Cambodia

Southeast Asia Indochina Peninsula countries

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The Kingdom of Cambodia, referred to as Cambodia, is located in Indochina Peninsula , west and northwest and Thailand Bordering, northeast and Laos Border, east and southeast and Vietnam? Adjacent, south facing Gulf of Thailand 。 Cambodia covers an area of 181000 square kilometers and has a population of about 16 million (as of April 2023). The country is divided into 24 provinces and one municipality (Phnom Penh) Phnom Penh ， Khmer nationality It accounts for 80% of the total population.^[2]

Cambodia, known as Khmer in ancient times, has a long history country with an ancient civilization As early as the 1st century, a unified kingdom was established. 9th to 14th century Angkor Dynasty , for History of Cambodia In the most glorious era. In 1863, it became France Protector 。 In September 1940 Japan Invasion, on November 9, 1953, declared independence. Since the 1970s, Cambodia has experienced a long war. In 1993, with the establishment of the Cambodian National Authority and the realization of national reconciliation, Cambodia entered a new era of peace and development.^[2]

Implemented in Cambodia Constitutional monarchy , a lower middle income country^[1] , Yes World Trade Organization （WTO）、 ASEAN The member is a traditional agricultural country with weak industrial foundation and dependence on foreign aid and foreign capital. In 2020, Cambodia's gross domestic product (GDP) will be about 26.212 billion US dollars, down 3.7% year on year, and per capita GDP will be 1683 US dollars.^[20]

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Why Cambodia? 2023-08-29 14:33

Can pieces of historical fragments recorded by onlookers piece together a complete Cambodia? How many truths will sink into the sea forever? Read the article and make it clear. ... Details

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Chinese name: kingdom of cambodia
Foreign name: Kingdom of Cambodia (English)
ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា (Cambodian)
Cambodia (English)
Abbreviation: Cambodia
State: Asia
Capital: Phnom Penh
major city: Battambang ， Siem Reap ， Sihanouk City
National Day: November 9, 1953
National anthem: Angkor Kingdom
Country code: KHM
official language: Cambodian
Currency: Cambodian Riel
Time zone: UTC+7

Political system: monarchical parliamentary system
National leaders: Norodom Sihamoni (King) 、 Hongmanai^[31] (Prime Minister)
population size: About 16 million (As of April 2023)
Population density: 94.7 people/km2^[6] (2020)
Major ethnic groups: Khmer nationality 、 Chinese people
Major religions: Theravada Buddhism
land area: About 180000 km ²
Water area rate: 2.5%
Total GDP: US $30 billion (2022)
GDP per capita: US $1785 (2022)
International telephone area code: eight hundred and fifty-five
Abbreviation of international domain name: .kh
Road access: Drive on the right
National flower: Longdu flower
Gini coefficient: zero point four three
National structure: Unitary system

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Historical evolution

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Ancient history

Funan Kingdom

Most studies believe that Cambodia was founded in first century 。 Previously, for the Cambodian Primitive society Period. It has been found in three places in central Cambodia, including Sanlongsen, Lompolao and Molupore in the north Neolithic Age In addition to the polished stone tools as the characteristics of the Neolithic Age, metal relics were also found at the site. Cambodia had already used bronze and iron ware before BC, and entered the late Neolithic period when gold and stone were used together.^{[11 ]}

In the past few centuries, the Khmer people moved from north to south, that is, from southwest China to the middle and lower reaches of the Mekong River Mekong After the middle reaches, one branch migrates southeast to the lower reaches of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap Lake area for farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting^[10] 。 It integrates with the original local residents and other outsiders to develop into the main ethnic group of Cambodia, Khmer It also became the dominant language in Cambodia. They established the earliest country in Cambodia Funan 。 Funan Kingdom has successively changed three dynasties, namely the Hun Dynasty, the Fan Dynasty and the Bamo Dynasty.

