synonymJuniper(Sabina spp. of Cupressaceae) generally refers to Sabina spp. (Sabina spp. of Cupressaceae)
Juniper（Juniperus chinensisRoxb.），It is an evergreen tree of Cupressaceae and Juniper.[13]The bark of the stem of Juniper is dark gray, longitudinally split and cracked in strips;Branches of young trees usually extend obliquely;Branchlets are usually straight or slightly curved, and those with scaly leaves are nearly cylindrical or nearly quadrangular;The spiny leaves grow on the young trees, and the strong and old trees have both spiny leaves and scaly leaves;Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, male cones yellow, oval;Cones are nearly spherical;Seeds ovoid, flat, apex obtuse;Cotyledons linear, apex acute;Flowering in April;The fruiting date is November of the next year.[13]
Juniper is native to China,[14]It is now distributed in the vast mountains of China, Korea, Japan and Russia.[15]Juniper is a light loving tree species, which is relatively shade tolerant and likes warm, cool and warm climate;Avoid ponding, cold resistance, heat resistance, lax soil requirements, and can grow on acidic, neutral and calcareous soil[16]；The propagation mode of Juniper is sowing, cutting and layering.[17]
According to the Gansu Chinese Herbal Medicine Manual, the branches and leaves of Juniper can be used for medicine;It is bitter, pungent and warm in nature;There are small poisons;It is mainly used to treat cold, rheumatic joint pain, urticaria, dermatitis, induration and swelling.[18]The tree shaped branches of Juniper are extremely elegant, and the crown is conical or wide tower shaped. It has been widely planted as garden trees throughout China in all previous dynasties, and has good ornamental value.[19]
Juniper istree, up to 20m in height and 3.5m in diameter at breast height;The bark is dark gray, longitudinally split and cracked in strips;The branches of young trees usually extend upward to form a spire shaped crown, while the lower branches of old trees spread horizontally to form a wide round crown;Bark grayish brown, longitudinally split, split into irregular flakes and fell off;Branchlets are usually straight or slightly curved, and those with scaly leaves are nearly cylindrical or nearly quadrangular, with a diameter of 1-1.2 mm.
Sabina chinensis
Leaf dimorphism, that is, spiny leaf andSquama leaf；The spiny leaves grow on the young trees, while the old trees are all scaly leaves. The strong and old trees have both spiny leaves and scaly leaves;Scaly leaves of primary branches born from annual branchlets are whorled, straight and compact, nearly lanceolate, slightly acuminate at the apex, 2.5-5 mm long, and elliptic and slightly concave glands near the middle of the back;The three spiny leaves alternate in whorls, obliquely spread, loose, lanceolate, gradually pointed at the apex, 6-12mm long, slightly concave above, with two white powder bands.
It is dioecious, rarely monoecious, with yellow, oval male cones, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 5-7 pairs of stamens, often with 3-4 anthers.coneIt is nearly round and spherical, 6-8 mm in diameter, mature for two years, dark brown when mature, fallen off by white powder or white powder, and has 1-4 seeds;Seeds ovoid, flat, obtuse at the top, with ridges and a few resin grooves;There are 2 cotyledons, unearthed, linear, 1.3-1.5 cm long and 1 mm wide, with sharp apex, two white stomatal bands below, but not obvious above.[2][20]
Branchlets are usually straight or slightly curved, and those with scaly leaves are nearly cylindrical or nearly quadrangular;The spiny leaves grow on the young trees, and the strong trees have both spiny leaves and scaly leaves
Branches extend upward or obliquely, the crown of young trees is egg shaped spire shaped, the leaves are scale shaped, 1-3 mm long, and the apex is slightly blunt
The branchlets are flat, arranged in a plane, and the biennial and triennial branches are brown, smooth, cylindrical;Two pairs of scaly leaves are crossed and opposite, in node shape
flowers and fruits
Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, male cones yellow, oval;Cone is nearly spherical
Male cones yellow, ovoid, about 2 mm long;Cone nearly ovoid
Male cones are subglobose, about 4 mm long.The cone is nearly spherical and brown when ripe
