Cotoneaster

A genus of Rosaceae

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This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Cotoneaster (scientific name: Cotoneaster Medik.) is a genus of Rosaceae. The plants of this genus are deciduous, evergreen or semi evergreen shrubs, sometimes small trees. Leaves alternate, sometimes in two rows, short stalks, entire. Flowers solitary, 2-3 or more into a cyme; Calyx tube campanulate, tubular or gyroscopic; Petals 5, white, pink or red. The fruit is small pear shaped, red, maroon to purple black, with persistent sepals at the apex; Seeds flat, cotyledons flat convex.^[1]

The genus is distributed in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa; It is mainly produced in the west and southwest of China.^[1] The requirement for soil is not strict. In the high altitude area of 3500-4000m above sea level, most of the rocks are exposed and the soil layer is relatively shallow. It can adapt to the environment.^[2]

Cotoneaster plants are mostly shrubs or creeping shrubs, which are used for garden cultivation, and are arranged on lawns, flower beds, trails, and beside rockeries. Some creeping and scattered species are good plant materials for embellishing rock gardens and protecting embankments. The root can be used for medicine. The wood is tough and can be used as a handle for walking sticks and utensils.^[1-2]

Chinese name: Cotoneaster
Latin name: Cotoneaster Medik.
circles: Flora
door: Angiosperma
Outline: Magnolia
order: rosales

section: Rosaceae
genus: Cotoneaster
species: 128 species (distributed in China)
Distribution area: Temperate regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa
Named by and date: Medik.，1789
Mode species: Cotoneaster integerrimus

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History of botany

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Because the shape, size, color and fuzziness of branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of the genus vary greatly, it is difficult to divide the range of species; At the same time, the plants of this genus sometimes carry out apomixis and form polyploids. Seed reproduction can maintain parental characteristics, which increases the difficulty of classification. Western scholars have published many "new" species based on wax leaf specimens or cultivated plants, and separated many "races" under one species. The original variety names have all risen to species, and the names of species have increased to more than 200. 《 Flora of China 》Based on a large number of wax leaf specimens collected in China, the author believes that the "race" method is too cumbersome to reflect the laws of natural evolution. In order to facilitate inspection and application, inflorescence characteristics are used for grouping, and the previous method of grouping with petal characteristics is changed; The concept of "large species" is still used in species classification, while "small species" or subspecies varieties are listed temporarily after species records, and key points are extracted for reference.^[1]

morphological character

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Deciduous, evergreen or semi evergreen shrubs, sometimes small trees; Winter bud Small, with several imbricate scales. Leaves alternate, sometimes biseriate, stalks short, entire; Stipules are small and fall off early.^[1]

Single flower, 2-3 or more flowers Cyme , axillary or inserted at the top of short branches; Calyx tube Campanulate, tubular or turbinate, with 5 short sepals; Petals 5, white, pink or red, erect or open, imbricate in the flower bud; stamen Normally 20, dilute 5-25; style 2-5, free, carpel back connected with calyx tube, ventral separated, each carpel with 2 ovule ； Ovary inferior or semi inferior. The fruit is small pear shaped, red, maroon to purple black, with persistent sepals at the apex, containing 1-5 small nuclei; Small nucleus bone, often with 1 seed; Seeds flat, cotyledons flat convex.^[1]

Cotoneaster

Habitat

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The genus is distributed in temperate regions of Asia (except Japan), Europe and North Africa. It is mainly produced in the west and southwest of China.^[1]

Most Cotoneaster have the characteristics of low temperature tolerance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, and full sunlight. The requirement for soil is not strict. In the high altitude area of 3500-4000m above sea level, most of the rocks are exposed and the soil layer is relatively shallow. It can adapt to the environment.^[2]

Reproductive methods

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Seed reproduction

In autumn, the fruit will mature when it turns red, maroon or purple black. After collection, soak in water to soften the pulp. Rub the pulp to remove the impurities and get the seeds. The seed production rate of fruit varies greatly among different species. The seed production rate of Cotoneaster grandis is only 2-4%, that of Cotoneaster aquatica is 6-7%, that of Cotoneaster huazhong is 16-17%, and the purity is about 90%. The difference in 1000 seed weight is relatively large. The seed has hard core and shell, difficult germination and deep dormancy. Some seeds can germinate after 3-4 months of wet sand stratification treatment, for example, the germination rate of Cotoneaster pingzhiensis can reach 80%. However, only a small part of Cotoneaster hybridus germinated in the wet sand layer after 570 days. The seeds of wet sand stratification can be sown in spring or autumn, and the sowing depth depends on the diameter of the seeds. Generally, the thickness of the soil after sowing is 2-2.5 times of the diameter of the seeds. After emergence, transplant them into containers to cultivate strong seedlings.^[2]

cuttage propagation

Before germination in early spring, cut annual strong branches, and cut them after treatment with rooting agents. Keep the humidity of the cutting bed at about 75-80%, and provide shade. After 5 months, they will take root and become seedlings. Turn the bed to take the root seedlings, and transplant them into containers for cultivation.^[2]

