The Nuclear Suppliers Group, or NSG for short, was established in 1975 as a multinational export control mechanism composed of countries with nuclear supply capabilities.The organization plays an important role in international nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear export control.48 Member States[6]。The purpose of the group is to prevent sensitive items from being exported to non participating countries by strengthening nuclear export controls《Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons》Country.
Chinese name
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Foreign name
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Abbreviation
NSG
Date of establishment
1975[1]
Purpose
Coordinate and strengthen nuclear export control to prevent the proliferation of sensitive items in the nuclear field[1]
After the 1970s, the nuclear industry developed rapidly.Some countries have developed nuclear weapons under the cover of the peaceful use of nuclear energy.In November 1974, the United States urged the six Zangger Committee members, plus France, to establish the Nuclear Suppliers Group (also known as the London Club) in London.In 1978, the Group, through the guidelines on nuclear transfer and corresponding export control conditions, stipulated that the Zangger Committee and《Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons》More stringent control conditions.The control scope of the trigger list includes: ① nuclear materials. ②Nuclear reactors and facilities. ③Non nuclear materials of reactors. ④Plants and facilities for processing, concentrating and converting nuclear materials, manufacturing fuel and producing heavy water. ⑤Technologies related to the above projects.To transfer items on the list to any country (whether or not it is a party to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons), the receiving country must ensure that the transferred items or related technologies will not be used for nuclear explosions;Provide physical protection for transferred nuclear materials and facilities to prevent unauthorized use and disposal;Special control over the export of sensitive materials (plutonium and enriched uranium), facilities (reprocessing plants, uranium enrichment plants and heavy water production facilities) and nuclear technology;Without the consent of the original exporting country, nuclear materials, equipment and technology shall not be transferred to a third country unless that country agrees to accept restrictions on use, reproduction and export.becausePersian Gulf WarIt was later discovered that Iraq's nuclear weapons program was mainly conducted through the introduction of dual-use materials, equipment and technical secrets. Therefore, in 1992, the Nuclear Suppliers Group made two decisions: ① through the second guideline, further restrictions were imposed on the export of 67 dual-use items (equipment, materials, software and related technologies). ②The importing country must unconditionally accept the comprehensive safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.The Group holds a plenary meeting once a year to review the implementation of the Guidelines and the List.On May 27, 2004, the plenary session of the Group decided to admit China as a member state, and China's membership came into effect on June 10.As of December 2016, the Nuclear Suppliers Group has 48 member states.[2]
Organization purpose
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The Group controls through the Nuclear Transfer Standards.The guidelines stipulate that items in the transfer criteria trigger list must be submitted to the International Atomic Energy Agency for implementation of safeguards;Strictly control the export of sensitive items (such as reprocessing, uranium enrichment and heavy water production).Its purpose is to ensure that major nuclear supplier countries coordinate and strengthen nuclear export control, and prevent the proliferation of sensitive items in the nuclear field.
rules of procedure
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Nuclear Suppliers Group
The Group held meetings from time to time to review the implementation of the Guidelines and the List.When necessary, the Group also holds expert meetings to exchange views on special issues.The Group's rules of procedure adopt the "consensus" approach.In 1992, the Group adopted a guideline and a list for the transfer of dual-use nuclear related equipment, materials and related technologies, and proposed that the nuclear supplier country should take the acceptance of comprehensive safeguards by the importing country as the condition for nuclear export.The "Guidelines" and "List" shall be binding on the country concerned as soon as the country concerned notifies the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency in writing of its acceptance.
Remarks: * The Nuclear Suppliers Group accepted the request submitted by Estonia, Lithuania, Malta and China to become participating countries at the full day representative meeting on May 27, 2004.According to the press communiqu é issued by the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the participating national bodies of these countries came into force by exchanging notes on 10 June 2004.
As of April 2019, the number of members has increased to 48.[1]
China's accession
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China opposes the proliferation of nuclear weapons and is committed to international efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.Since the 1990s, China has successively promulgated the Regulations on the Control of Nuclear Export and the Regulations on the Control of the Export of Dual purpose Nuclear Goods and Related Technologies to implement strict export control measures on nuclear, dual purpose nuclear goods and related technologies through legal means.After joining the Nuclear Suppliers Group, in accordance with the export guidelines of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, China has made corresponding amendments to the above two regulations, making it a condition for nuclear exports that importing countries accept comprehensive safeguards, and introducing the principle of comprehensive control.China will continue to participate in the work of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and maintain communication and cooperation with member states.[1][7]
For the sake of world peace and China's own security, China supports and actively participates in international non-proliferation efforts, including the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and the construction of relevant systems.