Light loving tree species, relatively shade tolerant, warm and cool, warm climate and humid soil.In North China and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River below 500 meters above sea level, and in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River below 1000 meters above sea level, good drainage mountains can be selected for afforestation.Avoid ponding, resistant to trimming and easy to reshape.It is resistant to cold and heat, has no strict requirements on soil, can grow on acid, neutral and calcareous soil, and has certain resistance to soil drought and moisture.But it grows best in neutral, deep and good drainage.Deep rooted, lateral roots are also very developed.The growth rate is medium and slightly slower than that of Platycladus orientalis. The 25 year old is about 8 meters high.Extremely long life.It is resistant to a variety of harmful gases, such as chlorine andHydrogen fluorideTree species with strong resistance.The resistance to sulfur dioxide was significantly better than that of Chinese pine.It can absorb a certain amount of sulfur and mercury, and has good dust prevention and sound insulation effects.Common diseases include Juniper pear rust, Juniper apple rust and Juniper heather rust.These diseases are overwintering host of Sabina vulgaris.Although the damage to juniper itself is not too seriousPear, AppleBegonia、Chinese photiniaTherefore, attention should be paid to prevention and control, and it is better to avoid planting near apple and pear orchards.[1]
Distribution range
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Juniper is produced in Wulashan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, Sichuan, western Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangdong, northern Guangxi, Yunnan and other places in Inner Mongolia.It grows on neutral soil, calcareous soil and slightly acidic soil, and is also cultivated in many places, including Tibet.It is also distributed in North Korea and Japan.[1]
Reproductive methods
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cuttage
Juniper cutting
Juniperus juniperus can also be propagated by soft wood (sown in June) or hard wood (sown in October) cutting. At the end of autumn, 50 cm long thick branches are used for mud cutting, and the survival rate is quite high.Most of the cultivated varieties can be propagated by cutting, but the initial growth is very slow;Therefore, it is also commonly used for early seedling emergence.Common cuttingGrafting propagation。The seeds have the habit of germinating every other year, and need to be stored in sand before sowing.The cuttings should use the positive head on the side branch, with a length of about 15cm, and the mud method is commonly used for cutting to survive.Avoid planting near apples and pear orchards to avoid pear rust.[4]
Cutting substrate: It is nutrient soil or river sand, mud carbon soil and other materials used for cutting.It is difficult to get an ideal cutting substrate for family cutting due to limited conditions. It is recommended to use the prepared and sterilized cutting substrate provided by our website;It is also OK to use medium coarse river sand, but it should be washed several times with clean water before use.Sea sand and river sand in saline and alkaline areas should not be used. They are not suitable for the growth of flowers and plants.[4]
Selection of cutting branches: when conducting tender branch cutting, from the end of spring to early autumn when the plants grow vigorously, the thick branches of the year are selected as cuttings.After cutting off the branches, select strong parts and cut them into a 5-15cm long section with more than 3 leaf nodes.When cutting cuttings, it should be noted that the upper cut should be cut horizontally about 1cm above the top leaf node, and the lower cut should be cut obliquely about 0.5cm below the bottom leaf node. The upper and lower cuts should be flat (the knife should be sharp).[4]
Temperature:CuttingsThe optimum temperature for rooting is 20 ℃ - 30 ℃, lower than 20 ℃, and rooting of cuttings is difficult and slow;When the temperature is higher than 30 ℃, the upper and lower cuttings of cuttings are susceptible to rot caused by bacteria, and the higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of rot.In case of low temperature after cutting, the main measure of heat preservation is to wrap the flowerpot or container used for cutting with film;When the temperature after cutting is too high, the main cooling measure is to shade the cuttings, which should cover 50-80% of the sun. At the same time, spray the cuttings 3-5 times a day, and spray more often in sunny days when the temperature is high, and spray less or no in rainy days when the temperature is low and the temperature is high.[4]
Humidity: After cutting, the relative humidity of air must be kept at 75-85%.The basic requirement for rooting of cuttings is to ensure that cuttings are fresh and tender and can conduct photosynthesis to produce rooting substances before rooting.However, cuttings without rooting cannot absorb enough water to maintain the water balance in their bodies. Therefore, water evaporation of cuttings must be reduced by spraying: under shaded conditions, cuttings are sprayed 3-5 times a day. The higher the temperature is in sunny days, the more frequent the spraying, and the lower the temperature is in rainy days, the fewer or no spraying.However, if spraying excessively, cuttings are easy to be infected by bacteria and rot, because many kinds of bacteria exist in water.[4]
