	Stern seat	Open cluster	one thousand and eight hundred
M 48	two thousand five hundred and forty-eight	08 13.8	－05 48	fifty-four	five point five	hydra	Open cluster	one thousand and five hundred
M 49	four thousand four hundred and seventy-two	12 29.8	+08 00	9×7	eight point four	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	five thousand and nine hundred
M 50	two thousand three hundred and twenty-three	07 03.2	+08 20	sixteen	six point three	Kylin mountain	Open cluster	two thousand and six hundred
M 51	five thousand one hundred and ninety-four	13 29.9	+47 12	11×7	eight point four	Beagle	spiral galaxy	two thousand and one hundred
M 52	seven thousand six hundred and fifty-four	23 24.2	+61 35`	thirteen	seven point three	Cassiopeia	Open cluster	three thousand and eight hundred
M 53	five thousand and twenty-four	13 12.9	+18 10	thirteen	seven point six	Backseat	Globular cluster	fifty-six thousand and four hundred
M 54	six thousand seven hundred and fifteen	18 55.1	－30 29	nine	seven point six	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	forty-nine thousand
M 55	six thousand eight hundred and nine	19 40.0	－30 58	nineteen	six point three	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	nineteen thousand
M 56	six thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine	19 16.6	+30 11	seven	eight point three	Lyra	Globular cluster	thirty-three thousand
M 57	six thousand seven hundred and twenty	18 53.6	+33 02	1.4×1.0	eight point eight	Lyra	Annular nebula	two thousand and three hundred
M 58	four thousand five hundred and seventy-nine	12 37.7	+11 49	5×4	nine point seven	Virgo	spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 59	four thousand six hundred and twenty-one	12 42.0	+11 39	5×3	nine point six	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	forty-one million
M 60	four thousand six hundred and forty-nine	12 43.7	+11 33	7×6	eight point eight	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	fifty-nine million
M 61	four thousand three hundred and three	12 21.9	+4 28	6×6	nine point seven	Virgo	Vortex star	forty-one million
M 62	six thousand two hundred and sixty-six	17 01.2	+30 07	fourteen	six point five	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	twenty thousand and six hundred
M 63	five thousand and fifty-five	13 15.8	+43 33	10×6	eight point six	Beagle	spiral galaxy	twenty-four million
M 64	four thousand eight hundred and twenty-six	12 56.7	+21 41	9×5	eight point five	Backseat	Sleeping Beauty (Black Eye) Galaxy	fifteen million
M 65	three thousand six hundred and twenty-three	11 18.9	+13 06	8×2	nine point three	leo	spiral galaxy	twenty-seven million
M 66	three thousand six hundred and twenty-seven	11 20.2	+12 59	8×2.5	eight point nine	leo	spiral galaxy	twenty-seven million
M 67	two thousand six hundred and eighty-two	08 51.3	+11 48	seventeen	six point one	Cancer	Open cluster	two thousand seven hundred and ten
M 68	four thousand five hundred and ninety	12 39.5	-26 45	ten	seven point eight	hydra	Globular cluster	thirty-one thousand and four hundred
M 69	six thousand six hundred and thirty-seven	18 31.4	-32 21	three	seven point six	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	twenty-four thousand
M 70	six thousand six hundred and eighty-one	18 43.2	-32 17	three	seven point nine	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	sixty-five thousand
M 71	six thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight	19 53.8	+18 47	seven point two	eight point two	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	thirteen thousand and three hundred
M 72	six thousand nine hundred and eighty-one	20 53.5	-12 32	six point six	nine point three	Aquarius	Globular cluster	fifty-nine thousand
M 73	six thousand nine hundred and ninety-four	20 59.8	-12 38	two point eight	nine	Aquarius	Open cluster	/
M 74	six hundred and twenty-eight	01 36.7	+15 47	10.2 ×9.5	nine point four	Pisces	Spiral galaxy	thirty-seven million
M 75	six thousand eight hundred and sixty-four	20 06.1	-21 55	six point eight	eight point five	Sagittarius	Globular cluster	seventy-eight thousand
M 76	six hundred and fifty-one	01 42.4	+53 34	2.6×1.5	ten point one	Perseus	Planetary nebula	eight thousand
M 77	one thousand and sixty-eight	02 42.7	-00 01	7×6	eight point nine	Cetus	Seyfert galaxy	forty-seven million
