Liu Qin,Play a stringed instrument。Also called Liuye QinVajra leg, local pipa.Traditional Chinese Musical Instruments。Originally popular inSoviet、Lu, Anhui and other provinces.It is now popular all over the country, especially in ShandongLinyiandNorthern JiangsuOne belt is the main.It is one of the pear shaped sound box string playing instruments popular among the people since the Tang Dynasty. Its shape, structure and playing method are similar to Ruan's.
The earliest Liuqin has a very simple structure. Because its shape is very folk, Chinese people affectionately call it "Tupipa".[1]
Liuqin was originally a folk musical instrument popular in Shandong, Anhui and JiangsuLiuqin drama、Sizhou operaetc.Local operaThe accompaniment and playing of simple songs, loud and grand pronunciation, high and vigorous timbre, rich in rich local flavor.After a long period of development, it has now developed into a solo instrument and is often used forEthnic BandHigh music device in.
The earliest Liuqin has simple structure, only twoSilk stringThe seven grades made of sorghum stalks have a narrow range, only one and a half octaves, which is not convenient for tone change.At that time, the body of the instrument was large, and there was onebamboo tubePut it on the index finger, hold it tightly with the thumb, and swing it with the wrist to pluck the string for pronunciation. The playing form is unique.Later, the bamboo sheath was brittle and easy to crack, and the hollowed horn cylinder was used instead.
At the end of 1958, the first generation of new Liuqin - three stringed Liuqin was born.The three stringed Liuqin has changed from two strings to three strings,PhonogramIt also increased from 7 to 24.Compared with the native pipa, the new Liuqin has a wider range of tones, which facilitates the transfer of tones, and its timbre has become brighter from dull noise.In the 1970s, the second generation of new Liuqin --Four chordHigh pitched Liuqin.In addition to the increase in the number of strings and columns, the main change of the second generation new Liuqin is the use ofbambooChild replacedsorghumStraw, wire instead of string.These reforms have greatly improved the performance of Liuqin in all aspects and enriched its expressiveness.Thus, Liuqin ended its history of only being an accompaniment instrument for more than 200 years and embarked on the development path of solo instruments.
Now, Liu Qin isChinese musicThere are various roles in the field of performance.In national bands, Liuqin is a high musical instrument of plucked instrument group, which has a unique sound effect and often plays an important theme in the high pitch area.Because its timbre is not easy to be concealed and integrated by other instruments, it sometimes acts as a highly skilledCadenza The performance of paragraphs.In addition, Liuqin also hasWestern musical instrumentsmandolinThe sound effect is unique when cooperating with western bands.
Liuqin
Performance characteristics
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In the folk band, Liu Qin isplucked stringed instrumentIts sound effect is unique, and it is not easy to be covered by other instruments. It is often used to play the main melody of the high pitch area, and sometimes it is also gorgeous and highly skilledCadenza。It is not only suitable for playing cheerful, contrasting, rhythmic, flexible and lively tunes, but also suitable for playing beautiful and lyrical melodies. In the band, it can cooperate harmoniously with pipa, ruan, zheng, erhu and other instruments.[1]
Liuqin also has the sound effect of the western musical instrument mandolin. When it cooperates with western bands, it has a unique flavor. In terms of timbre, it can also blend and complement each other.In the folk band Changzhou Sixian, Liu Qin can playfluteClose cooperation plays a role of foil, contrast enhancement and decoration.In instrumental ensemble, sometimes it is still in the leading position, which can adjust the timbre change well.
When playing the Liuqin, the player sits up and leans the instrument in front of his chest. He holds the instrument in his left hand and presses the strings, while playing with his right hand.Most pluckers areCelluloid sheet、Nylon , plastic sheet or horn and other materials, made ofEquilateral triangle。The side length of 30 mm is made of 0.7 mm thick celluloid sheettriangleThe dial is the best, which has the advantages of no powder dropping, moderate hardness, flexibility, easy control, easy to use, mellow tone, etc.stillTheGrind the right side of each side of the blade thin to make the pronunciation clear and clean.Liuqin plucking pieceStringed instrumentOfbowAs important, it is directly related to the strength, speed and timbre of the performance.The right hand is used to hold 2/3 of the paddle between the thumb and the first joint of the index finger, and use the exposed 1/3 to pluck the strings.