Light: Cutting propagation cannot do without sunlight, because cuttings need to continue photosynthesis to produce nutrients and rooting materials to supply their rooting needs.However, the stronger the light, the higher the temperature in the cuttings, the more vigorous the transpiration of cuttings, and the more water consumption, which is not conducive to the survival of cuttings.Therefore, 50-80% of the sun must be covered after cutting. After the roots grow out, gradually remove the shading net: remove the shading net at 4:00 p.m. every day in sunny days, and cover the shading net before 9:00 a.m. the next day.[4]
Batten
Select strong branches and peel off the bark from about 15-30cm below the top. The width of the wound after peeling is about 1cm, and the depth is limited to the skin just peeled off.Cut a piece of film 10-20 cm long and 5-8 cm wide, put some wet garden soil on it, and wrap it like a woundGirdlingThe upper and lower ends of the film are tied tightly, and the middle bulges.Take root after about four to six weeks.After rooting, cut off the root system at the side of the branch together to form a new plant.[4]
cultivation techniques
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seed selection
Juniper cultivation
The seeds should be selected first before sowing. Whether the seeds are selected well or not is directly related to the success of sowing.[3]
It is better to select the seeds collected in the same year.The longer the seeds are kept, the lower their germination rate.
Choose plump seeds without deformity or deformity.
Select seeds free from pests and diseases.
Disinfection
Disinfection includes two concepts, one is to sterilize seeds, the other is to sterilize the substrate for sowing.In the family, seeds are usually sterilized by soaking them in hot water at about 60 ℃ for a quarter of an hour, and then germinating them in warm water for 12-24 hours.The best way to disinfect the substrate used for sowing is to put it into a pot and fry it, so that any disease or insect can burn to death.[3]
germination
Soak the seeds in warm hot water (about the same temperature as facial wash water) for 12-24 hours until the seeds absorb water and swell.For very common seeds that are easy to germinate, this work can be omitted.[3]
sow
For tiny seeds that are difficult to pick up by hand or other tools, wet one end of the toothpick with water, stick the seeds on the surface of the substrate one by one, cover the substrate with a thickness of 1cm, and then put the planted flowerpot into water with a depth of 1/2-2/3 of the height of the flowerpot, and let the water slowly soak up (this method is called "pot soaking");For larger seeds that can be picked up by hand or other tools, directly put the seeds into the substrate and spot sow them at an interval of 3 × 5cm.After sowing, the substrate shall be covered with 2-3 times of the seed thickness.After sowing, the sowing substrate can be wetted with a sprayer and a fine hole sprinkler. Later, when the pot soil is slightly dry, it can be watered again. It is still important to pay attention that the watering force should not be too large to avoid flushing the seeds;Management after sowing: after sowing in late autumn, early spring or wintercold waveAt low temperature, the flowerpot can be wrapped with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture preservation;After the seedlings are unearthed, the film should be removed in time, and the seedlings should be exposed to the sun before 9:30 in the morning or after 3:30 in the afternoon, otherwise the seedlings will grow very weak;After most of the seeds are out, it is necessary to properly spacing the seedlings: pull out the diseased and unhealthy seedlings, so that there is a certain space between the remaining seedlings;When most seedlings grow 3 or more leaves, they can be transplanted.[3]
Administration
When transplanting young seedlings, first dig the planting hole, sprinkle a layer of organic fertilizer at the bottom of the planting hole as the base fertilizer (base fertilizer), with a thickness of about 4-6 cm, then cover it with a layer of soil and put it into the seedlings, so as to separate the fertilizer from the root system and avoid burning the root.After the seedlings are put in, backfill the soil, cover the root system, step on the soil with your feet, and pour water once.[4]
Humidity management: prefer a slightly humid to dry climate.