M 78	two thousand and sixty-eight	05 46.7	+00 04	8×6	eight point three	Orion	Reflection cluster	one thousand and six hundred
M 79	one thousand nine hundred and four	05 24.2	+24 31	four	seven point seven	Aplysia	Globular cluster	forty-three thousand
M 80	six thousand and ninety-three	16 17.1	+22 59	four	seven point three	scorpio	Globular cluster	thirty-seven thousand
M 81	three thousand and thirty-one	09 55.8	+60 04	26×14	six point nine	ursa major	Spiral nebula	fourteen million
M 82	three thousand and thirty-four	09 56.2	+69 24	11×5	eight point four	ursa major	Irregular galaxy	fourteen million
M 83	five thousand two hundred and thirty-six	13 37.7	-29 32	11×10	seven point six	hydra	Barred spiral galaxy	sixteen million
M 84	four thousand three hundred and seventy-four	12 25.1	+12 53	5×5	nine point one	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	forty-one million
M 85	four thousand three hundred and eighty-two	12 25.4	+18 11	7×4	nine point one	Backseat	Elliptical galaxy	forty-one million
M 86	four thousand four hundred and six	12 26.2	+12 57	8×7	eight point nine	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	twenty million
M 87	four thousand four hundred and eighty-six	12 30.8	+12 23	7×7	eight point six	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	fifty-nine million
M 88	four thousand five hundred and one	12 32.0	+14 25	8×4	nine point six	Backseat	Spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 89	four thousand five hundred and fifty-two	12 35.7	+12 33	2×2	nine point eight	Virgo	Elliptical galaxy	forty-one million
M 90	four thousand five hundred and sixty-nine	12 36.8	+13 10	8×2	nine point five	Virgo	Spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 91	four thousand five hundred and eighty-four	12 35.4	+14 30	3×2	ten point two	Backseat	Barred spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 92	six thousand three hundred and forty-one	17 17.1	+43 08	twelve	six point four	Hercules	Globular cluster	twenty-five thousand and five hundred
M 93	two thousand four hundred and forty-seven	07 44.6	-23 53	twenty-five	six	Stern seat	Open cluster	three thousand and six hundred
M 94	four thousand seven hundred and thirty-six	12 50.9	+41 07	11×9	eight point two	Beagle	Spiral galaxy	sixteen million
M 95	three thousand three hundred and fifty-one	10 44.0	+11 42	6×6	nine point seven	leo	Barred spiral galaxy	twenty-nine million
M 96	three thousand three hundred and sixty-eight	10 46.8	+11 49	7×4	nine point two	leo	Spiral galaxy	twenty-nine million
M 97	three thousand five hundred and eighty-seven	11 14.9	+55 01	3.4×3.3	nine point nine	ursa major	Owl Nebula	one thousand and eight hundred
M 98	four thousand one hundred and ninety-two	12 13.8	+14 54	10×3	ten point one	Backseat	Spiral galaxy	thirty-six million
M 99	four thousand two hundred and fifty-four	12 18.8	+14 25	5×5	nine point nine	Backseat	Spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 100	four thousand three hundred and twenty-one	12 22.9	+15 49	7×6	nine point three	Backseat	Spiral galaxy	forty-one million
M 101	five thousand four hundred and fifty-seven	14 03.2	+54 21	27×26	seven point nine	ursa major	Spiral galaxy	nineteen million
M 102	five thousand eight hundred and sixty-six	15 06.5	+55 46	5×2	ten	the dragon	Spiral galaxy	/
M 103	five hundred and eighty-one	01 33.1	+60 42	seven	seven point four	Cassiopeia	Open cluster	seven thousand nine hundred and ninety
M 104	four thousand five hundred and ninety-four	12 40.0	-11 37	9×4	eight	Virgo	Spiral galaxy	forty-six million
M 105	three thousand three hundred and seventy-nine	10 47.9	+12 35	2×2	nine point three	leo	Elliptical galaxy	thirty million
M 106	four thousand two hundred and fifty-eight	12 19.0	+47 18	18×8	eight point four	Beagle	Spiral galaxy	twenty-one million
M 107	six thousand one hundred and seventy-one	16 32.5	-13 03	three	seven point nine	Ophiuchus	Globular cluster	nineteen thousand and eight hundred
M 108	three thousand five hundred and fifty-six	11 11.6	+55 40	8×2	ten	ursa major	Spiral galaxy	twenty-three million
M 109	three thousand nine hundred and ninety-two	11 57.6	+53 23	7×5	nine point eight	ursa major	Barred spiral galaxy	twenty-seven million
M 110	two hundred and five	00 40.3	+41 41	17×10	eight point five	andromeda	Elliptical galaxy	two million and three hundred thousand