The playing skills of Liuqin include playing, plucking, double playing, double plucking, sweeping and round playing in the right hand, and chanting, plucking, plucking, pushing and pulling in the left handOvertoneIts fingering symbols are the same as those of the pipa.Liuqin can play harmonies and chords of various degrees.Natural overtones are sensitive, clear and effective.itsTremoloThe playing method also has its own characteristics. When playing hard, it is tense and enthusiastic;It is quiet and sweet when playing weakly.
Performance method
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Liu Qin's playing techniques andPipasimilar.In some places, Liuqin is played in the same way as Ruan.[2]
No matter what you do, only with the correct method can you reach the other side of victory. Otherwise, you will be farther and farther away from the goal.This is especially true for musical instrument playing. Correct methods can achieve twice the result with half the effort;However, no matter how hard you try, you cannot achieve the desired results with wrong methods.
In the performance of Liuqin, the correct and scientific playing method can produce a crystal clear, round and full timbre, which can produce a dense and well arrangedSound effectCan greatly enrich musicexpressiveness。
The key to Liuqin's playing method is how to exert force, which plays a vital role in timbre and sound quality.Too much force may cause noise, muscle stiffness, fatigue or tension;Too little force is likely to cause false sound, poor sound quality and poor sense of string touch.Therefore, it is an important principle to master the correct playing method to use the most appropriate strength to complete various techniques and techniques.In Liuqin performance, the most common problems are how to exert force, such as the hollow thumb of the right hand, excessive force on the right armwrist jointsToo dead, left thumb sunken, unable to useLarge articulationThe method of pressing strings with force, etc., seriously restricts the mastery of playing skills and the improvement of playing level.
The right thumb is depressed, and the direct consequence must bepick Too tightly pinched to control and adjust the paddlesTightness, which greatly reduces the dexterity of string passing technology.This not only has a single timbre and a tense and dry voice, but also greatly affects the performance of fast notes.
Too much force on the right boom, causingMuscle tensionThe endurance is reduced, the movement is inflexible, and the connection and conversion of various skills are blocked.
The wrist joint is too dead, which causes the bouncing or the rotation of the wheel sound forearm is not smooth, and the frequency of the wheel sound cannot go up,strumming Lack of concentration, inconsistent performance, etc.
The left thumb is sunken, causing joint tension, and pressing the string is slow, stiff and clumsy.
Do not use the method of big joint force, resulting in uneven force, inflexible fingersLack of elasticity, is not competent for fast playing skills.
The correct playing method requires that the playing state should be naturally coordinated, relaxed, forceful, simple, labor-saving, and flexible.Physiology of Two handed PerformancefunctionIt should be related to mechanicskinematicsThe combination of principles can relax and coordinate the movements of the muscles, wrists and fingers of the upper arm, so that the right force and effort can be exerted to obtain high-quality and pure timbre and the required volume, and keep the conversion and connection of various technical skills smooth without trace, and the performance is durable and durable.The specific requirements are:
1. The way to hold the pick and force with the right hand: the right hand is half clenchednatural stateIn the natural state, the small joints of the thumb are slightly convex. Use the front side of the first knuckle belly of the finger to hold the paddle on the front side of the first knuckle of the index finger, and avoid the thumb depression. The force point of the paddle at the moment of touching the string (passing through the string) is mainly controlled by the joint force of the thumb and the index finger to hold the paddle.To masterStrength、wrist strength. The finger force is coordinated and unified, and the tightness is moderate.Different techniques have different main parts of force, but the final point of force should be connected to the pick.The wrist must be relaxed, flexible andFlexible。
2. The method of pressing the string with the left hand and exerting force: the left hand is in a natural state of half clenching the fist. It is necessary to master the principle of exerting force on the big joints of the fingers and experience the feeling of clenching the fist. The finger force of pressing the string should be just right. It is important to master the method of independently exerting force on four fingers, and attach importance to the basic skill training of strengthening finger force, flexibility and balancing force of four fingers.
