Ke Shaoxuan [m í n] (1848-1933, August 31), with the word Zhongmian, also known as Fengsun, Fengsun, Fengsheng, Fengsheng, etc., was later named Polygonum Garden, and his room was named Suihan Pavilion[1]。Shandong ProvinceJiaozhou CityDatong villager, a modern Chinese historian.[8]
Ke Shaoxuan was born in a scholarly family and was born in the Qingde SectGuangxu reign periodTwelve years (1886): Jinshi, SuccessiveImperial AcademyEdit、royal tutor、imperial tutorGrade.Official toCeremony houseBachelor, also served asState Councilan mp.From the second year of Xuantong (1910) to the third year of Xuantong (1911), he served as the chief supervisor of Beijing Normal University.The demise of the Qing DynastyRepublic of ChinaAfter its establishment, it expressed gratitude for the kindness of the previous dynasty and pretended to be a poor old man.Zeng wrote it alone《New Yuan History》, by JapanImperial University of TokyoPresent Doctor of Literature[5]。After the third year of the Republic of China (1914), he participated in the compilation of the Qing History Manuscript and served as the curator of the Qing History MuseumZhao ErxunActing curator after deathGeneral compilationHe was responsible for sorting out the "Confucian Biography", "Wenyuan Biography", and "Chou Ren Biography" of the "Qing History Draft", and independently wrote the "Astronomical Annals", which assembled the "Qing History Draft".In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), he served as the chairman of the General Committee of Oriental Cultural Undertakings and participated in the renewal《Complete Library of Four Branches of BooksSummary.In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), he died of illness in Beijing.[7-8]
Ke Shaoxuan has a wide range of knowledge and strong records. He has profound attainments in classics, history, poetry, epigraphy, calendar, etc., and is praised by later generations as“Qian DaxinThe last one "[5]。He is especially good at historiography, and has made great efforts in the history of the Yuan Dynasty《New Yuan History》, which is believed to be the culmination of the studies of various schools for more than 500 years. The Beiyang government listed the book as“Combination of The Twenty-Four Dynastic Histories and The New History of Yuan Dynasty”One.In addition, he also wrote《Supplement to Translation History》《Spring and Autumn Valley Liang Chuanzhu》"Notes to the General Examination of Literature" and other books.[8]
Full Name
Ke Shaoyi
Alias
Ke Fenglao
word
Zhongmian, also known as Fengsun, Fengsun, Fengsheng, Fengsheng, etc
number
Polygonum hydropiper
Times
modern
Ethnic groups
Han nationality
one's native heath
Jiaozhou, Shandong
date of birth
1848
Date of death
August 31, 1933
Key achievements
Compiled the New Yuan History independently Responsible for the assembly of the Qing History Draft
be erudite through paternal teaching and influence
clearbrilliance of virtueIn 1848, Ke Shaopeng was born in what is now ShandongJiaozhouA scholarly family in Jiangxing Street, Dongguan, Jiaocheng Town, Shanghai.
