Emperor Liang WuAmong the emperors of the Southern Dynasties, he was one of themarouse one 's all efforts to make the country prosperousThe emperor of.Before he became emperor, he had worked in the grass-roots political institutions for several years, had some experience in politics, and had heard and witnessed the decadent rule of the late Qi Dynasty.Therefore, after assuming the throne, most of the policies implemented were beneficial to Liang's political stability and economic recovery and development.[2]The corruption of state politics in the late Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty led toHou Jing's Rebellion, War EmissarySouthern DynastiesOur society and economy have suffered tremendous damage.Later south beama royal houseRecruit for the throneBeiqiandWestern Wei DynastyIn order to help, the two dynasties seized a large area of land in Nanliang by taking advantage of the false attack, which greatly weakened the strength of the Southern Dynasties, and established a situation where the South was weak and the North was strong.peaceIn 557, Chen Baxian abolished the emperor and became independentCountry numberChen.
In the Southern Dynasty, Liang lived in the country for 55 years.Northern Zhou DynastyWu ChengIn the second year (560), the Northern Zhou Dynasty attacked and destroyed the remains of Nanliang located in Yingzhou on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Western Wei DynastyFostering Xiao Yan's grandsonXiao XuanEstablished in JianglingXiliang, the Three Emperors,The Battle of Sui Dynasty Destroying Chen DynastyThe imperial title was cancelled before.[45](Source data of overview diagram[43]）
beamCelestial supervisorIn the first year (502)Nanqiroyal clanXiao YanIt was built by the emperor and changed the country name tobeam, Du Jiankang (todayJiangsuNanjing）。In ancient times, Xiao Yan was the fiefLiangjun, so the country name is Liang.Because the emperor's surname is Xiao, also known asXiao Liang。[3]
Encyclopedia x Misunderstanding: Illustrating the Southern and Northern Dynasties
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The beam was erected at the beginning
Xiao Yan, Emperor Liangwu of the Southern Dynasties
Founder of Liang ChaoXiao YanIt was the prime minister of the Western Han DynastyXiao HeTwenty fifth grandson of[4]OfSouthern Qi DynastyThe royal family.His fatherXiao ShunzhistayXiao DaochengIn the process of self-reliance in the Song Dynasty, he made great contributions.In the reign of Emperor Qi MingXiao LuanIn the process of killing the imperial family, Xiao Shunzhi's family was not killed.East Dusk MarquisXiao BaojuanDuring the reign, "nine domestic difficulties and three foreign aggressors"[5]。Xiao Yan sawQi DynastyThe rule will not last long, and it has been decided to replace it.He isXiangyangMake preparations in the dark "Concealed equipment, cut more bamboos and trees, sink in Tanxi, and prepare for the boat"[6]。In the winter of the second year of Yongyuan (501), Xiao Yan raised his troops in Xiangyang. "It was Japan that built the teeth, made bamboo and wood boats in Tanxi, and made great efforts every ten days".Because the rule of the Qi Dynasty at that time was so corrupt that it completely lost the popular support, Xiao Yan's "people who are willing to follow the army will get 5000 iron horses and 30000 armour men", which made a great impact at that time.After two years of war, Xiao Yan's army attacked Jiankang and killed itXiao Baojuan, reformXiao BaorongBe the emperor.Of course, the establishment of Xiao Baorong is just a necessary buffer stage for Xiao Yan before he became the emperor of Qi.The first year of Liang Tianjian (502), the last emperor of Qi Dynasty, Qi HeXiao BaorongThe ruling power of the Qi Dynasty was transferred to the Liang King Xiao Yan, who officially proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and named the country "Daliang".
At the beginning of the reign of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty, he was able to pay attention to government affairs and correct various abuses since the Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty.At the beginning of his coming to power, he not only gave two thousand palace maids to the soldiers, but also issued an edict to release all the women in the harem, Yuefu, Xixie and other places.And repealedEast Dusk MarquisThe establishment of prostitution and arbitrary servitude, and the prohibition of banishment from practicerites and musicPay for all floating expenses except for A-soldiers, and promote frugality.He always wears cloth clothes and eats vegetables.He also waited for others and adopted the public opinion.He ordered the Gongdong Mansion to set up a wooden letter and a stone letter respectively, stipulating that if you want to add comments on the political matters that the incumbent did not pay attention to, you can cast slander letters;If the credit, talent and injustice are not known, throw a stone letter.He used toEast Dusk MarquisMy concubine Yu is a harem, which is quite harmful to politics.[7]
sinceWestern Jin DynastyLast yearYongjia Rebellionsince,Han nationalityPolitical stabilityJiangnan, in the northethnic minorityThe military struggle of the regime has been in a passive situation.But it is stronger than the northern regime in economy and culture, andsouthfromSoochowStart atJiangnanSince the establishment of political power, the Liang Dynasty was the most prosperous period of economic culture in the Southern Dynasty.This is inseparable from Xiao Yan's cultural quality. Xiao Yan's cultural level is the highest among the emperors of the Southern Dynasty.Since he became emperor, he has pursued a moderate policy at homedevelop the economyFocus on the development of culture while developing economy.At that time, withXiao LiangRegime confrontationalNorthern Wei DynastyBut since Emperor XiaowenTopogramAfter his death, the national strength plummeted.When Xiao Yan established the Liang Dynasty,Northern Wei DynastyThe civil strife andPeasant uprisingDuring this period, he had no strength and energy to attack Xiao Liang, so that Xiao Liang could vigorously develop the domestic economy and culture while the military pressure was weakening.
Increasingly extravagant
When Xiao Liang's rule has been stable and the national strength has begun to rise, Xiao Yan has gradually becomelike to do grandiose things to impress people, flatter, hate and remonstrate.And finally developed into a very piousbuddhist, he began to believeworship Buddha ingratiatinglyGet up.[8]He is not the only one who likesBuddhismHe also tried his best to create a Buddhist atmosphere in the ruling area, encouraging the surrounding princes and nobles to also believe in Buddhism.The whole country was in a state of chaos, followed by political corruption.[9]Political corruption also inevitably led to military incompetence. In addition, although the northern regime had split at that time, it could be split from the Eastern and Western Wei DynastiesBeiqiandNorthern Zhou DynastyAfter various reforms and rectifications, our strength has developed considerably.