In addition to the above two points, another point that needs attention is the posture of holding the piano. It can be said that the prerequisite for mastering a good playing method is to have a correct posture of holding the piano.Because the posture of holding the piano directly affects the performance of the whole bodyMotor organWhether the exertion of force is smooth, whether the action is coordinated, and whether the posture is natural and generous will affect the mastery of playing methods and the play of playing skills.Without a correct playing posture that conforms to the mechanical principle and is conducive to playing physiological functions, it is absolutely impossible to complete various playing movements with high quality.
The key points of Liuqin's posture: first, we should grasp the principles of nature, relaxation, stability, generosity, coordination and beauty.So that both hands can give full play to their physiological functions and complete various technical movements of playing with high quality.The second is to master the supportSupport forcePoint, balance point.The gravity of the piano should be concentrated on the support, that is, theInclinationIt should not be too large (the left hand piano is basically able to stand steadily without using it). Use the left thumb to gently support the neck of the piano, with the principle of freely moving up and down to change the handle.
Technical skills
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Composers' works are presented to people in the form of music scores, only through the performer's handsMusical InstrumentsconductSecond creation, canBeautifulTo the audience.However, the technical skills of the performers largely determine their interpretationMusical worksThe ability of his second creation is influenced by his ability.A Liuqin player must be able to master his own instruments with ease and overcome the technical difficulties in the music, so that he can take on the responsibility of secondary creation and perform the music works to perfection.Of course, we can't expect Liuqin students from art colleges to have such a high level at the beginning, but in Liuqin teaching, how to quickly improve students' technical skills is an important issue that needs to be paid enough attention.Liu Qin has many technical skills, but in my opinion, in the teaching of Liu Qin, the following problems are particularly important.
Finger Retention TechniqueThis problem is a unique technical problem for Liuqin and its instruments (Pipa, Ruan, Yueqin, etc.).Liuqin, like pipa, ruan, yueqin and other musical instruments, uses fingers to press strings on the product, and produces different pitches by changing the length of strings.In the performance of Liuqin, as long as the finger pressing the string leaves the product, the residual sound will be cut off immediately. This pronunciation characteristic of Liuqin determines the importance of its prolongation technology.Therefore, in the process of playing Liuqin, the fingers should be raised as late as possible or not (fingers should be kept), and the residual sound should be fully released to ensure thatNote Duration In order to ensure the fluency of music, the author calls it "the technique of preserving finger prolongation".The aftertones are the life and charm of plucking instruments. Liuqin is a high musical instrument, and its aftertones are short. Therefore, how to prolong its pronunciation as long as possible is particularly important.The fact shows that "retention refers to prolongation technology" is the most effective means to solve the residual sound problem.[2]
Liuqin
In a sense, the improvement of Liuqin's performance level is to solve the problem of not only raising or retaining fingers late, but alsoChange the handleIt is carried out in a traceless contradiction, which puts forward higher requirements and standards for the handlebar replacement technology, and increases itsDegree of Difficulty。The action of changing the handle ahead of time is likely to cause that the last note before changing the handle has no residual sound. If you want to keep the residual sound, it may cause the delay of changing the handle and affect the time value of the note and the continuity of the music.Therefore, the performer should keep the residual sound as far as possible, that is, delay the time of finger off chord, on the premise of ensuring accurate rhythm and note timing.The basic point is to prepare for the handle change in advance, speed up the finger movement after the finger leaves the string, shorten the time on the way, and focus on the last note before the handle change and the first note after the handle change.
Replacement technology
In the process of performance, general performers often have problems such as traces of changing the handle, unsmooth melody, timing, dragging the rhythm, or inaccurate or untrue quality, which results in technical problems such as hollow sound, wrong sound, or even missing sound.These problems mainly exist in fast performance, such as continuousHexadecimal note、Thirty second noteOr more than five tonesHyphenAnd fast paragraphs and melodies.