Messier Marathon

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Messier Marathon Usually organized Astronomer , trying to find as many as possible Messier object Activities of. The Messier catalogue was edited by the French astronomer Messier in the 18th century. There are 110 relatively bright deep space （ Galaxy Nebulae and star clusters). The activity of observing more than 100 Messier celestial bodies in one night is called "Messier celestial marathon observation".

This observation can only be held once a year, that is, in the second half of March every year, when the sun moves to the area lacking Messier objects, it is possible to observe all Messier objects during the whole night from sunset to sunrise. In this section Time selection On a clear and moonless night, find another observation site that is open with or without light interference, and prepare the observation recording equipment: Astronomical telescope (The caliber need not be too large) Binoculars (7 × 35), different focal lengths eyepiece , precise star map, clock, lighting flashlight for recording writing board Etc.

Observation method

A scientific observation plan should be formulated before observation. Set the Messier object Re list a table. Usually from the bright Pleiades star cluster (M45) and Orion nebula (M42) Start, followed by andromeda large Nebula （M31）。 It is located at a low level in the west, and will not descend soon after dark. along with earth rotation New observation targets will keep coming into view. The last observation target is Aquarius Open cluster （ M73 ）It rises in the eastern sky for a short time before sunrise.

In the actual observation process, we must seize the time, and the average time of each celestial body cannot exceed 5 minutes. If there is an individual celestial body that cannot be found, we will observe the next target through it.

subscript It is the list of Messier objects in the order of Marathon observation.

M4 5、M42、M43、M41、 M3 5、M31、 M32 、 M110 、 M7 7、 M33、M79、M74、M76、M52、 M103 、M34、M38、 M36 、 M37 、M1、 M78 、M50、 M47 、M46、 M9 3、M48、M44、 M67 、M81、M82、 M108 、M97、 M109 、 M40 、 M106 、 M94 、M63、 M51 、 M101 、 M95 、 M96 、 M105 、M65、 M66 、 M98 、 M99 、M100、 M85 、 M84 、 M86 、 M87 、 M89 、 M90 、M88、 M91 、 M58 、 M59 、 M60 、 M49 、M61、 M53 、 M64 、M3、M104、 M68 、M83、M5、 M102 、M13、 M92 、M12、M10、M14、 M107 、M4、M80、 M62 、 M19 、 M9、M6、M7、M8、M20、 M21 、 M23、M24、M18、M25、M17、M16、 M22 、 M28 、M11、M26、M57、 M56 、 M39 、M29、M27、 M71 、M69、 M70 、 M54 、M55、 M75 、 M15、M2、M72、M73、 M30 。

For those above 40 ° north latitude Observer , when Capricornus Globular cluster When it rises, the light of dawn has made it invisible, but observers living in the south may see it in the morning light.

Messier Marathon Before and after the vernal equinox new moon It will be held on March 21, the vernal equinox, and March 29, the new moon. It can be considered to hold the Messier Marathon on March 31 (Friday) or April 1 (Saturday) (depending on the weather).

Observing session

How many can you see in one night Messier object There are only a few conditions to consider: the position of the observer, the length of the day and night, and the season (this refers to the relationship between Messier's celestial body and Sun position Relationship).

Observation position

Because Messier's catalog is in Northern Hemisphere Edited, so you can't see all Messier object , especially Messier 81 Messier 82 、 Messier 52 and Messier 103 Because they are all located at 60 ° north latitude or more. However, not all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere can try this activity. The most suitable area is the belt area with 25 ° north latitude as the center, and an appropriate time of the year should be selected.

Seasonal impact

In the Northern Hemisphere Low latitude Taking the most suitable 25 ° north latitude as an example, it is only from the middle of March to April The first few weeks are more appropriate. In this period, the best night to try is the night without moonlight, that is new moon A few days before and after, so as to minimize the impact of moonlight.

Other dates in the year

In other periods, you can only try incomplete marathons, which are actually visible Messier object The total depends on the location and season. More specifically, there is also a short period of time around the autumnal equinox when most of the Messier objects can be observed.

Observation process

The standard marathon observation starts at sunset, and the 110 targets can only be seen through the whole night until sunrise. The observed targets more or less need to be based on the presence horizon The observation sequence shall be arranged in advance. Observers began to look for the target that was going to sink in the west from the western low altitude at sunset, hoping to see it before they sank in the west, and then gradually turned to the east across the sky to observe. Similarly, we need to successfully find several targets that rise from the east and are still low before sunrise, and we also need to find them before the sky becomes bright. Twilight weather condition Can test the physical strength, restraint and perseverance of the observer; Target clustered Virgo Galaxy Cluster And the Galactic Center are challenging observers Messier object Are you familiar with the areas? Participants of the marathon must be properly allocated in these areas Intermediate energy Time used.