Plan of Jiankang in the Southern Dynasty
During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang DynastyCanonical signatureThe weight and power were concentrated on the emperor, which resulted in the situation that the royal family was physically mutilated and the power was taken by the Su family. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty abolished the signing system.In this way, kings will no longer be subject to the contract and become powerfulVassal town。[10]They acted recklessly in the local area, which was to fight against the central government and make trouble, but also to be educated by Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty.Emperor Liang Wudi's painstaking efforts led to the royal family's internal turmoil, which he did not expect.[11]Emperor Liang Wu also believed that,Eastern Jin DynastyThanks to the support and maintenance of the family members, the national sports lasted for more than a hundred years, so he paid special attention to restoring and improving the rights of the family members.We will give preferential treatment, tolerance and even indulgence to royal descendants, aristocratic families and ministers.Even if they commit crimes, they will not be punished by the law.The historical records record that Emperor Wu of Liang "simplified the criminal law, since he was a minister, he did not intend to display the prison. The traitors recruited power and tried law, and the goods became the market. When there were many people abusing the law, the princes' children were arrogant and lewd."[12]。Emperor Wu of Liang was also aware of these drawbacks, but he did not prohibit them.
In the later period of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, political corruption, official corruption, flashy and luxurious social atmosphere, and people's exile were all extremely serious.He ChenIt was pointed out to Emperor Wu that "the number of registered permanent residence in the world has been reduced, which is an urgent matter for today. The county cannot be controlled by the state, and the county cannot be changed by the county's intentions. The people cannot bear the fate, and everything can be moved, either according to the big family name, or gathering in the village. Today, all the guards are corrupt, and few are honest and beautiful.[13]”Emperor Wu of Liang could not listen to these pertinent opinions.In this way, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty created a decadent ruling group centered on the royal family and aristocratic families.This group was lenient by the emperor and enjoyed various privileges.They "have hundreds of concubines, thousands of servants, no farming, no weaving, and live in luxury"[14]。However, the people are displaced under their exploitation, so that "everyone is tired of hardship, and every family is confused".This is the most fundamental reason for the chaos and destruction of the Liang Dynasty in its last years.
Hou Jing Chaoliang
At the end of his reign, Emperor Liang Wudi not only made many mistakes in internal affairs, but also dealt with foreign affairs andNorthern Wei DynastyIn the relationship, especially in acceptanceHou JingOn the question, there are many stupid things.
In October of the 13th year of Tianjian (514)Gao ZhaoAs a general and governor of Pingshu, 150000 soldiers attacked LiangYizhou, order otherwiseFourier's eyeOutBajunNorth,Sheep dateOut of Yucheng,Xi KangshengGoing out of the brocade shop,Zhen ChenAt the same time, Emperor Wu of Liang listened to the suggestion of the Northern Wei Dynasty to surrender the people's feet and wanted to build a weir to irrigate the city of Wei Shouyang with Huai River.The water conservancy engineers sent by Liang to survey the terrain all said that the Huaishui River was surrounded by sandy soil, which was not solid enough to build weirs.Emperor Liang Wudi didn't listen to him. He sent 200000 migrant workers and soldiers to work day and night in Xuzhou and Yangzhou for two years.The Northern Wei Dynasty split intoEastern Wei Dynasty、Western Wei DynastyLater, the two sides fought for years, and the attack on the south tended to be gentle;The Liang Dynasty also began to decline, and large-scale military operations against the Northern Dynasty stopped.[15]But Emperor Wu of Liang always wanted to find opportunities, rightNorthern DynastiesAttack.ZhongdatongIn the second year (547), the general of the Eastern Wei DynastyHou JingbyGao HuanSon ofGaochengIf you are forced, please surrender to Liang.Emperor Liang Wu readily accepted, and thought that the time had come for the Northern Expedition.
Hou Jing
Hou Jing andGaochengThe contradiction aroused, so he defected to other countries.Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty accepted Hou Jing out of consideration of expanding the territory of Liang Dynasty.However, he did not take this matter seriously and did not fully estimate Hou Jing's actual situation, which caused serious mistakes.After Hou Jing came to Liang, Emperor Wu of Liang sent his nephew in the winter of the first year of the Qing Dynasty (547)Xiao YuanmingAttack Drum City to echo Hou Jing.Xiao Yuanming is a man who can't fight at all.According to historical records, "The generals discussed military affairs with Yuan Ming. Yuan Ming could not deal with them, but it was said that" temporary measures should be taken ".[16]”As a result, Liang Jun wasEastern Wei DynastyGao Cheng was defeated. Xiao Yuanming and several important generals, Hu Guisun and Zhao Bochao, were captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and Liang died tens of thousands of soldiers.When Emperor Liang Wudi heard the news that Xiao Yuanming had been captured, he had to start making peace with the Eastern Wei Dynasty.
In the spring of the second year of the Qing Dynasty (548), Hou Jing was defeated by the Eastern Wei Dynasty and fled to the Liang DynastyShouyang。The weakness and incompetence of Liang Dynasty in this battle gave Hou Jing a great stimulus.Seeing his eagerness for peace, Gao Cheng proposed to replace Hou JingXiao YuanmingRequirements.Emperor Wu of Liang didn't consider the consequences, so he promised.When Hou Jing knew that Emperor Wu of Liang would exchange him for Xiao Yuanming, he attacked Jiankang in Shouyang, causing an unprecedented disturbance in the end of Liang Dynasty.[17]History calls this unrestHou Jing's Rebellion, also known as "the difficulty of Taiqing".In October of the second year of the Taiqing Dynasty (548), Hou Jing capturedQiaozhou(now Chuxian County, Anhui Province), Emperor Liang Wu appointed his nephewXiao ZhengdedefenseYangtze River。Xiao Zhengde sent dozens of large ships, pretending to intercept them, and secretly helped Hou Jing cross the river.Emperor Liang Wu Appoints the Crown PrinceXiao GangWhen planning defense, Xiao Gang entrusted the task of defending Xuanyang Gate to Xiao Zhengde.Xiao Zhengde led the crowd to welcome Hou Jing into Yiyang Gate at Zhang Jianqiao.In November, Xiao Zhengde called himself Emperor and took Hou Jing as Prime Minister.Hou Jing's Army AttacksTaicheng(Palace City), surrounded by Taicheng.