About the second half of the first century, Cambodia was ruled by the Queen Willow Leaf. Later, people from the country of southern India (today's Koromandel coast in southeastern India) mixed carefully, took a boat to the sea, came to Funan, defeated willow leaves, married willow leaves, and called it King Funan^[9] 。 Thus, the first dynasty in the history of Funan, the Hun Dynasty, was established. Hun Shen Introduces Indian Culture into Funan^{[18-19 ]} 。^{[11 ]}

The Fan Dynasty was the Cambodian regime at the end of the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century. It expanded its territory to the outside world on a large scale. The territory of Funan was expanded unprecedentedly, and its national strength was unprecedentedly prosperous; We have close relations with China and India, Fan Man It has established the first great empire in Southeast Asia history. Funan, under its rule, reaches the coast of the South China Sea in the east and the coast of the South China Sea in the west Bay of Bengal , from southwest to Malay Peninsula north.^{[11 ]}

The Bama Dynasty existed from the middle of the 4th century to the early 7th century. Like the Hun Dynasty, the Hindus or their descendants acted as the king of the dynasty. Because most of the rulers had the title of "Varman", they were called the Varman Dynasty. Funan Kingdom flourished in the middle of Bamo Dynasty, and gradually declined in the end.^{[11 ]}

Early true wax

chenla Originally a dependency of Funan, it is located in the north of Funan and occupies the middle and lower reaches of the Mekong River north of Stung Treng. The original center is in the Pakse region at the mouth of the Mong River. The territory includes the northern part of Cambodia and southern Laos today. In the middle of the 6th century, it began to rise. In the first half of the 7th century, it completely annexed and helped the south, establishing its rule over the whole country. Chenla Kingdom The country was founded for 1000 years. From the 7th century to the 16th century, it experienced early Zhenla Angkor Dynasty And the late Zhenla period, representing three stages of rise, prosperity and decline respectively.^{[11 ]}

From 705 to 707, Zhenla was divided into two parts: the northern part was mountainous, which was called Lu Zhenla ； In the south, there are many rivers and lakes near the sea, which is called Shuizhen La. Lu Zhenla is located in the hometown of Zhenla. Its central area is in the lower reaches of the Bashe and Meng rivers. Its territory extends northward to the Chinese border and borders the Nanzhao Kingdom. Chinese history books also call it the Wenshan State. Lu Zhenla is relatively stable internally and has close relations with China. He once sent a delegation to visit China^{[15 ]} 。^{[11 ]}

Shuizhenla includes the southern region, including the new capital of the original Zhenla, Yiguna, but there is a scramble between the Sun Dynasty and the Taiyin Dynasty within Shuizhenla, which is in chaos. Later, through marriage, the two dynasties were unified, with the capital in Angkor Barre. In the second half of the 8th century, the coastal Shuizhenla suffered from Java Charientera In the invasion of, the king Mahipatibamo was killed, and Jayabhamo II, the successor of Mahipatibamo, was taken hostage in Java. In about 802, Jayabhama II returned from Java, defeated the Java occupiers and regained the throne.^{[11 ]}

Angkor Dynasty

Angkor Dynasty It existed from the 9th century to the early 1930s and lasted for more than 600 years. It was named after the capital Angkor. Angkor Dynasty is famous for its splendid culture, which is the heyday of the Kingdom of Zhenla and even the entire history of Cambodia. Jayabhama II was the founder of Angkor Dynasty, and he reunited Zhenla. Jayabhama II set the capital near Angkor. Jawabata II died in 850, and Jawabata III succeeded to the throne (from 850 to 877). Later, his cousin usurped the throne and called him Indra Bhama I (from 877 to 889).^{[11 ]}

Indra Bhama I built Bakong Temple and Bileko Temple. These two temples marked the beginning of Angkor's classical architectural art. Their form and style influenced the subsequent temple architecture. Indra Bhama I built a huge irrigation project, which laid a material foundation for the prosperity of Angkor Dynasty.^{[11 ]}

The successor of Indra Bhama was Prince Jesus Bhama I (reigned from 889 to 900). The original Angkor City was built by Jesus Bhamo I. The whole capital covers an area of about 16 square miles. Relying on the increasingly prosperous national strength, it expanded the territory of Zhenla to a larger area. Under his rule, the territory of Zhenla reached China in the north, Zhanpo in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west, and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula in the south, equal to the territory of Funan in its heyday.^{[11 ]}

Suriyabhamo II, who ascended the throne in 1113 (reigned from 1113 to 1150), was one of the most influential kings in Cambodian history. He defeated the annexation and annexation of Champa, and sent royal family members to the throne of Champa in 1145. During his rule, Cambodia prospered. While he made military and political achievements, he built Angkor Temple. Suryavarman II At the end of the rule, the external expansion failed, and Champa got rid of the rule and turned to attack Cambodia; Cambodia began to decline after the huge construction projects in the country exhausted the country's financial resources.^{[11 ]}