His ancestral home is Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. He was famous for Ke Zhongqing in his ancestors. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, he was "named in Donglin Fushe and was the father and brother of Ma Xiaqing, the great minister of the Ming Dynasty".When the Ming Dynasty died, Ke Xiaqing joined the Nanming DynastyKing LuGovernment, King LuZhu YihaiAfter the failure in Zhoushan, the Ke family took refuge in Jiaozhou, Shandong Province, and changed their nationality to Jiaozhou.[6]Ke Shaoxuan's grandfatherKe PeiyuanHe was a famous poet during the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods of the Qing Dynasty. He was familiar with astronomy, geography, military books, and array, and wrote many books.His fatherKe HengHe has many insights into traditional knowledge such as history, literature, phonology and characters, and has also made achievements in poetry creation.Its motherLi ChangxiaHe also has attainments in traditional Chinese culture and poetry.Under the influence of such a good family environment, Ke Shaoxuan has shown a certain talent for literature since he was young. It is said that he could write poems at the age of four, and wrote a poem with artistic conception at the age of seven, "It is too late for the swallow to come to spring, and lilacs fall in the air", which was praised by local scholars.[1]
Ke Shaoxuan's parents also attached great importance to the education and training of their children. In the 11th year of Xianfeng (1861)Nien ArmyDuring the turmoil, the Ke Shaopeng family moved from their original place of originWeixian CountyDuring the exile and upheaval, his parents still "listened to Xi to teach their children to learn from the classics and historical articles, and there was no lack of time". We can imagine the daily education.Later, his brother was a Jinshi during the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, and his two younger sisters Ke Shaohui and Ke Shaohui were also famous talented women in Jiaozhou.[1]
Influenced by his family when he was young, Ke Shaoxuan was diligent and eager to learn, and had an obsessive spirit.When he was reading, he was concentrated and not distracted. Once he was near the fire when he was reading, and his sleeve was lit without being aware of it. When his father found the smoke coming from the study, he learned that it was the son who was absorbed in books.For this reason, his father often referred to him as "bookish", and he persuaded him enthusiastically.During this period, he learned widely about the classics, history, astronomy, mathematics, etc., which laid a solid academic foundation for later becoming a knowledgeable person.[1]
Being an official in the Qing Dynasty
A bust of Ke Shaopeng[3]
Ke Shaoxuan was enrolled as a student in the county school at the age of 16, and later was recruited to JinanShangzhi AcademyReading, becomingSelect SourceAnd dropped out of school.[1]In the ninth year of Tongzhi's reign (1870), the 23-year-old Ke Shaowen DezhongLocal examinationCite people。[6]Participated several times after the middle liftTrials, but none of them passed the exam.In the following ten years, Ke Shaopeng was successively employed as the lecturer of the academies in Jin, Guangdong, Liaodong and other places.Later, he made extensive contacts with scholars in various provinces, and was successively employed as a lecturer in academies in Shanxi, Guangdong, Liaodong and other places.
In the 32nd year of Guangxu's reign (1906), he was appointed to Japan for investigation and education. After returning home, he took the post of GuizhouQing commissioner of education。Two years later, he returned to BeijingDepartmentHe has successively served as the chief councillor, the right councillor of the Department of EducationBeijing Normal UniversitySupervised by the Section.[6]
XuantongIn 1910, the Qing government was establishedState Council, serving as a member.In October of the following year (1911), Ke Shaoxuan was appointed by the State Council as ShandongPropaganda envoyHe is also the minister who supervises the regimental training in Shandong.Soon, he was transferred back to Beijing asCeremony houseBachelor, and was awarded“the Forbidden CityThe honor of riding a horse is mainly responsible for teaching the 4-year-old last emperorPu YiRead books.[6]
Old people of the Republic of China
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Ke Shaoxuan resolutely refused to cut his braidsThe elderlyAlthough he was listed as a member of the political and parliamentary ranks, he refused to take up his post and only entertained himself with writing. He only served as a lecturer of Puyi in a short period of time.[6][10]