In the third year of the Taiqing Dynasty (549), Hou Jing invaded Taicheng and confined Emperor Liang Wu to the Wende Hall in Taicheng.Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty was worried and angry. He was starved to deathWende HallAt the age of 86.After Hou Jing attacked Jiankang City, he told the generals to kill him thoroughly so that the world could know his reputation.Jiankang SelfEastern Jin DynastySince then, it has been a resort in previous dynasties, with developed commerce and handicraft industry and prosperous economy. There are more than 280000 households in the city, 40 miles in the north and 40 miles in the south.During the Hou Jing Rebellion, gold, silver and jewels were looted, and many books and cultural relics in the palace were burned.Because of the traffic barrier, the grain could not be transported in, and the price of rice was as high as 70000-80000 yuan per liter.The literati and officials, all hungrily dressed in Luo Qi and holding gold and jade, lay beside the bed waiting to die.Yan Zhitui once said, "The scholar bureaucrats of Liang Dynasty... and Hou Jing's turmoil, their skin was fat and bone was soft, they could not walk, their body was weak and qi was weak, they could not bear the cold and heat, and those who died in a hurry often did so."[18]。The scholar bureaucrats in the Southern Dynasties suffered a devastating blow.More than half of the city died of hunger.Jiankang, which had been prosperous for many years, almost disappeared after this war.In the third year of the Qing Dynasty (549), Hou Jing and Xiao Zhengde had conflicts.Xiao Zhengde secretly summoned the King of PoyangXiao FanHe was asked to lead troops to fight against Hou Jing.Hou Jing gets the news, kills Xiao Zhengde and sets up the crown princeXiao GangIt is Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty.In the second year of Dabao (551), Hou Jing abolished and killed Emperor Jian Wen and established the King of YuzhangXiao DongBe the emperor.Within three months, Xiao Dong was abandoned again and locked in the secret room.This time, he simply became the emperor himself and called himself the Emperor of the Han Dynasty.[19]
Political disorder
In the third year of the Taiqing Dynasty (549), Hou Jing's army went all the way to JiankangThree WuRegional march.beamWujun、WuxingThere are thousands of elite soldiers in each county, and tens of thousands of elite soldiers in Kuaiji County. They dare not resist.The three Wu states are the richest and the main source of Jiankang's economy.Hou Jingjun took possession of the Three Wu Kingdom, burned, killed, looted and committed all kinds of crimes. He also looted people and sold them to the north as slaves, which caused serious damage to local production and economic decline.[20]In the first year of Dabao (550), another route of Hou Jing's army brokeGuanglingGuangling has almost become an empty city.In the first year of Dabao (550 years), Hou Jingjun went all the wayYangtze Rivermove westward.Broken in the second year of Dabao (551)Jiangzhou、Yingzhou(HubeiHankou）, approximationJiangling。Xiao YitowardsWestern Wei DynastyCall for help, cutHanzhongTo the Western Wei Dynasty.Hou Jingjun was defeated by Xiao Yi, who recaptured Jiangzhou and Qiuzhou.In the second year of Dabao (551), Xiao Yi sent a senior generalWang Seng DebatesLead the army eastward.Chen BaxianLead 30000 elite soldiers to help Wang Monk debate.Wang Seng defends the army fromSeeking YangSet out and drive hundreds of miles.Chen Baxian spilled from the Nanjiang River (Ganshui River), and argued with Wang Seng to learn from Baimao Bay (now north of Jiujiang River in Jiangxi Province).
Monk Wang has arguedA humble person。Hou Zijian led more than ten thousand people across Nanzhou on foot, challenged on the shore, and attacked on the water with soldiers on board.Monk Wang argued that all the boats should go back, leaving only the big ones to berth on both sides of the river.Hou Zijian thought that the king's army was going to run away and rushed to attack.Wang Seng argued and ordered the big ship to cut off its way home. He beat drums and shouted and fought with Hou Jun in the center of the river.The Hou army was defeated, and thousands of soldiers died in the water.Hou Zijian had to collect scattered soldiers to escape back to Jiankang.Wang Jun seizes Liyang.Hou Jingjun suffered a lot in this water battle.When Hou Jing heard the news of Hou Zijian's failure, he said, "He was very afraid. Tears covered his face, and he lay down with a quilt. After a long time, he got up and sighed, 'It's the public to kill by mistake'.[21]”After the success of Gu, Wang Seng's debating army pushed forward to Zhang Gongzhou, and took advantage of the rising tide to enterQinhuai RiverAt the foot of Jiankang City.Chen BaxianSeeing that Hou Jing had many soldiers, he ordered the generals to divide the troops and sent two thousand crossbow men to intercept the rear.Hou Jing was defeated and fled back to Jiankang.In April of the first year of Chengsheng (552), Hou Jing was killed by Yang Kun, a minister.So far, the chaos of Hou Jing, which lasted nearly four years, came to an end.
First, the rebellious officials in the Eastern Wei Dynasty were accommodated by Xiao YanHou JingIn Jiangnan, the Northern Dynasty saw that Liang's politics had been corrupted to the extreme and his military was vulnerable through the suppression of Hou Jing by the Xiao Liang Dynasty.BeiqiTake advantage of the chaosXiao LiangA large area of land in the north of the Yangtze River has lost all the land on both sides of the Huaihe River in the north of the Yangtze River.At the same time, the Western Wei Dynasty also seized Xiao Liang'sBashuAnd Jingxiang and other places.The territory of the Liang Dynasty lost two-thirds in just a few years, and only the lower reaches of the Yangtze River remained under the control of the Liang Dynasty.
The Yuan Emperor was killed
After Wang Seng argued, Chen Baxian and other soldiers persuaded him to come in, Xiao Yi became emperor in Jiangling, which is the historical Liang Yuan Emperor.Chen Baxian was ordered to guard atJingkou(Today's Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), Wang Seng Bian is guardingJiankang。Liang Yuandi advocated metaphysics, was violent and cruel, narrow minded, and headstrong. He was both a giant in academia and a dwarf in politics.[22]In 554, the ninth day of October in the third year of Liang Chengsheng in the Southern DynastyYu Jin、Yu Wenhu, GeneralYang ZhongLead 50000 troops to Jiangling.On the second day of the first month of the next year, Jiangling fell.Wang Seng argued that he did not rescue in time, and Liang Yuan Emperor was killed at the age of 47.The strong among the courtiers and the people were taken away, the son of Chen BaxianChen Chang, nephewChen XubenIn the palace of Emperor Liang Yuandi, he was also capturedChang'an。JianglingIt was almost a pile of ruins.[23]
Nephew of Emperor Yuan of Liang, son of Prince ZhaomingXiao XuanUnder the surveillance of the garrison of the Western Wei Dynasty, he was helped toPuppet emperor, established a small kingdom of "Houliang" with a place of no more than 300 li.After the fall of Jiangling, Wang Seng Bian and Chen Baxian exchanged letters constantly. After repeated discussion, they welcomed the ninth son of Liang Yuan Emperor in February the next yearXiao Fangzhi(543-558) to Jiankang, ready to become emperor.After the fall of the Jiangling Imperial Court, in February, at the age of 13King of Jin'anXiao Fangzhi was recognized as the King of Liang by Wang Seng and Chen Ba in Jiankang.The critical task of the Liang Dynasty fell on the shoulders of Wang and Chen.