The period from 1150 to 1181 was turbulent and chaotic, and three kings were replaced successively. During this period, on the one hand, domestic rebellions continued frequently, and on the other hand Zhan Po In 1177, Zhanpo launched an attack on Angkor from the sea, captured and ransacked Angkor Wu Ge Cheng , King Tribouane Diebamo was killed, and the whole country went into chaos.^{[11 ]}

In 1181, Jayabhama VII ascended the throne (1181-1215). He ended the chaos and division of Cambodia, stabilized the situation, and repelled the invasion of Champa. Capture and loot Zhan Po The capital Buddha died (now Vietnam is pacified), annexed Champa at one fell swoop, and ruled Champa through agents for nearly 20 years (1203-1220). During his reign mahayana It once became the dominant religion in Cambodia.^{[11 ]}

Jayabhama VII is Angkor Dynasty The last king who made great contributions to Cambodian history, after his death, Angkor dynasty entered a period of decline. Tai people have sprung up in the west Suketai Dynasty , shaking the Angkor Dynasty's rule over the western region; Cambodia in the east was forced to withdraw its rule over Champa. In China, after the death of Jayabhama, Brahmanism once revived; At the same time, Theravada Buddhism began to spread from Thailand to Cambodia. Sanskrit, closely related to Brahmanism and Mahayana Buddhism, also disappeared, and Pali took its place.^{[11 ]}

After Jayabhama VII, there were three kings: Indravarman II (1215-1243), Jakaya Bhama VIII (1243-1295) Indravarman III (1296-1308). When Indra Bhama III first ascended the throne, Chinese traveler Zhou Daguan Visited Angkor with the Yuan Dynasty delegation, stayed in Angkor for about one year (1296-1297), and wrote《 Customs of Cambodia 》, recording various aspects of the Angkor era.^{[11 ]}

In 1350, Ayutthaya Dynasty In Siam, after Sukhothai Dynasty, the attack on Cambodia resumed. In 1353, Angkor was captured, and Angkor King Sali Lompong Salaja was killed. His successor Sali Soriotai fled to the Laotian court. In 1357, he died in battle with Siam army. Angkor City was occupied by Siamese army for four years.^{[11 ]}

In 1357, Angkor King Sali Soriowan (1357-1366) returned from Laos with his army and recovered Angkor. At this time, Angkor Kingdom has been greatly weakened and its territory has been greatly reduced. In 1394, under the command of King Lamei Deaf, Siamese troops besieged Angkor King City for the second time. Angkor King Tamasoka (1373 - 1394) died in battle, and Angkor was captured by Siam for the second time. Siam occupied Angkor for seven years until 1401.^{[11 ]}

After the Siamese army retreated, Sali Soriowan II (1401-1417) ascended the throne of Angkor. Since the beginning of the 15th century, wars have become more frequent. Angkor continued to fight against Siam in the west. In 1421, Champa in the east invaded the Mekong Delta region on a large scale and occupied it until 1426.^{[11 ]} Cambodia was attacked from behind and from behind, and fought on two fronts. Although it had repeatedly attacked the capital of Siam, it could not recover its decline after all. In 1431, the Siamese army captured Angkor City for the third time. King Baramasoka of Cambodia (1417-1431) died in battle, and Angkor City was plundered and destroyed.^{[11 ]}

As Angkor is too close to the western border, it has been sacked three times in succession in decades. In 1432, King Pokha Yat (1432-1467) of Cambodia withdrew from Angkor, moved the capital to Bassan on the east bank of the Mekong River, and used the Mekong River as a natural barrier to stop Siam's attack; Due to river flooding, it moved to Phnom Penh in 1434^[8] 。 The fall and withdrawal of Angkor marked the end of the Angkor era, the most glorious era in Cambodian history. Since then, Cambodia has lost its leading position on the China India Peninsula.^{[11 ]}

Late Zhenla

In 1423 and 1593, Cambodia continued to decline. At home, the struggle for the throne often occurred, and the country was once divided. From 1467 when Bonha Yat died to 1515 when Anzan I ascended the throne, five kings changed in 50 years.^{[12 ]}

In 1515, Anzan I Kill Naikan who usurped the throne for 10 years, ascend the throne, and died in 1566. Anzan I was the most powerful king of late Zhenla. Anzan I used the opportunity of Myanmar attacking Siam from the west to raise his troops westward, and in 1564, he marched under Ayutta, the capital of Siam. During the reign of Anzan's son Baron Lage I (1566-1576), he continued to win military victory over Siam and once moved the capital back to Angkor. However, the military victories of Anzan I and Baron Lagge I are only temporary and cannot change Cambodia's adversity.^{[12 ]}