Academically, Ke Shaoxuan is devoted to scholarship, has no intention of official career, and has no interest in collecting wealth. He has left books on the study of classics, history, ci, calendar, stone and other disciplines, and has become a well-known scholar.In the summer of the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Yuan Shikai established the Qing History Museum to organize scholars as a ruleEditHistory of previous dynasties.Zhao Erxun was the curator, and Ke Shaoxuan was pleased to apply for the position of《History manuscript of the Qing Dynasty》OfGeneral compilation, participated in the compilation of the Qing History Draft, sorted out the Biographies of the Scholars, Wenyuan Biographies, Chou Ren Biographies, and wrote Astronomical Annals independently.There are more than 100 participants in the museum. In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the first draft was completed, totaling 529 volumes;In the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), another revision was carried out.In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928), Zhao Erxun died, and Ke Shaoxuan acted as the curator of the Qing History Museum.In the same year, the Qing History Manuscript was published.[6]During this period, with his profound knowledge of astronomy and calendar, Ke Shaoxuan compiled the Chronicles of the Chronicles for the Observatory.[10]
At the same time, Ke Shaoxuan was also committed to the revision of the History of the Yuan Dynasty.In the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), he completed 257 volumes with more than 1.5 million words《New Yuan History》。This historical book, which took more than 30 years to complete and was praised as the culmination of the study of Yuan history, was later included in the "Twenty Five Histories".It was nine years since the fall of the Qing Dynasty, but he was still proud of the official posts granted by the Qing government for "giving Jinshi the birth day to talk about living, living, reading, and reading in the Imperial Academy, and compiling Jiaozhou Ke Shaogui in the National History Museum".The historical theory in the book is still called "Shichen Yue" by the officials of the Qing Dynasty, and the mood of the old people becomes clear on the paper.At this time, a new revolutionary wave was surging.Ke Shaoxuan was even more difficult to accept new things, and regarded the revolutionary wave as a serious disaster and was hostile to it.When Ke Shaoxuan was 83 years old, he was a colleague of the original Qing History DraftZhang ErtianGo and visit him.Ke Shaoxuan repeatedly sighed at his old colleague, "Sighing that the world is changing rapidly, and the ocher disaster is inevitable". When talking about the sad place, he was extremely sad, which shows his stubborn degree of thought.[6]
In May of the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), the Japanese government andDuan QiruiThe government set up the "General Committee of Oriental Cultural Undertakings" in Beijing, with Ke Shaogui as the chairman.The Commission used Japan to returnBoxer IndemnityAs a fund, sponsored by Shixiong Hashakawa, a Japanese《Resumption of the Complete Book of Four Libraries》。Ke Shao ordered and compiled 152 abstracts of the I Ching of the Jingbu.[7][9]
Old age and death
Ke Shaoyi
In his later years, Ke Shao state continued to study ancient books and took writing as his career.In addition to the 15 volumes of Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals and Liang Biography published in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Ke Shaoxuan also made efforts to proofread and annotate other historical books, and published《Textual research on the history of the new yuan dynasty》《Supplement to Translation History》There are also "Er Ya Zhu", "Wen Wen Tong Kao Jiao Zhu", "Wen Xuan Bu Zhu", "Hou Han Shu Zhu", "Shuo Jing Reading Notes", and "Liao Yuan Wen Ji", which have not been published.In 1931, he collected inscriptions on scriptures and attached them with his own《Thirteen ClassicsTextual Research, intended to be stored inQufu Confucian Temple, but not completed.[7]
On August 31, the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), Ke Shaoxuan died of illness in Beiping (now Beijing).[7]
Main impacts
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historiography
Research on the History of the Yuan Dynasty
Ke Shaoxuan made use of the new achievements of the research on the history of the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.They also absorbed Western materials and books on the history of the Yuan Dynasty, such as the FrenchDuosangWritten by《Mongolian history》And other books on the history of the Yuan Dynasty.the Ming dynastySong LianCompiled by et al《History of the Yuan Dynasty》Due to the hasty completion of the book, there are many errors and omissions.During the six hundred years of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many people who tried to rebuild the history of the Yuan Dynasty.On this basis, Ke Shaoxuan extensively collected historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty, accumulated more than 30 years of strength《Yongle Grand Ceremony》、inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tabletsAnd foreign countries and secret societies, carefully studied and absorbedShao Yuanping《Compilation of Yuan History》、Wei Yuan《New Edition of the History of the Yuan Dynasty》、Heaven《Verification and Supplement of the Translation of the History of the Yuan Dynasty》And other achievements, "melting, cutting, linking, proofreading and error correcting", made a lot of revisions and enrichment to the History of the Yuan Dynasty by Song Lian and others, and finally completed 257 volumes of the New History of the Yuan Dynasty with more than 1.5 million words in the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922)[2]。[7]
