Nuclear facilities are nuclear fuel manufacturing plantsnuclear reactor(including critical and subcritical devices), research reactors, nuclear power plants, spent fuel storage facilities, nuclear fuel enrichment plants or reprocessing facilities, radioactive waste treatment and disposal facilities, and other facilities containing radioactive substances that require strict supervision and management.According to the purpose, nuclear facilities can be divided into civil nuclear facilities and military nuclear facilities.[1]
At present, there are 15 operating nuclear power units in China, including one 300000 kilowatt pressurized water reactor unit of Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant located in Qinshan Nuclear Power Base in Zhejiang Province, four 600000 kilowatt pressurized water reactor units of Qinshan No.2 Nuclear Power Plant designed and built by China on the basis of reference to Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, and two 700000 kilowatt heavy water reactor units of Qinshan No.3 Nuclear Power Plant imported from Canada;The Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, located in Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Base, has two million kilowatt pressurized water reactor units imported from France, and Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant has four units improved on the basis of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant;Two million kilowatt pressurized water reactor units imported from Russia in Jiangsu Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant.
Nuclear power plant under construction
A total of 26 nuclear power generating units are under construction in China, including four million kilowatt passive pressurized water reactor (AP1000) units imported from Westinghouse in Sanmen, Zhejiang Province and Haiyang, Shandong Province;Two 1.7 million kilowatt pressurized water reactor (EPR) units imported from France built in Taishan, Guangdong;18 self-designed million kilowatt pressurized water reactor units further improved on Ling'ao Units 3 and 4 built in Hongyanhe, Liaoning, Fangjiashan, Zhejiang, Ningde and Fuqing, Fujian, Yangjiang, Guangdong and Fangchenggang, Guangxi;Two 600000 kilowatt pressurized water reactor units with Qinshan No.2 Nuclear Power Plant Units 3 and 4 as reference built in Changjiang, Hainan.
CIVIL RESEARCH REACTORS AND CRITICAL INSTALLATIONS
There are 18 civil research reactors and critical devices in China.Among them,China Academy of Atomic Energy SciencesThere are 8, respectivelyHeavy water reactorSwimming pool reactor, prototype micro reactor, China Experimental Fast Reactor and four critical devices;There is also a hospital neutron irradiator owned by Beijing Capote Technology Co., Ltd. at the same site;China Nuclear Power Research and Design InstituteThere are 5, respectivelyHigh flux engineering test reactorChina Pulsed Reactor, Minjiang Test Reactor and two critical devices;Tsinghua University has three reactors, namely shielded test reactor, low temperature nuclear heating test reactor and high temperature gas cooled test reactor;Shenzhen University has one micro reactor.
Civil nuclear combustion
There are 9 civil nuclear fuel cycle facilities in China.Among them, the China Nuclear Corporation is involved in uranium enrichmentShaanxi Uranium Enrichment Co., Ltd2 uranium centrifugal separation facilities, and 1 uranium centrifugal separation facility of Lanzhou Uranium Enrichment Co., Ltd. of CNNC;In terms of nuclear fuel element manufacturing, there are 4 nuclear fuel element production lines of CNNC Jianzhong Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd. and 2 nuclear fuel production lines of CNNC North Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd.
Decommissioning of nuclear facilities
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Decommissioning of nuclear facilities is an action taken to fully consider the health and safety of staff and the public and environmental protection after the expiration of the service life of nuclear facilities or the termination of service for other reasons.The ultimate purpose of decommissioning is to realize the unrestricted opening and use of the site.The decommissioning of nuclear facilities does not include uranium mine waste rock yard, tailings pond andradioactive wasteClosure of the disposal (warehouse) yard.
The decommissioning methods of nuclear facilities include immediate dismantlement, delayed dismantlement, on-site burial, etc.There are many principles for the selection of retirement strategies, and the main factors to be considered in the selection process include: social or political reasons, safety reasons, economic factors, site factors, process and technology reasons, etc.For example, the irradiation level can be reduced if the reactor is decommissioned and stored for a proper time, and it is more advantageous to delay the removal.It is more favorable to dismantle the plants in the front section of the nuclear fuel cycle and spent fuel reprocessing plants such as the nuclear fuel hydrometallurgy plant, purification plant, enrichment plant and element manufacturing plant immediately (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).Uranium minesUranium tailingsThe reservoir is generally covered with soil and vegetation, and the dam is fixed to prevent radon.[2]
nuclear power plant
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Nuclear power plant is a power plant that uses the energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reaction to generate electric energy.At present, nuclear power plants in commercial operation generate electricity by means of fission reaction.Nuclear power plants are generally divided into two parts: nuclear islands (including reactor devices and primary circuit systems) that use nuclear fission to produce steam and conventional islands (including steam turbine generator systems) that use steam to generate electricity. The fuels used are generally radioactive heavy metals: uranium and plutonium.Generally, the radius of action of nuclear radiation, nuclear leakage and nuclear pollution is within 10km.The radius of nuclear explosion, nuclear infiltration and nuclear fusion is within 50 km.
According to the statistics of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in 1984, 34 nuclear power plants were put into operation in the world, increasing the power generation of nuclear power plants by 17% to 220 billion watts.In that year, 14 new nuclear power stations were built around the world.
By the end of 1986, there were 376 nuclear power plants in operation worldwide, with a total installed capacity of 276.975 billion watts;There are 135 nuclear power plants under construction with a total installed capacity of 146.931 billion watts;There are 124 proposed nuclear power plants with a total installed capacity of 121.89 billion watts.The proportion of nuclear power generation in the world's total power generation has risen to 15%.At the same time, nuclear power plants account for 70% of the total power generation in France, 67% in Belgium, 50% in Sweden, 39% and 30% in Switzerland and West Germany, and 25% and 17% in Japan and the United States.
By the end of June 1987, there were 389 nuclear power plants in operation worldwide, with a total installed capacity of 300 billion watts.At that time, the power provided by nuclear power stations around the world was equivalent to more than 7 million barrels of oil.Another 20 nuclear power stations have been added in the world, bringing the total number of nuclear power stations in the world to 420.