Shortly after Xiao Fangzhi arrived in Jiankang, the Northern Qi Dynasty took advantage of the situation（Eastern Wei DynastyEmperor Wen Xuandi, who has been worshipped by the Northern Qi DynastyGaoyangNot reconciled to the expansion of the power of the Western Wei Dynasty to the south, he also wanted to take advantage of the collapse of the Liang State to divide it up and send his younger brotherShangdangWang GaohuanLed the army southward, escorting Xiao Yuanming, the marquis of Zhenyang who was captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty, to ascend the throne of the Liang State.He sent Dang Wang Gaohuan to send him back to the south, and wrote a letter asking Monk Wang Deb to greet him. Monk Wang Deb refused to answer at first.Persuasion is ineffective,ChengshengIn March of the fourth year, when Qi's soldiers arrived at Dongguan (now southeast of Chaohu City, Anhui Province), Wang Seng argued and sent Pei Zhiheng, the governor of Xuzhou, to lead the attack,Pei ZhihengAfter being defeated and killed, Wang Seng Bian led his troops out of the village in fear.During this period, Wang Seng argued with the Northern Qi Dynasty on the one hand, and with Chen Baxian on the other hand.Chen Baxian insists on not acceptingXiao YuanmingHowever, with Pei Zhiheng's downfall, Wang Seng argued that he gradually became weak and succumbed to the pressure of the Northern Qi Dynasty. In May, Xiao Yuanming joined Jiankang, the emperor, and changed to Yuan Tiancheng, making Liang Wang the crown prince.
Chen Baxian's bitter struggle was invalid. He hated Wang Monk for his unilateral decision and abolished it without authorization. In September,Creep、Hou AnduThey marched together with Chen Baxian by land and water to attack the Stone City.Monk Wang was caught off guard and was captured and hanged immediately.Faced with such a situation, Xiao Yuanming had to abdicate.In October, the Liang King, the emperor, was renamed Yuan DynastyShaotai, is forLiang Jingdi。Chen Baxian takes charge of himselfShangshu Decree、DuduChinese and foreign military affairstitle of a commanding general, Yang, and the governor of Nanxu.
The Fall of Nanliang
Chen Baxian
Guangzhou GovernorChen BaxianTaking the opportunity to develop and expand his own force, after nearly a decade of war, Chen Baxian basically controlled the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Seeing that the time was ripe, he abolished Xiao Fangzhi, the Liang Jing emperor he had established in the second year of Taiping (557), and proclaimed himself emperor in JiankangChen Dynasty。Since then, the Liang Dynasty has perished, with a total of four emperors, 55 years.
Although the descendants of Xiao familyWestern Wei DynastyEstablished in Jiangling under the wing ofXiliang, following the Xiao family's national tradition, butXiliangIn fact, it was a regime attached to the Western Wei Dynasty (and later the Northern Zhou Dynasty). The country was weak and depended on others. It was finally abolished by the Sui Dynasty in the seventh year of Kaihuang (587), and was passed on to Emperor XuanXiao Xuan、Emperor MingXiao Kui, rear masterXiao CongIt has existed for 33 years.However, because the Xiao family served the Western Wei, Northern ZhouSui DynastyIt's very respectful. Xiao Kui's daughter has also becomeEmperor Yang of the Sui DynastyYang GuangzhiqueenTherefore, after the abolition of the Liang State, the Xiao family still had some political influence in the central government of the Sui Dynasty and Jiangling.
In the 13th year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (617), the grandson of Xiao Kui's younger brother Xiao YanXiao millingRestoration in JiangnanXiao Liang, the territory extends to Sanxia in the east, crosses the site in the south, and refuses in the northHanchuanIn the four years of martial arts, Li Yuan, the Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, ordered Li Xiaogong, Li Jing and others to attack Xiao Liang and encircle the capital Jiangling. Xiao Xian could not bear to involve the people, and opened the city to surrender. After arriving in Chang'an, Li Yuan beheaded Xiao Liang. The restoration of Xiao Liang lasted five years.[24]
territory
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Map of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty
During the reign of Xiao Liang, most of the prefectures and counties followed Xiao Qi's old style. There were 23 prefectures, 350 counties and 1222 counties in the Tianjian. Later, there were many folding places, and the number of Datong increased to 107 prefectures.Among them, Panyu, the administrative office of Guangzhou.Liang and the Northern Wei fought in the north and south of the Huaihe River.During the period of Zhongdatong, the Liang people made a massive Northern Expedition, once regaining several cities and towns in Huaibei, and then Hanzhong, Hou Jing, Liang, and Henan, but for a very short time.After the Hou Jing Rebellion, Jiangbei was completely trapped in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Shu was trapped in the Northern Qi DynastyWestern Wei DynastySoon Liang died.
Politics
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Elect officials
Emperor Wu of Liang paid attention to the contradictions between the powerful families and the humble families within the ruling class, and adopted a conciliatory policy in personnel selection.On the one hand, he adopted the policy of putting people in high positions in order to maintain and expand their political position and make these people become the support force for stabilizing the regime.At the same time, we also pay attention to the talents from poor families and employ them as confidential personnel.For example, Zhu Yi, who was very fond of him, "read the Five Classics, especially the rites and changes"[25]From a humble family.It was the basic policy of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty to select officials to pay equal attention to the noble families and the poor families.[26]
law
Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty also ordered Cai Fadu to delete Lang as the minister and formulate the Law of the Liang Dynasty.Later, the minister ordered Wang Liang, Fan Yun, the minister of the Ministry of Officials, and Shen Yue, the minister's minister, to revise them.The Song and Qi dynasties only followed the laws of the Jin Dynasty, and there was no creation. So far, there was a relatively complete criminal law.However, the Law of the Liang Dynasty "was eager for the common people, but slow for the powerful people"[27]There is almost no restriction on official crimes.