The style of the New Yuan History follows the old history, but a "preface" is added before the current one to recordGenghis KhanAt the end of this chronicle, another narrative is added to the previous historical eventsEmperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty"Zhaozong's original record" of his son's deeds.[10]
Compared with the History of the Yuan Dynasty, the New History of the Yuan Dynasty is more substantial in content.It supplementsEmperor Shizu of the Yuan DynastyMany historical events of Mongolia in the past benefited from Ke Shaopeng's《Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty》And Hong Jun's Verification and Supplement to the Translation of the History of the Yuan DynastyTu mailed《Historical Records of Mogul》The full use of Duosang's Mongolian History and other important historical works.On this basis, Ke Shao state added the historical events before the ancestors that were sketched out in the New History of the Yuan Dynasty;And even if it is right untilMongoNarration of Genghis Khan's management of the Western Regions during the periodFour major khanatesThe New History of the Yuan Dynasty is also much more detailed than the History of the Yuan Dynasty.In addition, the New History of the Yuan Dynasty also supplements part of the history of the Northern Yuan Dynasty after Emperor Hui of the Yuan Dynasty withdrew from Dadu (now Beijing) in the 28th year of Zhizheng (1368), and its narrative time has been extended to the eighth year of Xuanguang of Zhaozong (1378).[10]
In terms of biographies, the New Yuan History has added many biographies of people who refused to surrender the Yuan Dynasty at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty;At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the leaders of the peasant army were as followsHan Lin'er、Xu Shouhui、anti-Yuan rebel and rival of Zhu Yuanzhang、rival of Zhu YuanzhangThe addition of the biographies of others has more important historical value.It is particularly worth mentioning that the New Yuan History has also added biographies of people who played an important role in history at the turn of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, among which the most representative ones are“Xia GuiSupplement to "Chuan".Xia Gui was the general of the Southern Song Dynasty. He surrendered Yuan to 36 counties of six states and three prefectures in the west of Huaihe River, which ultimately led to the rout of the whole army of the Southern Song Dynasty;After joining the Yuan Dynasty, he sold national interests in exchange for the position of political advisor.The History of the Song Dynasty refused to write a biography for him for this reason, while the History of the Yuan Dynasty did not do much because he died only three years after joining the Yuan Dynasty.The New Yuan History added his biography considering his important role in the Song Yuan War.[10]
In correcting the mistakes in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, Ke Shao state has also done a lot of work.For example, there were errors in the arrangement of biographies in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, such as at the end of the Yuan Dynastytaibuqa After the biographies ofyelu chucai Biography of others.The New Yuan History made appropriate adjustments in accordance with the order of the times.In addition, there are many cases of one person and two biographies in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, such asSpeed platformXuebutaiben is the same person,Everyone who finishesBatu is the same person as the one who finished it, andStone plasteringHe is also the same person as Shimao Asin, but in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, there are two biographies of these figures, which is obviously out of step.The New Yuan History corrected these mistakes one by one on the basis of full textual research.[10]
In general, with the strength of one person, Ke Shaoxuan completed this huge system and added more than 3000 pieces of historical facts. His contribution cannot be lost.[10]In December of the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919), President of the Beiyang GovernmentXu ShichangOrder to list the New Yuan HistoryOfficial historyIt was published in the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922).In this way, the official history book "Twenty four Histories" recognized by the central government has become "Twenty five Histories".[5]
After the New History of the Yuan Dynasty was completed, it was praised by many scholars. It was considered to be a masterpiece of the study of the history of the Yuan Dynasty and won a high academic reputation for Ke Shaoxuan.JapanImperial University of TokyoTherefore, the book grants Ke Shaoxuan an honorary doctorate of literature.Academics at home and abroad have highly praised this book, believing that it is a collection of achievements of more than 500 years of research, has added many new contents, corrected many mistakes, and is "comprehensive in knowledge and excellent in energy".Modern scholarsZhang TaiyanPraising the New Yuan History, he said: "Ke Shufan is rich, he regards the old history as excellent, and it is worthy to be included in the regular history."Li SichunIn the book "History of the Yuan Dynasty", he even said: "The book has both full transformation and detailed preparationFraternityTwo strengths. "[5][10]