China joined the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1984 and signed a safeguards agreement with the Agency in 1988, voluntarily placing its relevant civil nuclear facilities under the Agency's safeguards.
China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group in 2004
In 1992, China acceded to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and fully assumed all non-proliferation obligations that nuclear weapon States should undertake.
In 1997, China joined the Zangger Committee, which aims to coordinate the principles and conditions of international nuclear export control.
The Additional Protocol on Strengthening IAEA Safeguards was signed in 1998 and entered into force in March 2002.
On January 26, 2004, Ambassador Zhang Yan of the Chinese Mission in Vienna sent letters to NSG Chairman andInternational Atomic Energy Agency The Director General formally applied to join the Nuclear Suppliers Group.On May 28 of the same yearSwedenAt the annual meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group held in Gothenburg, China was admitted to the Nuclear Suppliers Group after the unanimous agreement of the plenary session.
Zhang Huazhu, Deputy Director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and Director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, said that as a nuclear weapon State and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency, China has always supported and actively participated in international cooperation to prevent nuclear proliferation, committed to the construction of the international nuclear non-proliferation system, and actively fulfilled its international obligations.The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear weapons) is not conducive to world peace and China's own security.Therefore, China supports and actively participates in international non-proliferation efforts, including the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and the construction of relevant systems.
China's accession to the Nuclear Suppliers Group is an important contribution to international non-proliferation efforts. It is not only conducive to strengthening the universality and effectiveness of the international non-proliferation regime, but also will further promote the construction and improvement of the global non-proliferation system.
And China
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China and Joining the Group
On September 13, 2016, China and India held a new round of arms control consultations in New Delhi.Wang Qun, Director General of the Department of Arms Control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, and Amandep Gill, Director General of the Department of Disarmament and International Security of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India, co chaired the consultations.The two sides exchanged in-depth views on issues of common concern.
On the issue of the expansion of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, which India is concerned about, China introduced to India the relevant discussions within the Group, as well as China's principled position and propositions on this issue.At the same time, China also listened to India's views on the issue of "non NPT States Parties" joining the Group, and said that it would convey them to the members of the Group.It is hoped that the above views will contribute to the relevant discussions within the Group.
The two sides recognized that the accession of "non NPT Contracting States" to the Group is essentially a multilateral issue, which can only be resolved by consensus of all members of the Group.Communication at the bilateral level should serve to promote relevant discussions within the Group.
China pointed out that the key to the new problem facing the Group under the new situation is the contradiction between the current policies and practices of "non NPT States Parties" and the current international non-proliferation rules based on NPT.China supports the Group to start an open and transparent intergovernmental process as soon as possible according to the mandate of the Seoul Plenary Meeting, and to conduct comprehensive and in-depth discussions on all aspects involved in the accession of "non NPT States Parties" to the Group.China has not yet formed a position on the accession of any specific country in this category.China advocates that the Group deal with this issue through the "two-step" approach, that is, first of all, to discuss and reach a non discriminatory solution applicable to all "non NPT Contracting States";Then, on this basis, we will discuss the accession of specific "non NPT Contracting States".China is willing to actively participate in the above discussion process within the Group.[3]
China plays an active role in the annual meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group
On June 23, 2016, the annual meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group was held in Seoul, South Korea.In an interview, Choi Chung wen, South Korea's Deputy Minister for Multilateral and Global Affairs, spoke positively of China's constructive role in the smooth convening of the plenary session, and spoke highly of the important role of the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in the non-proliferation mechanism of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.[4]
Vice Foreign Minister Li Baodong Ambassador Rossi
On September 6, 2015, Vice Foreign Minister Li Baodong met with the Chairman of the "Nuclear Suppliers Group" and the Argentine representative in Vienna, Ambassador Grossi, and exchanged views on the international non-proliferation situation, the expansion of the "Nuclear Suppliers Group" and other issues.[5]
Related events
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Lifting the nuclear embargo on India
After a long period of consultations, the 45 member countries of the Nuclear Suppliers Group reached an agreement on the lifting of restrictions on nuclear exports to India on September 6, 2008.So far, the United States and India have successfully "conquered" the two major institutions of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime headquartered in Vienna - the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and NSG. The India US nuclear agreement is only a step away from its final entry into force.This means that the Nuclear Suppliers Group has agreed to lift the 34 year old nuclear embargo on India, giving a green light to the final submission of the nuclear energy cooperation agreement between India and the United States to the United States Congress for approval.