When people commit crimes, if they should sit down, no matter how old or young, they will not be exempt: if one escapes, the whole family will be imprisoned and punished as drudgery.Ordinary people feel most deeply about the policy of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, which is "no need to compensate people, but no need to pay people".Once, when Emperor Wu of Liang went to the southern suburbs to worship heaven, an old man stood in the way of the emperor and accused him of using laws that were too strict with ordinary people and too lenient with dignitaries. This was not a long-term plan[28]。
gentry
During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang, a group of original low-level gentry were admitted into the secretarial advisory institutions and even the prime ministers' institutions.The main focus of Emperor Wu of Liang is that the Confucian cultivation, cultural quality and ruling experience of these low-grade gentry have exceeded or are surpassing the original high-level gentry, and must rely more and more on them to consolidate their rule.Therefore, although he did not have the same credibility as the monarchs of Song and Qi, his policy spirit from the beginning can be said to encourage the humble scholars and cold people to improve their Confucian culture and cultural quality, and absorb those who meet the standards into all levels of political power.In addition to the changes in the status of the Han people, the situation of the senior gentry in Liang and Chen also changed greatly.At the beginning of the Tianjian period, Emperor Wu of Liang summarized the experience and lessons of the Song and Qi dynasties, faced the reality, and implemented the reform of the official system, especially in the seventh year of the Tianjian period, and further changed the ninth grade of the official rank since the Wei and Jin dynasties to the eighteenth class.
Economics
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Agriculture
In the second year of Zhongdatong (530), Chen Qingzhi, in addition to the governor of the Southern and Northern Divisions, "all the states in the Jianghu have to rest and open 6000 hectares of farmland. Two years later, the granaries will be full"[29]。Xuxi (today's Shupu in Hunan Province) in Yingzhou is "the most fertile land", the north of the Yangtze River is like Shouchun, and "the place is thousands of miles away, with the fertile farmland".Yongzhou "around Xiangyang, fertile land, mulberry, catalpa and wild marsh, everywhere"[30]。Huainan County, "Gu Shu Rao Kuang... Liang Chou Mei Zhe, Qi Quan look at each other, the word high Hong, such as embroidery fields"[31]。
The development of agricultural production has filled the south with food.At the same time, the grain reserves of the Southern Dynasty regime were also greatly enriched. The state's warehouses, including Longshou Warehouse (i.e. Shitoujin Warehouse), Taicheng Nianchang, Nantang Warehouse, Changping Warehouse, East Taicang, West Taicang, and Donggong Warehouse, were located in the capital alone. The big granaries outside the capital included Yuzhang Warehouse, Gouji Warehouse, and Qiantang Warehouse, "and they were also large stores". In addition, the state and the counties of Zhuzhou had their own warehouses.
In the later period of the Liang Dynasty, due to political corruption, taxes were levied excessively, and class contradictions were sharp.The chaos of Hou Jing in the second year of the Taiqing Dynasty (548) intensified various contradictions.The war lasted for four years, which caused great damage to the social economy of Jiangnan and became a turning point for the economy of the Six Dynasties from prosperity to decline.Since then, agriculture in Jiangnan has gone downhill.
handicraft industry
The textile handicraft industry developed rapidly in the Southern Dynasty, and in the Song Dynasty, "silk, cotton, cloth and silk were abundant, and clothing recovered the world"[32]。The Luo inlaid with gold foil in the Liang Dynasty has been exquisitely woven.The Wu Yue Coin Annals mentioned weaving patterns, including“day、people、ghost、god、Loong、asThe palace belongs to a very poor and ingenious family.The production of brocade is very large. According to Shou Jiang, Hou Jing of Liang Dynasty "asked for ten thousand pieces of brocade to serve as military robes"[33]。
business
Business flourished in Liang Dynasty.The imported goods are mostly ivory, rhinoceros horn, pearl, colored glaze, Jibei (also known as Gubei, Mumian cloth), spices, etc. The exported goods from China are mostly silk, silk, brocade, etc.In the Book of the Song Dynasty, Biography of the Barbarians, it is said that foreign treasures are loved by the rich, so "boats follow the road, and merchants (merchants) make (envoys) give (exchanges) to their subordinates".In Liangshi, foreign merchant ships sometimes arrived in dozens of batches a year.At that time, the nobles of the Northern Wei Dynasty had become corrupt, and they also needed southern goods (from South China) for consumption. Liang imported more southern goods to exchange northern products with Wei in Bianzhen.He became an official of Jiaotong Guangzhou two prefectures and soon became very rich.In the Song Dynasty, Yuan Hong served as the governor of Jiaozhou, and Ren Man came back with assets worth ten million yuan.Anyone who works as a governor of Guangzhou will become rich. As the saying goes, "A governor of Guangzhou will get 30 million yuan once he passes through the city gate".Judging from the amount of money embezzled by officials, the amount of goods traded at that time was not small.[34]
currency
Liang Chaotian Jian Wu Zhu
One of the characteristics of the highly developed economy in the Southern Dynasty iscurrencyIt is widely circulated and used as the calculation unit of national taxation.Chuan Sheng pointed out that because both officials and private people in the Southern Dynasty needed money, the powerful families and merchants had good quality moneyBad money drives out good moneyTherefore, the phenomenon of the double structure of currency is caused.Southern DynastiesThe decline and decline of money is closely related to the vicious circulation of money.It can be seen from this that the "Brother Kong Fang", which was seldom thought of by historians in the past, has great research value.《Sui ShuIn the Records of Food and Goods, there is a paragraph describing the regions in the south of the Yangtze River during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang DynastycurrencyAn important record of the calculation standard: 80 meters from the east of the Poling Mountain, called Dongqian.Seventy meters above the river and Ying are Mo, which is called Xiqian.
factAt this time, the "manufacturing" method of inferior goods is not only this one, but also not a single style.In addition to cutting and chiseling, they often grind and chisel the inner and outer walls and Qian Wen for the purpose of taking surplus copper.In addition, there are many cheaters, such asEastern Jin Dynasty"Shen Lang Wu Zhu" means that Qian Wen is the "Five Zhu".Understanding the issues related to the five baht in the Southern Dynasty is more helpful to understand the economic situation of the Southern Dynasty, and evenSix DynastiesPeople's daily life.