To solve this problem, we should first clarify a concept: the role of the left thumb is not mainly to support the piano.On the piano equipped with a bracket, the bracket is the main point of force for supporting and balancing the piano, and the thumb just lightly supports the neck of the piano to play a minor auxiliary role.Although Liu Qin holds the piano with a slight inclination and the center of gravity is to the left, if the balance point of the support is found, the thumb will be basically liberated.
Secondly, the left hand should keep the most natural and relaxed half clenched fistHand shapeThe thumb should not be stiff or hollow. The big jump should mainly drive the wrist by changing the forearm, and the small jump should mainly move the forearm by changing the wrist.Downward transpositionFree fallPrinciple of（Gravity of the earthInertial movement will save labor;The upward handlebar exchange has a strength to lift the wrist, which requires a quick action and a preparatory action of the fingers in advance, provided that the quality of the previous tone of the handlebar exchange cannot be affected.The key is the last note before and the first note after the replacement. The quality of these two notes is good, and the replacement is basically successful.
If the performer has a poor sense of rhythm, it will also aggravate the confusion and instability of the rhythmMusical qualityPut more effort into music sense.
Unclear notesLiuqin and other plucked musical instruments (such as pipaZhongruanThe main reasons for the confusion of notes during playing are as follows:
(1) The strength is uneven, and the strings are both false and true.
To solve this problem, first of all, we need to strengthen the four finger balance strength exercise, and the left hand big joint finger strength exercise to enhance the finger strength. Press the string firmly, but not rigidly. The force should be just right.
(2) The time difference between two hands is not well mastered.
Playing a plucked instrument with both hands is better thanBowstring instrumentTo some extent, it is difficult because it is connected with the left hand in the "dot" state of the right hand (the right hand of bow string instruments is connected with the left hand in the "line" shape).In flip flopping technology, if the left hand presses the string later than the right hand plays the string, the sound will definitely be 'dead' (deflated).In the long wheel or sixteenth note, if the left hand is pressed in the gap of the right hand's rapid bounce, these notes are still "dead".This requires the left hand to press the string one hundredth (or even one thousandth) of a second earlier than the right hand to play the string.
(3) The duration of pressing the string to stay on the product is too short, and the residual sound is insufficient.
The pitch of Liuqin is determined by changing the string length of the instrument. The time when the left finger presses the string on the instrument and the virtual reality are important factors and reasons that affect the clarity of notes. The duration of notes is mainly controlled by the left finger.It is required to extend the time of pressing the finger on the product as far as possible to fully release the residual sound and keep the notes clear and smooth.
(4) The fingers or paddles stay on the strings for too long.
The fingers press the strings or lift the fingers slowly, the speed of the right hand paddle touching the strings is too slow, and the fingers or paddle stay on the strings for too long, which hinders the vibration of the strings and also causes unclear notes.This requires that the action of the left hand pressing the string finger and the speed of the right hand paddle passing through the string should be accelerated.Let the strings vibrate fully to get clear sound.
Piano practice method
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In order to succeed, any instrument learner must master scientific and effective piano practice methods in addition to mastering scientific and correct playing methods and conducting a large number of technical exercises.There is also a method problem in playing and piano practice. Without scientific piano practice methods, it is impossible to achieve twice the result with half the effort.There are many Liuqin learners in art schools who practice hard, but not everyone can achieve success, and improper piano practice methods are one of the important reasons. Therefore, we advocate that Liuqin learners should use scientific piano practice methods, as people often say, practice hard and skillfully.
Piano practice is a complex three-dimensional activity, which requires the practitioner to do at the same time: the principle and method of force generation of the fingers should be considered when pressing the strings with the left finger;When playing the piano with your right hand, you should pay attention to the action, method, angle, string sequence and feeling (touch) of the right arm, wrist and finger paddles touching the strings;Eyes should read music scores (vision);The ear should listen and identify the quality of sound (pitchIntonation, timbre, strength) (auditory);There should also be a sense of rhythm and beat in the heart;The body should also be in a state similar to "Qigong". Breathing should follow the syntax, speed, beat and rhythm of music properly and regularly (musicalLogicality）。The brain should receive and process the movement information of all organs of the whole body (touch, vision, hearing, feeling) at the same time in all directions, and give unified and coordinated movement instructions to all organs.