Organization

The typical marathon organization is composed of local astronomical societies star party (Star party) at least once a year. Some groups will provide participants with proof of the number of observations achieved. because messier Celestial objects are objects observed and found by smaller telescopes in the earlier period, most of which are very bright (most of which are at 10 the magnitude It is the essence of more than 10000 nebulae, star clusters and galaxies discovered so far, and it is also the most spectacular and beautiful celestial body in the sky. Therefore M celestial body Enthusiasts like it and become the objects they often observe and shoot. The activity of continuously seeing more than 100 M celestial bodies overnight is called the "Messier Celestial Marathon".

March 17-18, Beijing planetarium Organized more than 40 people Astronomer , came to Hebei Huailai County Xiaonan Xinbao Town At the East Garden Training Center, the "Messier Marathon" observation activity was held. Although the observation level of our colleagues varies from high to low, we came together because of the common hobby of astronomy. Through the activity, everyone has gained a lot. Some of them have known star friends online for many years, and some have learned a lot from exchanges Astronomical knowledge And observation methods, some relaxed their body and mind to prepare for the new week's work and study. This event has promoted the exchange between astronomy colleagues, and brought the distance between amateur and professional astronomy institutions closer. In the future, the planetarium will hold similar events from time to time“ Astronomer Party "activity.

criticism

When many amateurs Astronomer When intoxicated with marathon challenges one after another, some people also criticized this. In particular, such intense observation competitions cannot allow observers to have time to enjoy the fun of learning and understanding celestial bodies (in the observation window in spring, on average, 12 celestial bodies are searched every hour).

Supporters retort that the marathon is a sprint to complete the items on the list, rather than a detailed study; Moreover, marathon can hone the ability of observers, which is conducive to selecting some specific goals for research in the future. Another advantage is that observers can see all the objects in the catalog, otherwise they may not see all the objects in a few years or months.

messier

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brief introduction

Messier Charles (June 26, 1730-April 12, 1817), a French astronomer, whose achievement was to number nebulae, star clusters and galaxies, was the first to compile a systematic catalog of nebulae and star clusters, namely Messier's catalog.

In Messier's time, nebula was a term used to describe any dim light source in the deep sky. In 1751, Messier was a famous astronomer in France, J N. Delier is the recorder and recorder of the daily observation. He was the first person in France to observe the expected return in 1758-1759 Halley's Comet People. Since then, Messier has become a new man comet Enthusiastic searchers.

Life

messier

He was born in France Lorraine Regional Mocht and Badonville in Moselle. Since 1751, he has French Navy observatory As Astronomer The assistant of Joseph Nicholas Delisle (1688-1768) was obsessed with comet Observation. From the winter of 1758, based on previous observations, Start Search It's expected Halley's Comet 。 It was finally discovered on January 21 this year. However, this was one month later than another astronomer's discovery. Nevertheless, he became famous for it.

In 1760, Derrisher retired and Messier took over Astronomer Position of. In the process of searching for comets, Messier, suffering from the confusion between comets and other celestial bodies, began to make a list of comets and interstellar dim objects in early 1764. At the end of the same year, he made a list of 40 celestial bodies. Later, he discovered them in 1765 Canis Major After M41, he added five objects such as M41-M45 to the list.

In 1769, a large comet (C/1769P1), he became Berlin Academy Foreign academician. The next year, he found another comet and became a member of the full member 。 He discovered a total of 12 comets in his life.

He published Volume I (M1-M45), Volume II (M46-M68) and Volume III (M69-M103) of the List of Messier Cluster Nebulas in 1771, 1781 and 1784 respectively.

The objects listed on these lists are called“ Messier object ”。 For example, M31 represents andromeda Galaxy. Messier, considering the genre of the list（ M40 ）Or star cluster（ M45 Etc.) are also included.

Messier uses a small telescope with a diameter of 5-7cm. Later, after the emergence of a large telescope, it was found that Messier's celestial body contains many nebulae, star clusters and galaxies.

He was the first person in France to observe the expected return between 1758 and 1759 Halley's Comet People. Since then, Messier has become a new man comet Enthusiastic searchers. King of France Louis XV He was once called "comet hunter". Messier independently discovered 13 comets and observed many others. In 1760, he began to compile a catalog of nebulae. Many of the most famous nebulae are still called by the numbers in Messier's catalog of nebulae and clusters. The objects in the catalog are the best objects for modern astronomers to test telescopes.

honor

In memory of him, future generations will Moon the previous Meteorite crater Named "Messier", another 7359 asteroid Also named after him.

King Louis XV of France once called him "my comet hunter".

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