Subordinate classification

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Lineage

Cotoneaster (3 groups and 7 lines)
group	system	morphological character
Microflora （Sect. Densiflos Yu）	Willow leaf system （Ser. Salicifolii Yu）	Evergreen or semi evergreen shrubs; Leaf blade leathery, tomentose below; The petals are white and spread flat when flowering; The fruit is red, and the small stones are 2-3 and 4.
Microflora （Sect. Densiflos Yu）	Hardy system （Ser. Frigidi Yu）	Deciduous sparse semi evergreen shrubs to small trees; Leaves herbaceous, glabrous below or hairy when young, falling off when old; The petals are white and spread flat when flowering; The fruit is red, light purple brown to black, with 2 small stones.
Flower thinning group （Sect. Cotoneaster ）	Multiflora （Ser. Multiflori Pojark.）	Deciduous sparse semi evergreen shrub; Leaves herbaceous, glabrous or tomentose below; The petals are white and spread flat when flowering; The fruit is red with 1-2 small stones.
	Cuspidate system （Ser. Acuminati Yu）	Deciduous shrub; Leaf blade herbaceous, glabrous or sparsely pilose below; Petals pink, erect when flowering; The fruit is red or black, with 1-3 and 4-5 small stones.
	Hologenetic system （Ser. Integerrimi Pojark.）	Deciduous to semi evergreen shrubs; Leaves herbaceous to nearly leathery, densely tomentose or pubescent below; Petals red, erect when flowering; The fruit is red, thin black, with 2-3 and 4-5 small stones.
Monogamous group （Sect. Uniflos Yu）	Lobular system （Ser. Microphylli Yu）	Flat or dwarf evergreen shrubs; Leaf leathery; The petals are white and spread flat when flowering; The fruit is red, with 2-3 small stones and 4-5 thin ones.
Monogamous group （Sect. Uniflos Yu）	Biseriate system （Ser. Distichi Yu）	Flat or low deciduous or semi evergreen shrubs; Leaf quality; Petals red, erect when flowering; The fruit is red, light purple black, with 2-3 small stones, 1 or 4 small stones.

reference material:^[1]