If you can't concentrate on yourself when practicing and playing the piano, your brain can't effectively command your organs to complete their respective tasks in a coordinated and orderly mannerTask, which will inevitably lead to the disorder of the command system of the brain, and the efficiency of piano practice will naturally be low.The performance of any musical instrument should follow the principles of nature, labor saving, coordination and penetration. It is the responsibility of teachers to guide students to learn to use their brains and learn to use scientific methods to practice the piano.just asLi XiumeiWhen discussing piano playing, the professor said: "Practicing the piano is not only to train the skills of fingers, but also to mobilize the brain's thinking and keen hearing ability, so that the fingers can sing on the strings and let the heart talk".The author controls multiple organs with this brainMultichannelThe ability of simultaneous operation is called "three-dimensional piano practice".After learning the three-dimensional piano practice method, we should adhere to the following principles.
principle
Those who learn to play musical instruments understand this truth;But it is difficult to do this in practice.Instrumental performance has the same characteristics with sports competition to some extent. In fact, the strength control and force generation method of fingers should conform to the kinematic principle. The strength and flexibility of fingers should be acquired through long-term training over time.If we can't insist on scientific and effective practice, the function of fingers will degenerate.If we cannot adhere to the principle of gradual practice, we will certainly not have solid basic skills, and our playing career will not be long.
It is important to understandThe performer must know clearly what he is playing. To be able to sing or even write the music he has played, it is important to understand.Many students can play some works subconsciously;But if the teacher suddenly asks you what the chord is?The students may not be able to answer it immediately, which reflects a question: what sound the students play does not pass through the brain and ears, but subconsciously through the fingersConditioned reflex。
Learn to practice without using the pianoYou can practice without using your head.This is also a good way to practice the piano. You can sing the melody in your heart, and you can see the music in your mind. At the same time, you should also think about the fingering operation of your left hand, the technical movements of your right hand, and the tastePhonemeThe sound of chords, the feeling of breathing, etc.This method is useful for solving the problem of student machinerySubconsciousThe bad habit of practicing piano is of great benefit.
Thinking before practicing the pianoBefore practicing the piano, you should think for more than 10 minutes about what to practice, how to practice, what problems to solve, and what goals to achieve.You can play the piano only after you have the desire to play and enter the state.
Liuqin
Technical exercises
For a Liuqin player, according to the author's opinion, the following technical exercises need to be carried out for a long time: evenly playing and picking;Long wheelExercise with full round endurance and gradually weakening;Mastery practice of sound head;Mastery and fluency of string passing and handle changing techniques;Widening effortsamplitudeExercise of (ppp)
Practice at different speeds
Learning to play Liuqin usually requires different speedsEtude, including slow speed, medium speed, medium speed, medium speed and fast speed.By repeatedly practicing five speed etudes, especially fast ones, we can train the brain to accurately and effectivelycontrol ability。Ear listening has a special significance and role in the overall slow speed practice. It can be identified and adjusted by hearing every detail (such as timbre, rhythm, level, beat, etc.), so ear listening is actually a crucial link in the process of piano practice.In the exercise,organ of hearingSend the information to the brain. After receiving the information, the brain will make a judgment and quickly command the arms, wrists and fingers to find the technical action combination according to the requirements of music.Long term repeated practice can greatly enhance the ability of the brain to control muscles, and can form conditioned reflex to complete the movement composition of various parts in a sensitive, effective and coordinated manner, including the power transmission, the feeling of touching the strings of the fingersSense of strength, retention refers to the time difference.With the performanceaccuracyAnd the constant strengthening of grasp;It should be gradually improvedPractice speed。The ability to play music or etudes at various speeds reflects the enhancement of the brain's ability to control muscles and marks the maturity of performance technology.
In a word, for Liuqin learners, correct playing methods, skilled playing skills, elegant playing posture, and stablementalityGood musical feeling, strong musical expressiveness and appeal should belearning process The goal that has always been pursued in, and the achievement of all these depends not only on the correct teaching of teachers, but also on the hard training and skillful training of students.[3]