However, the New Yuan History also has some shortcomings.Like other scholars who have rebuilt the history of the Yuan Dynasty, Ke Shaodang is not fluent in foreign languages and lacks sufficient linguistic cultivation. His use of extraterritorial historical materials has many mistakes, which makes it difficult to trust completely.In addition, to complete such a huge project with one person's efforts, it is inevitable to ignore one thing and lose another. The translation of names is chaotic, poorly revised, and contradictory, which can be seen everywhere. In some places, even the old history has been corrected incorrectly.More seriously, the addition, deletion and modification of the old history in the New Yuan History did not indicate any source and basis.This has been widely criticized by scholars.Ke Shaoxuan did spend a lot of time on textual research, but due to the flaws in his style, his achievements were all drowned in the lines, which made people feel at a loss, and this is bound to affect the use value of the book.[12]
Participated in the compilation of The History of the Qing Dynasty
In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), the president of the Beiyang governmenthigh Qing officialThe Qing History Museum was opened,Zhao ErxunCurator, Ke Shaoxuan, etcGeneral compilation。Ke Shaoxuan participated in editing《History manuscript of the Qing Dynasty》For 14 years, I was responsible for reading the whole manuscript and did a lot of work.He wrote about astronomyShi Xian、disasters resulting from unusual phenomenaThree chronicles and part of the manuscript, and the general compilation of the manuscript;After the death of Zhao Erxun, Ke Shaoxuan, acting curator, presided over the affairs of the museum.He and more than one hundred people participated in the preparation of the Qing History Draft, which was basically completed in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927) and printed the following year, with a total of 536 volumes.The book has errors in both content and text, but it systematically collects the materials of the Qing history, providing important reference materials for future generations to study the Qing history.[7]
Ke Shaopeng has a great deal of knowledge. In addition to studying history, he also annotates Chinese classics, recites poems and writes compositions, etc.In his later years, he hoped to use the "Spring and Autumn Annals" to criticize the social reality of turmoil, and carefully compile notes《Gu Liang Chuan》, Author《Legend of the Spring and Autumn PeriodNote 15 volumes (published in 1927), once praised as "foot andMaster Zuo's Spring and Autumn AnnalsDu Zhu and Gong Yang are important references for later generations to study Confucianism.Other works of Ke Shaoxuan include《Er Yazhu》Relevant works on collating scriptures, such as "General Examination and Correction Notes of Literature", "Supplement Notes of Literary Selections", and "Reading Notes of Shuo Jing".In October of the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), Ke Shaoxuan presided over the compilation of the Summary of the Complete Works of the Four Treasury and so on.[7]
literature
Ke Shaoxuan amused himself with poems in his later years.His article gotYang ShaoheTeachMei ZengliangThe writing is simple and fluent.Poetry withMetrical poetryIt is good that some of the poems were compiled into "Liao Yuan Shi Chao" and passed down from generation to generation.[6]Famous scholars and poeticians in modern timesWang GuoweiKe Shaoxuan's poems are highly appraised, and he believes that "in the poetry of this world, we should put Ke Fenglao (the honorific title of Ke Shaoxuan) as the first, regard it as the orthodox school, and have high attainments."
Historical evaluation
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Li Sichun"The history of the Yuan Dynasty of China includes Ke Shaodang, just as it gathers the return of hundreds of rivers to form the sea, and the accumulation of many lands to form the peak."[10]
The word Yan Xuan, and the name Mi Zhai, are the authors of "The Later Han Dynasty Book Annotation", "Mi Zhai Printing Manual", "Lu Xuezhai Jinshi Record", "Biography Annotation", "Three Kingdoms Annals Interpretation", "Shan Zuo Visiting Stele Record Correction", "Shuofang Humble Opinion", and "Wadang Literature Record".
In addition to participating in the compilation of the Qing History Draft and compiling the New Yuan History alone, Ke Shaoxuan also compiled notes《Guliang Chuan》In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), he published 15 volumes of Notes to the Biography of Guliang in Spring and Autumn Period.In addition, Textual Research on the New Yuan History, Supplement to the Translation History and other unpublished manuscripts include Supplement to the Biography of Gakatu《Er Yazhu》"General textual criticism and annotation of literature", "Supplement and annotation of selected works", "Notes on Shuo Jing", "Annotation of Later Han Dynasty", "Copy of Liao Yuan Poetry", "Copy of Continued Poetry", "Collection of Liao Yuan Literature", etc.[6-7][10]
Commemoration for future generations
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On October 11, 2018, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House held a symposium to collate the New Yuan History, and invited many scholars such as Fudan University, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Jiaotong University and the collation of this book to discuss around Ke Shaoxuan and the New Yuan History.[4]