In his speech at the meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group on the same day, Cheng Jingye, the head of the Chinese delegation, pointed out that China hoped that this move of the Nuclear Suppliers Group would stand the test of time and help achieve the goal of non-proliferation and peaceful use of nuclear energy. At the same time, he hoped that the Nuclear Suppliers Group would take all factors into consideration and adhere to the nuclear non-proliferation mechanism,Balance the aspirations and requirements of all parties for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Cheng Jingye also said that China will continue to cooperate with relevant parties in the peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of equality and mutual benefit in accordance with its international obligations.
In 2006, the United States and India signed a civil nuclear energy cooperation agreement.The agreement enables India to obtain nuclear technology and fuel from the United States.However, as India is not a signatory to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the United States cannot export nuclear technology and fuel to India.However, according to the nuclear energy cooperation agreement between India and the United States, as long as India meets certain conditions, it can import nuclear technology and fuel from the United States as a "special case".
Previously, the Indian Parliament had approved the agreement. At the beginning of August 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency agreed to provide nuclear safeguards for India's civil nuclear facilities.The India US nuclear cooperation agreement will be submitted to the US Congress for approval after being approved by the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
On August 21 and 22, 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group held two days of discussions in Vienna on whether to agree to lift the restrictions on India's nuclear exports, but failed to achieve results.
On September 4, 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group again held consultations on this issue.In order to reach an agreement, the United States made technical amendments to the draft of US India nuclear energy cooperation and lobbied extensively before the meeting.As the differences between the parties at the meeting are still obvious, the meeting originally planned to end on the afternoon of the 5th was repeatedly extended.New ZealandAustria、IrelandThey stressed that India must abide by its non-proliferation commitments.
The unanimous lifting of restrictions on Indian nuclear exports has multiple implications
First, push the India US nuclear agreement forward.Now, the nuclear agreement only needs to be approved by the United States Congress to enter into force.According to the Hyde Act, the draft agreement needs to stay in Congress for at least 30 days before it can enter the voting approval process. The session of this Congress is September 8-26, 2008.However, given thatrepublican partyRegarding the nuclear agreement as an important diplomatic achievement of the Bush administration, the Democratic Party is unlikely to offend Indian voters by blocking the nuclear agreement during the general election. Both parties will try their best to promote the nuclear agreement. The Congress is likely to abandon the "30 day waiting period" principle and approve the India US nuclear agreement as soon as possible.
Secondly, it impacts the authority of NSG as a nuclear non-proliferation mechanism.NSG was established in 1975 with the purpose of preventing the export of sensitive nuclear materials and technologies to countries that have not signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty by strengthening nuclear export controlsNuclear installationThe test explosion is the direct factor of its birth.The NSG's agreement to lift the restrictions on India's nuclear exports this time, contrary to the purpose of the organization, is actually a self denial of the authority of the nuclear non-proliferation regime.In the current situation that the Iranian and Korean nuclear issues have not yet been resolved and may worsen, NSG's move undoubtedly undermines the global nuclear non-proliferation mechanism.
Thirdly, it will affect the American election.Although the US Democratic and Republican parties unanimously support the India US nuclear agreement, their attitudes are different.Republican presidential candidate John McCain has always firmly supported the nuclear agreement, andObamaIt experienced the transformation from "questioning" to "supporting".A few days ago, Joe Wilson, the Republican and co chairman of the India Group of the American Association, made a big fuss about this, saying that "looking at their past performance, we can see that McCain is the real friend of India".In addition, Howard Berman, the chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the House of Representatives and the Democrat, has always been conservative about the nuclear agreement. He once wrote to Rice to raise questions. Recently, he suddenly announced the "secret letter of the State Council" that "once India conducts a nuclear test, India US nuclear trade will be terminated", which caused a great uproar.More than 2.5 million Indian Americans are second only toChineseThe second largest Asian group.If the Republican Party uses the nuclear agreement to hype "India US friendship", it is bound to affect the presidential election.