In 1593, King Narathan of Siam (1590-1605) divided his forces to invade Cambodia in four directions, pointing directly at and surrounding the Cambodian capital, Lowe. In 1594, when Lowe fell, King Sota fled to Laos, and 90000 Lowe residents were taken captive to the city.^{[12 ]}

In the 16th century, the early western colonialists, represented by Portugal and Spain, arrived in the East and established an aggressive stronghold in Southeast Asia. Before the fall of Lowe, King Sota of Cambodia wanted to get assistance from the Portuguese and Spanish. The Spanish colonists who occupied Manila took advantage of this opportunity and sent an expedition to invade Cambodia in 1596. The Spanish colonists helped Baron Lago II (1597-1599) rise to power, and were later killed by Cambodian people and Japanese nationals, and the Spanish colonists were expelled from Cambodia.^{[12 ]}

kingdom of cambodia

Main term: Siam Vietnam War

Sorio Bo, the younger brother of the former King Sota, returned to China in 1603 with the support of the Siamese army and ascended the throne. During this period, Cambodia has gradually become a dual dependent country of Siam and Vietnam. In 1618, Soriopo abdicated due to illness, and Siam made his son Ji Zheta king (1618-1628). In 1620, Zheta moved its capital to Wudong (northwest of Phnom Penh). In order to seek support, Zheta married the Vietnamese princess in 1623 and made her queen. Vietnam began to interfere in Cambodia's internal affairs, invaded Cambodia's rich Mekong Delta region, and renamed Pego Saigon 。^{[12 ]}

Later, Cambodia changed 22 kings successively. In order to fight for or maintain the throne, Cambodia became a place for Siam and Vietnam to compete with each other, and Siam finally established its suzerain status to Cambodia.^{[13 ]} Vietnam has occupied the inherent territory of Cambodia, including the entire Mekong River Delta, Jiaozhi China^{[14 ]} 。^{[12 ]}

In the struggle between Siam and Vietnam for Cambodia in the first half of the 19th century, the advantage gradually shifted to Vietnam, which gradually seized control of Cambodia from Siam. In 1833, a war broke out between the two sides in Cambodian territory, and Siam was defeated by Vietnam. At the beginning of 1841, the war broke out again. The war, which aimed to fight for Cambodia, lasted for six years.^{[12 ]}

Siam won victory in the early days of the war, and promoted Anduan to the throne of Cambodia (1841-1860). In 1846, the two sides signed a peace treaty and exchanged prisoners of war. In 1847, both sides jointly crowned Anduan. Cambodia has changed from the unilateral control of Vietnam for many years to the joint control of Siam and Vietnam, becoming a common subsidiary of Siam and Vietnam. Cambodia has to recognize the suzerainty of both countries at the same time.^{[12 ]}

Modern History

In 1862, France occupied Vietnam Jiaozhi Zhina Three provinces: Jiading, Dingxiang, Bianhe, and then used Jiaozhi Zhina as the springboard to intensify the aggression against Cambodia. In August 1863, Grandier, who had already served as the governor of Jiaozhichina, a new French colony, went to the Cambodian capital, Udon, on a warship to meet King Norodom of Cambodia and force him to sign the Udon Treaty. This treaty deprived Cambodia of its independent sovereignty, and Cambodia became a colony of France.

Federation of Indochina

In 1864, France took over the privilege of Siam and crowned Norodom. In the same year, Norodom moved its capital from Uedom to Phnom Penh. In 1887, France merged Cambodia Federation of Indochina , set up a French stay envoy in Phnom Penh, under the leadership of the French Governor of Saigon^{[17 ]} ； In addition, garrison officers directly under the orders of the remaining envoys shall be set up in each province. Sisowath During his reign, in 1907, France signed a treaty with Siam, ceding Battambang 、 Poetic style And Siem Reap were taken over to Cambodia. the First World War After the outbreak, France forced 100000 Cambodians to Europe to participate in World War I.^{[12 ]}