Taxes and corvees
During the Liang DynastyTrilogyThe property tax in the form of is basically maintained.In the early years of Liang Tianjian, the silk was once changed to "counting Ding as cloth"[35], but later there were "three tunes"[36]。Wealth tax or property tax, which was the most important tax in the Southern Dynasty, was applicable to all households except scholars.In addition, there was an important tax in the Southern Dynasty, namely the customs tax.
The craftsmen of the Southern Dynasty can take turns to take vacations, starting from the first year of the founding of Wu.In the Liang Dynasty, "everything that is built is not related to the material and officials, and the national craftsmen, but they are hired and borrowed to achieve their goals.".[13]It is a great progress in the service law that construction workers are "hired and borrowed" instead of being recruited.
household register
Emperor Liang Wu dared not check againHuang Ji, but he wanted to start with the collation of scholar books, based on the Eastern Jin DynastyJia Bizhi"Scholar Family Tree", Song DynastyLiu ZhanMade《Common People's Manual》, set up a spectrum bureau and revise it《A hundred genealogies》Of the 80 volumes, the southeast gentry set up another one, which is not in the hundred.Emperor Wu of Liang was able to determine the genealogy of hundreds of aristocratic families and southeast aristocratic families, but he could not prevent the rich people from continuing to accept bribes to change into Huang nationality. As a result, hundreds of Tu, southeast aristocratic families and the rich people's pseudonymous aristocratic families coexisted and exploited the working people according to their own power.Liang Guozushen said that in order to avoid heavy labor, the people either broke their arms and legs or took refuge in the gentry as a subordinate, which was called the generic name.The subordinate name of the Liang Dynasty is the private attachment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which shows that the powerful hold the Tibetan hukou, which has always remained unchanged.[34]
Since Huanwen first created the Earth Break, to Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty《A hundred genealogies》It shows that the royal court cannot change the situation when the gentry and the imperial court compete for civilian households.As a result, the population of the Yangtze River Basin has actually increased, but there is no increase in the number of registered permanent residence.[34]
science and technology
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calendar
Other data used in the Daming Calendar were also the best at that time.In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (462), Zu Chongzhi wrote to the Liu Song government to present the "Calendar of the Ming Dynasty", but it was rejected by Dai Faxing, a favorite minister.After his death, his son Zu Xuan wrote three times in the third year (504) of Liang Tianjian and the eighth and ninth years of Tianjian, requesting the adoption of the Da Ming Calendar.According to the actual measurement, the new calendar was the secret. The best calendar at that time was finally officially issued in the ninth year of Tianjian (510 years), realizing Zu Chongzhi's last wish.
geography
Lu Cheng (425-494) of the Southern Qi Dynasty collected 160 geographical records and compiled 149 volumes of Geography Books and 1 volume of contents by region.Liang Ren Fang (460-508) added 84 works on the basis of Lu Cheng's Geography Book and compiled it into 252 volumes of Geography.Unfortunately, all these works have been lost.
mineralogy
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, great achievements were made in geology and mineralogy.In the Liang Dynasty, a new theoretical work on mineral exploration, Geomirror Map, appeared. The original book has been lost, and only part of the content can be seen from the quotations of later generations.The main idea is to link surface plants with underground mineral deposits, creating a new field and new direction for mineral exploration of geo plants.For example, "there are onions on the mountain, silver on the bottom", "there are red grass stems, lead on the bottom; there are yellow grass stems, copper on the bottom", etc.Its theory is the beginning of modern indicator plant prospecting or biogeochemical prospecting methods.
Tao Hongjing (452-536) of Liang Dynasty used scientific methods to identify some minerals, such as saltpeter and Puxiao. He distinguished them by observing whether they emit purple smoke when burning.Nitrate, i.e. KNOthreeIt turns purple when dyed with flame, so Tao Hongjing said, "If you burn it with fire, the purple smoke will rise", and "the cloud is the real stone.".NatwoSOfour·10HtwoO），There is no purple on fire.
Culture
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literature
Liang Zhaoming's Crown Prince Xiao Tong
Xiao Yan's emphasis on culture also makes the whole country full of cultural atmosphere, and the cultural atmosphere is very strong.Up to the emperor, down toWang GongNobles are proud of their elegance and strive to improve their cultural quality.So,Xiao LiangA large number of writers and poets with great achievements emerged in the fifty five years of his rule.For example《Selected Works of Zhaoming》Author ofXiao Tong、《Song Dynasty Book》Author ofauthor of an epochmaking work in phonology、《Southern Qi Shu》Author ofXiao Zixian[44]、《Carving a Dragon at the Core of Literature》Author ofLiu Xie、《ranking of poets》Author ofZhong Rong, and literary celebrities such asJiang Yan、Thank you、To irrigate、To contact、Qiu Chi、Wu Jun, 瘐 Xin, Liu ZhaoLiu Jun, Tao Hongjing, and of course, the two sons of Xiao Yan who later became the emperor, Jian WendiXiao GangHe YuandiXiao Yi。In short,Xiao LiangThe prosperity of literature in one dynastyChinese historyPerhaps only the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty can compare with it.
As far as Qi and Liang Dynasties are concerned, the theme of landscape extends to all kinds of objects in nature and daily life.In the Liang Dynasty, palace style poetry appeared again, which paid more attention to tone and color selection, numerical allusion and antithesis in artPoetryThe rhythm gradually takes shape, so the work is more orderly and beautiful.The outstanding writers areauthor of an epochmaking work in phonology、Jiang Yan, He Xun, Wu Jun, their excellent works, although not off the surface, give people a fresh and bright feeling.rhythmical prose characterized by parallelism and ornatenessThe development of Hefu andPoetryCorrespondingly, because the scope of application of literature is wider than poetry, in addition to the common themes in poetry, we can also see the sadness of family and country, the sense of poverty and satire on the state of the world.From the late Liang Dynasty to the Chen Dynasty, the bad tendency in the style of writing has become more and more serious. Poets and prose writers onlyXulingandYin KengThere are also some good works.
literary criticism
Literary criticism developed fully in the Southern Dynasty.With the prosperity of literary creation, the discrimination of literary system and the discussion of literary nature are more systematic and in-depth.Discrimination of Writing StyleReflecting the understanding and requirements of literary creation at that time, Yongming's theory of phonology summarized the Chinese phonology inRhymeThe application law of the aesthetic feeling of the middle composition had a great influence on the formation of the new style poetry at that time and the later rhyme poetry.Liu XieThe Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons is an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of literary criticism.Zhong Rong"Poetry" is an important monograph on poetryFive character poemThere are many incisive opinions on the ideological and artistic standards, the schools and specific evaluations of writers.