Temperature management: cold resistant.During the high temperature period in summer, you can't stand the muggy heat, otherwise you will enter a semi dormant state and growth will be hindered.The optimum growth temperature is 15-30 ℃.[4]
Lighting management: like sufficient sunshine, slightly resistant to half shade.
Fertilizer and water management: for plants planted on the ground, fertilizer and water shall be applied for 2-4 times in spring and summer according to the drought situation: first, a circle of small ditches shall be separated 30-100 meters away from the root neck (the larger the plant, the farther away from the root neck), and the ditch width and depth are both 20 centimeters.Sprinkle 25-50 jin of organic fertilizer or 1-5 grains of compound fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) into the ditch, and then pour it with permeable water.After winter and before spring, fertilize again according to the above method, but do not water.
Pruning: plants enter dormancy or half in winterDormancy periodAfter that, thin, diseased, dead, dense and other branches should be cut off.[4]
curing
Juniper maintenance
Juniper bears drought, and watering should not be wet or dry.Plum RainIn the season, it should be noted that there should be no ponding in the basin. In summer, when the temperature is high, it should be watered in the morning and evening to keep the basin soil moist. Often spraying water on the leaves can make the leaves green.
It is not advisable to apply more fertilizer to Juniper Piles to avoid overgrowth affecting the beauty of the tree.Thinning from March to May every springPutrefaction2~3 times of cake fertilizer water or organic fertilizer, and 1~2 times in autumn to maintain branches and leavesBright greenDense and robust.
Juniper bonsaiPick one's heartMainly, it can be carried out for overgrown branchesTwister, cut off the top and promote the growth of lateral branches.In the vigorous growth period, it is particularly important to pick the heart and shoot in time to keep the crown dense and beautiful.
Juniper pegs grow slowly, and the pots can be turned every 3-4 years, preferably between March and April in spring.Overturn basinSome old roots can be properly removed, and 1/2 can be replacedCedarAnd cultivated with fertile and loose soil to promote the growth and development of new roots.Pay attention to the bottom cushion of high and deep basinCoarse sandAnd broken tiles to facilitate drainage.[4]
Disease and insect control
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Juniper rust
Juniper pear rust, Juniper applerustAnd juniper, heather rust, etc.These diseases are overwintering host of Sabina chinensis.Although it does not cause serious damage to juniper itself, it does great harm to pears, apples, heather, crabapple, etc. Therefore, attention should be paid to prevention and control, and it is best to avoid planting near apples, pear orchards, etc.[4]
Subordinate classification
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Main varieties
Chinese juniper(cv. Globosa) is a clustered round or oblate shrub, with mostly scaly leaves and dense twigs.Dwarf tufted spherical shrub with dense branches, scaly leaves and interspersed spiny leaves.[2]
Chinese juniper
Golden leaf juniper(cv. Aurea) is a cultivated variety. Its plants are upright narrow conic shrubs, all of which are scaly leaves, and all of which are golden yellow.Erect shrub, with dark golden yellow scales at first and green scales later.[2]
The cultivated variety of Chinese juniper (cv. Aureoglobosa) is an oval non trunk shrub with 2-type leaves, and some leaves at the top of the twigs are golden yellow.