species

Cotoneaster (128 species distributed in China)
S/N	Chinese name	Latin name
one	Cotoneaster acuminatus	Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl.
two	Cotoneaster cinerea	Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz.
three	cotoneaster adpressus	Cotoneaster adpressus Bois
four	Cotoneaster affinis	Cotoneaster affinis Lindl.
five	Cotoneaster alashanensis	Cotoneaster alashanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
six	Cotoneaster ambiguus	Cotoneaster ambiguus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
seven	Cotoneaster apiculatus	Cotoneaster apiculatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
eight	Cotoneaster chayuensis	Cotoneaster ataensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
nine	Cotoneaster variegata	Cotoneaster atrovirens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
ten	Cotoneaster armandii	Cotoneaster atuntzensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eleven	Cotoneaster citrinum	Cotoneaster aurantiacus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twelve	Cotoneaster baima	Cotoneaster beimashanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirteen	Cotoneaster belladonna	Cotoneaster brickellii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fourteen	Cotoneaster bullatus	Cotoneaster bullatus Bois
fifteen	Cotoneaster buxifolius	Cotoneaster buxifolius Wall. ex Lindl.
sixteen	Cotoneaster campanulata	Cotoneaster campanulatus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
seventeen	Cotoneaster pedunculatus	Cotoneaster capsicinus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eighteen	Cotoneaster rubra	Cotoneaster cardinalis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
nineteen	Cotoneaster chengkangensis	Cotoneaster chengkangensis T. T. Yu
twenty	Cotoneaster qingshui	Cotoneaster chingshuiensis Kun C. Chang & Chih C. Wang
twenty-one	Cotoneaster cinnamomum	Cotoneaster chuanus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twenty-two	Cotoneaster dechin	Cotoneaster chulingensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twenty-three	Cotoneaster polynucleus	Cotoneaster coadunatus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twenty-four	Cotoneaster conspicuus	Cotoneaster conspicuus (Messel) Messel
twenty-five	Cotoneaster convex leaf	Cotoneaster convexus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twenty-six	Cotoneaster pachyphylla	Cotoneaster coriaceus Franch.
twenty-seven	Cotoneaster dali	Cotoneaster daliensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
twenty-eight	Cotoneaster dammeri	Cotoneaster dammeri C. K. Schneid.
twenty-nine	Cotoneaster decanoides	Cotoneaster decandrus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty	Cotoneaster curvatus	Cotoneaster declinatus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty-one	Cotoneaster in northwest Yunnan	Cotoneaster delavayanus G. Klotz
thirty-two	Cotoneaster dielsianus	Cotoneaster dielsianus E. Pritz. ex Diels
thirty-three	Cotoneaster divaricatus	Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
thirty-four	Cotoneaster malkanensis	Cotoneaster drogochius J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty-five	Cotoneaster Emei	Cotoneaster emeiensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty-six	Cotoneaster fangianus	Cotoneaster fangianus T. T. Yu
thirty-seven	Cotoneaster scoparia	Cotoneaster fastigiatus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty-eight	Cotoneaster multiflora	Cotoneaster floridus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
thirty-nine	Cotoneaster foveolatus	Cotoneaster foveolatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
forty	Cotoneaster franchetii	Cotoneaster franchetii Bois
forty-one	Cotoneaster frigidus	Cotoneaster frigidus Wall. ex Lindl.
forty-two	Cotoneaster shrub	Cotoneaster fruticosus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
forty-three	Cotoneaster glabratus	Cotoneaster glabratus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
forty-four	Cotoneaster glaucophyllus	Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch.
forty-five	Cotoneaster glomerulatus	Cotoneaster glomerulatus W. W. Sm.
forty-six	Cotoneaster gonga	Cotoneaster gonggashanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
forty-seven	Cotoneaster gracilis	Cotoneaster gracilis Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
forty-eight	Cotoneaster harrovianus	Cotoneaster harrovianus E. H. Wilson
forty-nine	Cotoneaster harrysmithii	Cotoneaster harrysmithii Flinck & B. Hylmö
fifty	Cotoneaster hebephyllus	Cotoneaster hebephyllus Diels
fifty-one	Cotoneaster tetralobata	Cotoneaster hersianus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-two	Cotoneaster Hibiscus	Cotoneaster hillieri J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-three	cotoneaster horizontalis	Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne.
fifty-four	Cotoneaster huahongdongensis	Cotoneaster huahongdongensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-five	Cotoneaster hualien	Cotoneaster hualienensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-six	Cotoneaster tibetanus	Cotoneaster hypocarpus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-seven	Cotoneaster yichang	Cotoneaster ichangensis G. Klotz
fifty-eight	Cotoneaster lucidus	Cotoneaster ignescens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
fifty-nine	Cotoneaster integerrimus	Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik.
sixty	Cotoneaster kangding	Cotoneaster kangdingensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-one	Cotoneaster kansuensis	Cotoneaster kansuensis G. Klotz
sixty-two	Cotoneaster batang	Cotoneaster kaschkarovii Pojark.
sixty-three	Cotoneaster Loropetalum	Cotoneaster kingdonii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-four	Cotoneaster nanjiangensis	Cotoneaster kitaibelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-five	Cotoneaster wenchuan	Cotoneaster kuanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-six	Cotoneaster longipedunculatus	Cotoneaster lancasteri J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-seven	Cotoneaster langei	Cotoneaster langei G. Klotz
sixty-eight	Cotoneaster latifolia	Cotoneaster latifolius J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
sixty-nine	Cotoneaster occidentalis	Cotoneaster leveillei J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