Religion
Buddhism in the Southern Dynasties reached its peak when Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty, Xiao Yan.At first, Emperor Wu worshiped Taoism. On April 8 of the third year (504), he led 20000 monks and laymen to make a vow in Chongyun Hall and Chongge, and gave up Taoism and returned to Buddhism to show their faith in Buddhism.There are many temples, such as Loyalty, Guangzhai, Kaishan and Tongtai.The created Buddha statue hasGuangzhai TempleThe bronze statue of Zhangba Amitabha, the bronze statue of Zhangba Zhantan in Aijing Temple,Tongtai TempleTen square silver Buddha statues, etc.The fast meetings held include the water and land fast, the yulan basin fast, etc.And withMinAnd so on.There are still four books (namelymonkFour people) sacrificed their lives to Tongtai Temple for four times in the unofficial assembly, and the officials paid 100 million yuan to redeem the temple, which enriched the economy of the temple.
Emperor Wu of Liang also attached importance to translation,Celestial supervisorTwo years (503)datura(Xian)SanghapalaJoint translation.A famous translatortrue meaningFrom Funan to the east at the invitation of Emperor Wu.He has special respect for Zen MasterBaozhi。The famous monk Fa Chao in Ten Chants was appointed as the capital monk and wanted to become a monk in white.He also ordered the law department to write 14 volumes of "Chuyao Lvyi", which were distributed within the territory of China.In addition, Emperor Wu strongly advocated that Mahayana sutras such as Nirvana should ban meat eating, which had a great impact on later generations and changed the habit of monks and disciples eating three clean meat since the Han Dynasty.
Because Emperor Wu is fond of Buddhism, his eldest son Prince ZhaomingXiao Tong, the third son Jian WendiXiao Gang(550-551), the seventh son, Emperor YuanXiao Yi(552-554).However, there are also many abuses in this regard.SoonHou JingAs a result of the incident, the pagoda was destroyed and the monks and disciples were killed, Jiankang Buddhism suddenly declined.
In the Buddhist sects,Changlu TempleIt belongs to Zen.It is said that Bodhidharma, a southern Indian monk, came to China to spread Buddhism during the ordinary years of Liang Dynasty, which was later known by Emperor Wu and ushered in Jiankang in the ordinary eight years (527 years).However, Dharma and Emperor Liangwu of the Southern Dynasties, Xiao Yan, had many different words. Instead, they crossed the river in one reed and came to Changlu Temple in the north of the Yangtze River. Changlu Temple was one of the famous temples of Buddhism and Zen.For thousands of years,NanjingChanglu Temple has experienced many vicissitudes of wind and rain, and thrived and collapsed several times.According to historical records, the site of the newly built temple is adjacent toriver bankHowever, this section of the Yangtze River is very unstable, and the embankment often collapses, so the Changlu Temple buildings are also constantly damaged.
nation
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At the end of the Han Dynasty and the end of the Jin Dynasty, a large number of Han people in the north moved south.During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, Han culture gradually spread and developed outward along the above dotted line areas where Han people had already arrived.During the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, the ethnic groups living in the vast areas of the south were mainly "barbarians", "barbarians", "slang" and "bureaucrats".When the Han culture spread to the areas where they lived, it conflicted with them, and gradually merged to a certain extent through the conflict.
"Man" is the most populous of all ethnic groups in the south, and is often used as the general name of all ethnic groups in the south.There are two major barbarians: the barbarians in Changsha and Wuling, and the barbarians in Bajun and Nanjun.Changsha and Wuling Man claimed to be the descendants of Panhu.They live in Changsha and Wuling (today's Hunan Province).They originally lived in Wuling area, and were divided into five streams, namely, Zhuixi, Zhuixi, Chenxi, Youxi and Wuxi;Some of them live in Yidu, Tianmen, Badong, Jianping and Jiangbei prefectures (today's western Hubei Province).
During the Southern Dynasties and the Liang Dynasty, the Han people first contacted the "barbarians" in their development in the Yangtze River valley.The Han rulers needed the barbarians to rent taxes, take out corvee and fight as soldiers.For this reason, they constantly launched brutal attacks on the inhabited areas of the barbarians.
military
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With the continuous decline of the economy of the owner peasants, the number of households under the control of the state has decreased for several days, and the military conscription system has inevitably declined;When Xiao Yan started his army, he focused on recruiting soldiers.[37]Xiao Yan took the more than ten thousand talents he had collected as his main force to build up a sworn teacher and crusade against the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Hou Jing's rebellion mainly depended on recruitment.Hundreds of thousands of Xiao Liangqin's troops are almost all conscripts[38]。
The imperial court and generals indiscriminately recruited soldiers, which in turn aggravated the destruction of the small-scale peasant economy.Such a large number of people, in the name of raising funds, are actually fleeing from service, and their burden of shaking service is transferred to other small farmers."Liang Dian · Gao Zu's Theory of Things": "The Liang family has a country, one of the largest counties in the Han Dynasty. Most of the people are also tribes. They do not farm but eat, do not silkworms but dress, or work as princes, or as generals. They carry their wives and move things with them. They invade fishing with the vassal towns, and help the guards to become cantharides. They confiscate the innocent, persecute the good people, and the people (suspected to be" exhausted ") flee. All the towns are ruined."[39]However, the powerful clans used the opportunity of conscription to expand their private force, which greatly strengthened their strength against the central government.
Sociology
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In the social atmosphere, the boundary between the scholar and the commoner is strict, that is, "when the scholar and the commoner are together, they are separated from each other".The formation and fixation of the high and low ranks of the gate lords differentiated by blood relationship probably has a great relationship with the repeated appearance of certain personality and official character in a family for a long time.At the same time, the later period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was the decline period of the patriarchal system.With the development of social economy and culture in the Liang Dynasty, the patriarchal system declined since the late Southern and Northern Dynasties.
International Relations
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And the Northern Wei Dynasty
In the regular recruitment, the Northern and Southern Dynasties also selected envoys, who were valued by each other.In the employment exchanges between Liang and the Northern Wei Dynasty, "when Liang envoys entered, the lower part of the city was moved by them. The children of Guiyou gathered in the temple and the museum gate became a city. So did Wei envoys to Liang."[40]。In this paragraph, we can see that in the situation of the confrontation between the North and South Dynasties, the two sides also had friendly exchanges, and they were not always at daggers drawn.