Longbai(cv. Kaizuka) The tree shape is irregular, the branches grow alternately, a few big branches twist obliquely, the small branches are compact, mostly scaly leaves, and only a few sprouting branches sometimes have subulate leaves.The crown is cylindrical or columnar tower shaped;Branches are straight upward, often turning upward. Branchlets are dense and form several clusters of equal length at the end of the branch;The scales and leaves are closely arranged, light yellow green when young, and then emerald green;The cone is blue, slightly covered with white powder.It is cultivated in gardens of the Yangtze River valley and major cities in North China.[2]
Staghorn juniper(cv. Pfutzeriana) cluster shrub, with low center, developed lateral branches and oblique outward extension, branching into antlers, mostly with dense scale leaves.A cluster of shrubs, with thousands of branches slanting upward from the ground.In East China, most of them are planted as garden trees.[2]
The crown of cypress (cv. Pyramidalis) is tower shaped and cylindrical;Branches are not flat, mostly oblique to the main trunk, with dense twigs, 2-type leaves, most of which are subulate leaves.It is also called cylindrical cypress.The branches are straight upward, densely growing, and the crown is cylindrical or cylindrical and pointed;Most of the leaves are spiny with sparse scales.North China and the Yangtze River basin are mostly cultivated as garden trees.[2]
Phellodendron prostrata (cultivated variety)
The plant has no upright trunk, and the branches are spread horizontally.[2]
The material is dense, hard, pink, beautiful and fragrant, extremely durable, tough and dense, and has strong corrosion resistance.Therefore, it is suitable for drawing boards, coffins, pencils, furniture, building materials, stationery and handicrafts;Extractable roots, trunks, branches and leavesCypress brainRaw materials and cedar oil;The seeds can be pressed for oil or used as medicine.Because its growth rate is medium and slow, it is seldom used for large-scale afforestation except for ornamental.The seed can extract fatty oil;The material is firm and dense, pink, fragrant, extremely durable, and can be used to make drawing boards, pencils, and furniture. It has strong corrosion resistance and can be used for construction, crafts, indoor installation, etc.[5]
medical
[Yao medicine] Cypress: Its leaves are used for internal hemorrhoid stool bleeding.
[Tibetan medicine] Xiuba: Ye is used for kidney disease, anthrax, carbuncle, furuncle, and toxin;Cones are used for heat of liver, gallbladder and lung, wind cold dampness syndrome, Chinese Tibetan Medicine.The branches, leaves and bark are used to treat cold, tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, urticaria, rheumatism and arthralgia.[1]
Bark and juniper leaf: bitter, pungent, warm.There is a small poison.It can dispel wind and cold, promote blood circulation and detumescence, detoxify, and promote diuresis.For cold, rheumatism, arthralgia, pain in urination, and rash.[1]
gardens
gardens
Juniper juniper young trees have neat conic crown, beautiful tree shape, twisted trunk and branches, and strange and ancient posture, which can be used alone to form a landscape. It is a traditional garden tree species in China.Juniper is widely used in the courtyard.It is resistant to pruning and has strong shade resistance. Therefore, the hedgerow is better than that of Platycladus orientalis. The lower branches are not easy to wither. In winter, the color does not change to brown or yellow, and it can be planted in the shade of the north side of the building.In ancient China, it was often planted in temples and tombs as tomb trees or Berlin.It has a beautiful tree shape, a neat cone in youth, and twisted trunks and branches in old trees. There are many thousand year old cypresses in ancient courtyards, ancient temples and other scenic spots, which have different charms of "Qing", "Qi", "Gu" and "Strange".The edge of lawn can be planted as background, orClump plantingThe edge of forest, mosaic trees and buildings.It is widely used in gardens.They can be used as hedges, street trees, and as materials for pile landscapes and bonsai.[6]
Plant culture
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Allusions to ancient books
Strange and strange like a dragon
Juniper is called juniper since ancient times.Juniper, the ancient name of Trichosanthes kirilowii (Gua sound scraping).Before the Christian era, there were records on the publication, utilization and cultivation of juniper (Juniper juniper) in ancient Chinese books.More than 3000 years ago, there were many famous junipers in the Central Plains, Huaiyang, Jianghan and other places. In the feudal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the juniper was called "juniper" because of its name.When Yao and Shun were the five emperors, what the emperor wanted from the lower was called the lower fu, and what the lower received from the upper was called the tribute.King Xia Yu made great contributions to the world, and his son Qi established the first dynasty (a slave country) in the history of the industrial country, which formulated the rent and tax system of "fifty tribute from Xia Hou's family".Among the tributes of Jingyang, there is the "stem of Chinese toon and kirilowii cypress" (Poetry · Xiashu · Yugong).Trichosanthes kirilowii guides juniper, or juniper.At the same time, through morphological observation, ancient coniferous species such as juniper, cypress, fir and pine can be distinguished.The juniper is not only "cold resistant, but also large enough to be used in boats and coffins" (Poems · Weifeng · Bamboo Pole), but also "its branches and leaves change from one branch to another". It has been clearly known that the leaves of Juniper are needle leaves when young. With the growth of tree age, the needle leaves are gradually replaced by scales.