seventy	Cotoneaster maroon	Cotoneaster marroninus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
seventy-one	Cotoneaster melanocarpus	Cotoneaster melanocarpus Lodd., G. Lodd. & W. Lodd.
seventy-two	Cotoneaster microphyllus	Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
seventy-three	Cotoneaster mongolicus	Cotoneaster mongolicus Pojark.
seventy-four	Cotoneaster morrisonensis	Cotoneaster morrisonensis Hayata
seventy-five	Cotoneaster moupinensis	Cotoneaster moupinensis Franch.
seventy-six	Cotoneaster variegata	Cotoneaster multiflorus Bunge in Ledeb.
seventy-seven	Cotoneaster variegata	Cotoneaster naninitens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
seventy-eight	Cotoneaster nantou	Cotoneaster nantouensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
seventy-nine	Cotoneaster fascicularis	Cotoneaster naoujanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eighty	Cotoneaster nitens	Cotoneaster nitens Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
eighty-one	Cotoneaster nitidifolius	Cotoneaster nitidifolius C. Marquand
eighty-two	Cotoneaster nitidus	Cotoneaster nitidus Jacq.
eighty-three	Cotoneaster heqing	Cotoneaster nohelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eighty-four	Cotoneaster obscurus	Cotoneaster obscurus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
eighty-five	Cotoneaster multiflora	Cotoneaster ogisui J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eighty-six	Cotoneaster oliganthus	Cotoneaster oliganthus Pojark.
eighty-seven	Cotoneaster negligent	Cotoneaster omissus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
eighty-eight	cotoneaster pannosus	Cotoneaster pannosus Franch.
eighty-nine	Cotoneaster villosa	Cotoneaster poluninii G. Klotz
ninety	Cotoneaster pseudocrimson	Cotoneaster pseudo-obscurus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
ninety-one	Cotoneaster lilacinus	Cotoneaster purpurascens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
ninety-two	Cotoneaster qingbixi	Cotoneaster qungbixiensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
ninety-three	Cotoneaster reticulatus	Cotoneaster reticulatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
ninety-four	Cotoneaster rhytidophyllus	Cotoneaster rhytidophyllus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
ninety-five	Cotoneaster farinosa	Cotoneaster rosiflorus K. C. Chang & F. Y. Lu
ninety-six	Cotoneaster rotundifolius	Cotoneaster rotundifolius Wall. ex Lindl.
ninety-seven	Cotoneaster rubens	Cotoneaster rubens W. W. Sm.
ninety-eight	Cotoneaster salicifolius	Cotoneaster salicifolius Franch.
ninety-nine	Cotoneaster sanguineus	Cotoneaster sanguineus T. T. Yu
one hundred	Cotoneaster schantungensis	Cotoneaster schantungensis G. Klotz
one hundred and one	Cotoneaster shannanensis	Cotoneaster shannanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and two	Cotoneaster sherriffii	Cotoneaster sherriffii G. Klotz
one hundred and three	Cotoneaster silvestrii	Cotoneaster silvestrii Pamp.
one hundred and four	Cotoneaster soongoricus	Cotoneaster soongoricus (Regel & Herder) Popov
one hundred and five	Cotoneaster Lichuan	Cotoneaster spongbergii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and six	Cotoneaster subadpressus	Cotoneaster subadpressus T. T. Yu
one hundred and seven	Cotoneaster submultiflorus	Cotoneaster submultiflorus Popov
one hundred and eight	Cotoneaster plicata	Cotoneaster svenhedinii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and nine	Cotoneaster penglai	Cotoneaster taiwanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and ten	Cotoneaster yaki	Cotoneaster tanpaensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and eleven	Cotoneaster dauricus	Cotoneaster taofuensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twelve	Cotoneaster taylorii	Cotoneaster taylorii T. T. Yu
one hundred and thirteen	Cotoneaster lijiang	Cotoneaster teijiashanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and fourteen	Cotoneaster tenuipes	Cotoneaster tenuipes Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sarg.
one hundred and fifteen	Cotoneaster trinucleate	Cotoneaster tripyrenus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and sixteen	Cotoneaster yunnanensis	Cotoneaster tsarongensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and seventeen	Cotoneaster turbinatus	Cotoneaster turbinatus Craib
one hundred and eighteen	Cotoneaster undulatus	Cotoneaster undulatus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and nineteen	Cotoneaster uniflorus	Cotoneaster uniflorus Bunge in Ledeb.
one hundred and twenty	Cotoneaster kunming	Cotoneaster vandelaarii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-one	Cotoneaster verruculosus	Cotoneaster verruculosus Diels
one hundred and twenty-two	Cotoneaster fanjing	Cotoneaster wanbooyenensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-three	Cotoneaster varietalis	Cotoneaster wanshanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-four	Cotoneaster wardii	Cotoneaster wardii W. W. Sm.
one hundred and twenty-five	Cotoneaster shuzhong	Cotoneaster yinchangensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-six	Cotoneaster Dejun	Cotoneaster yui J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-seven	Cotoneaster yulin	Cotoneaster yulingkongensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö
one hundred and twenty-eight	Cotoneaster zabelii	Cotoneaster zabelii C. K. Schneid.
Note: By 2023《 Chinese Biological Species List 2023 》128 species of Cotoneaster distributed in China were recorded.^[3]

Key values

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Ornamental value

Cotoneaster plants are mostly shrubs or creeping shrubs, which are used for garden cultivation, and are arranged on lawns, flower beds, trails, and beside rockeries. There are various designs and colors, including white, pink, white and red, etc. The fruit also has purple red, black, red, yellow red, bright red and so on.^[2]

ecological value

Some creeping and scattered species are good plant materials for embellishing rock gardens and protecting embankments.^[1]

Medicinal value

The root can be used for medicine.^[2]

economic value

The wood is tough and can be used as a handle for walking sticks and utensils.^[1]

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