As for the war between the Southern Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, the battle of Zhongli (now the northeast of Fengyang, Anhui Province) in the sixth year of Tianjian (507) of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty was quite a hard battle.First, in the fifth year of Tianjian, Liang sent troops to the Northern Expedition, and his younger brother, Linchuan Wang Xiaohong, was a general. "The equipment is exquisite and new, and the military appearance is very prosperous. People in the north think that the South has nothing like it for decades.".The army entered Luokou (today's Luohe Town in the southwest of Huaiyuan, Anhui).In March, Huaishui River soared six or seven feet. Wei Rui took the opportunity to attack with fire.Liang Jun was brave, and his voice was overwhelming.The whole line of the Wei army collapsed, and the weapons and armour were lost. More than 100000 people were drowned, and the number of people who were killed was about the same. Fifty thousand people were captured alive.It is more than a hundred miles away from the Huai River.Liang's income from the war is abundant in food and equipment, and countless cattle, horses, donkeys and mules.For Liang, this was a very important battle, which was of certain significance in stopping the momentum of Wei's southward invasion and consolidating domestic rule.The small scale of the war between the South and the North and the victory of the Southern Dynasty in the war under certain conditions are favorable conditions for the development of the social economy in the South.
And the Eastern Wei Dynasty
During the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Hou Jing, the general, was convinced by Gao Huan, a powerful official in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, but not by his son Gao Cheng.When Gao Huan dies, Gao Cheng immediately borrows Gao Huan's order to recruit Hou Jing to court.Hou Jing knew that his life was in danger, so he took Henan Province to surrender to the Western Wei Dynasty.Later, he sent Lang Zhongdinghe to Jiankang and asked the thirteen prefectures to lower the beam.Emperor Wu of Liang ordered his officials to discuss this matter, but many people objected and thought that Hou Jing was unpredictable and unbelievable.However, Emperor Wu of Liang thought that the reception of Marquis King "would make the northern part of the Great Wall clear", which would help Liang recover the lost land and even be a rare opportunity for further Northern Expedition.He appointed Hou Jing as the general, granted the title of King of Henan, and supervised the military affairs in Henan and North China.After Hou Jing came to Liang, Emperor Wu of Liang sent his nephew Xiao Yuanming to attack Drum City in the winter of the seventh year of Datong (541) to echo Hou Jing.Xiao Yuanming is a man who can't fight at all.Liang Jun was defeated by the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and Xiao Yuanming was captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty.At a loss, Emperor Wu of Liang had to negotiate peace with the Eastern Wei Dynasty.[28]
Hou Jing fought tenaciously in the battle between Liang and the Eastern Wei Dynasty.The Eastern Wei Army's front was in chaos and fell one after another.Liu Fengsheng, the third division of Yitong, was wounded, and Zhang Zunye, the governor of Xianzhou, was also captured by Hou Jing.Hou Jing and Murong Shaozong have been locked in a stalemate for several months, and the grain has run out.Liang's army was defeated and could not be saved.In the spring of the next year (542), Hou Jing was defeated by the Eastern Wei Dynasty and fled to Shouyang of Liang.
Emperor Wu of Liang frequently made peace with the Eastern Wei Dynasty and demanded the release of Xiao Yuanming.Seeing his eagerness for peace, the Eastern Wei Dynasty proposed to replace Xiao Yuanming with Hou Jing.Emperor Wu of Liang did not consider the consequences, but he promised that you would put Xiao Yuanming back in the morning and send Hou Jing's head away at night.When Hou Jing knew that Emperor Wu of Liang would exchange him for Xiao Yuanming, he attacked Jiankang in Shouyang, causing an unprecedented disturbance in the end of Liang Dynasty.History calls this unrest Hou Jing's Rebellion.[28]
And the Western Wei Dynasty
In 550, when the Liang Dynasty was in civil strife, Yuwentai sent General Yang Zhong to encircle Anlu of Liang Dynasty. Liang garrison generals from nearby cities also surrendered to the Western Wei Dynasty.From then on, "the land of the East of Han Dynasty entered into the Wei Dynasty"[41]。In February of the same year, Yang Zhong arrived at Shicheng with victory, ready to attack Jiangling.Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan, hurriedly sent envoys to negotiate with Yang Zhong, and concluded an agreement to sell the land and submit to the Western Wei Dynasty, which stipulated that "Wei was sealed by Shicheng, Liang was bounded by Anlu, all of them were vassals, and delivered protons".The reason why Xiao Yi is so generous is that he wants to use the power of the Western Wei Dynasty to destroy his brother Xiao Lun, who fought for the throne with him.The Western Wei Dynasty was happy to profit from it.Soon, the Western Wei Dynasty killed Xiao Lun as promised.By 553, Xiao Yi had become emperor (Liang Yuan Emperor).At that time, his eighth younger brother Xiao Ji had also become emperor in Shu, and led the water army eastward, in the name of seeking Hou Jing, in fact, he came for Xiao Yi.Xiao Yi asked for help again in the Western Wei Dynasty.Yu Wentai said happily to his officials, "Take Shu to make beams[42]He took the advice of the great general Yuchi Jiong and sent him to lead 12000 soldiers and ten thousand horses to attack Shu from the Sanguan Pass at the same time. The Western Wei Dynasty easily captured Shu that year.So far, Yu Wentai has a bigger appetite.In November 554, the Western Wei Army broke through Jiangling, and Xiao Yi, who attracted wolves into the house, was killed.The Western Wei Dynasty gained tens of thousands of people from the Liang Dynasty, drove them into Chang'an, and rewarded the three armies as slaves.The invasion of the Liang Dynasty made Yu Wentai a great success in military affairs, and his ruling position was further consolidated.
Imperial lineage
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Imperial lineage
Temple name
Posthumous title
Name taboo
Year
In office time
Lineage
Ling Hao
In 502 AD, Xiao Yan was proclaimed emperor by Qi Chan, and established his capital as LiangJiankang, known as "Nanliang" in history.
In 557,Xiao FangzhiChen Baxian became the emperor of Zen, changed the country name to Chen, and established Jian'an as the capital, known as "Southern Chen" in history.
In 557,XiaozhuangHe was proclaimed emperor, named Liang for restoring the country, and established Wuchang as the capital.
In 617,Xiao millingIt was called the King of Liang and the Emperor the next year. It was named Liang after the restoration of the country and its capital was Yueyang.