Strange and Strange Four Han Cypress
Qing, Qi, Gu and Guai refer toSitu TemplesFour ancient cypresses of Han Dynasty in the middle.It is said to be Situ of Han DynastyDeng YuHand planted trees are more than 1900 years old.Shen Fu《Six Chapters of Floating Life》Said, "It is said that there were things before the Han Dynasty." These four cypresses are primitive and unique. They are three-dimensional paintings, silent poems, and live cultural relics.clearEmperor QianlongDuring the southern tour, it was named Qing, Qi, Gu and Guai.
Qingbai"In the Qing Dynasty, a tree was upright and luxuriant like a green canopy" (Six Chapters of Floating Life). The tree was nearly 2000 years old, but it was not in a state of decline;The trunk is thick, and several people should embrace it;The tree is tall and straight, standing in the sky, without the support of side branches, like an independent crane;The tree lines are straight lines stretching upwards.
Chiber, "The strange tree is bald and flat, half rotten as a palm" ("Six Chapters of Floating Life"), the huge tree body is slanted to the upper left, because it was struck by thunder, the main trunk was broken off and empty, like a gourd, and the wide part can accommodate people to stand;On the north and south sides of the tree body, the broken but unbroken bark, slanting or hanging upside down, has bark branches, branches, green branches and leaves, and clusters of branches, which are dragged to the ground;If you look from afar and see green peaks on the river and green clouds rising out of the mountains, you can't overestimate that.
cooper , "The ancient body is like a spiral snail, and the branches and trunks are all natural" (Six Chapters of Floating Life), it is aZuo JuniperThe tree pattern is thick, all to the left, circling upward, solemn and dignified, and extraordinary;Looking at it, I can't help thinking of two Tang people: Wei Zheng and Yan Zhenqing.
Strange cypress"The strange man lies on the ground three times, with the same shape" (Six Chapters of Floating Life). It can no longer be regarded as a tree by looking at its shape;I don't know when a thunder and lightning will divide it from top to bottom. Two tree trunks are divided into two parts. One is far away from the mother body, lying on the ground three times, like branches and leaves;One of them was lying down on the spot, like a dragon with its head held high.[7]
Imperial Juniper
stayJiangshan CityTo the east of the Great Hall (formerly known as the brigade) where Shangyu Town Government is located, there is an ancient juniper, which is about three or four hundred years old.It produces cypress seeds as big as rice grains, golden and yellow.The origin of this juniper is not simple.
Once upon a time, there was a man named Zhuha in Daxi Beach.He served as a security officer in the court, responsible for the safety of the emperor.He tried his best to win the favor of the emperor.One year, he built a very wide and tall house in his hometown, named Futang.The emperor was also very happy to hear that Zhu Ha's family had built a rich hall, and specially gave him two treesOld Summer PalaceThe juniper seedlings inCobbler, woven two imperial seedlings in sealed cages to express congratulations.May Ha's martial arts be handed down from generation to generation and will never be inferior;Futang always keeps the style of the mansion, like pines and cypressesbe evergreen。Unfortunately, after Zhuha brought it back for planting, only one tree survived.The emperor granted the cage with juniper seedlings, which was destroyed by the "Red Guards" who broke the four old during the "Ten Year Catastrophe".But this juniper, which has a history, unexpectedly escaped the disaster and has been growing ever since.People reverently call it the juniper bestowed by the emperor.[8]