In May 1941, Thailand signed a contract with the French Vichy government, stipulating that Battambang 、 Siem Reap and Poetic style Three provinces (except Angkor Wat), and Laos Luang Prabang and Champasak Thailand was ceded a total of 65000 square kilometers, Cambodia lost 1/3 of its territory and about 1.5 million people. After the end of World War II, the French colonialists who returned to the Indochina Peninsula forced Thailand to return the above-mentioned "Western Cambodia" area in 1946, and compensated the French Indochina colony with 1 million tons of rice.^{[16 ]}

contemporary history

Main term: Khmer Rouge 、 People's Republic of Kampuchea

On November 9, 1953, the Kingdom of Cambodia declared independence. In July 1954, France was forced to agree to withdraw its troops. In March 1955, Sihanouk He relinquished the throne to his father Suramarit, and set up the "People's Social Alliance" as his own chairman, then formed the Royal Government of Cambodia with Sihanouk as Prime Minister.

Khmer Rouge

On March 18, 1970, Lono The US instigated a coup on the 23rd Norodom Sihanouk Declaration of establishment Cambodian National United Front , established on May 5 to Prince Binnu The Cambodian National Unity Government as Prime Minister, the leader of the Cambodian Communist Party Josenpan Served as Deputy Prime Minister.

On April 17, 1975, the whole country was liberated. Between 1975 and 1979, Khmer Rouge Obtaining the power of Cambodia. In January 1976, a new constitution was promulgated and renamed Democratic Cambodia. In April, Prince Sihanouk and Prince Binnu announced their retirement. Josenpan was appointed Chairman of the National Bureau and General Secretary of the Cambodian Communist Party (Khmer Rouge) Pol Pot Serve as Premier.

At the end of 1978, Vietnam sent troops to occupy Cambodia and foster the regime of the People's Republic of Cambodia. In December 1979, the People's Republic of Cambodia decided to terminate the Constitution and reorganize the government. On July 9, 1982, Prince Sihanouk Song Shuang The three resistance forces of Josenpan Democratic Kampuchea coalition government 。 On September 27, 1989, Vietnam announced its full withdrawal from Cambodia. In September 1990, representatives of the three Cambodian resistance forces and Phnom Penh Jakarta After the meeting, it was announced that the Supreme Council of Cambodia would be formed.

On September 27, 1989, Vietnam announced its full withdrawal from Cambodia

In July 1991, Sihanouk He was elected as the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Cambodia. On October 23, the International Conference on Cambodia Paris It was held and signed the Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict (commonly known as the Paris Agreement). In November, Prince Sihanouk returned to the motherland, and the National Supreme Council set up its headquarters in Phnom Penh. From May 23 to 28, 1993, Cambodia held general elections under the organization and supervision of the United Nations Interim Authority in Cambodia, and elected the Constitutional Assembly. September 21. The Constituent Assembly adopted a new constitution and decided to restore the constitutional monarchy. On September 24, Prince Sihanouk signed the new constitution, and the Constituent Assembly was transformed into the National Assembly. On September 26, UNTAC announced the end of its mission in Cambodia. On November 2, the Royal Government of Cambodia was officially established. On November 15, all the United Nations peacekeeping forces in Cambodia withdrew, and Cambodia entered a new era of peaceful reconstruction.

In May 1993, Cambodia held its first national elections under the auspices of the United Nations. In September, the new constitution was promulgated and the country was renamed the Kingdom of Cambodia, Sihanouk To regain the throne. In November, the Royal Government of Cambodia was established Hun Sen Serve as the first and second prime ministers respectively. In 1994, the Cambodian National Assembly passed legislation to declare Cambodia an illegal organization. In July 1997, the People's Party (hereinafter referred to as the "People's Party") and Funcinpec Party (referred to as "Fengdang" for short) Military conflict broke out, and Lanalie was deposed as the first prime minister and exiled abroad. On July 26, 1998, Cambodia held the second national election, and the People's Party won and became the largest party. On November 30, the second coalition government with Hun Sen as the Prime Minister was established. The Fengdang State Conference took the second place, and Ranarith became the President of the National Assembly. In December, former Cambodian leaders Josenpan and Nuon Chea submitted to the government, and Cambodian national reconciliation made significant progress, entering a new era of peace and development.^[20]

In July 2003, the third national election was held in Cambodia, and the People's Party won. People, Bong and Sen have serious differences in the distribution of power, and the formation of a cabinet has reached an impasse. On July 15, 2004, the deadlock in the formation of a cabinet was broken, and the People's Party and the Fengdang reached an agreement on joint governance, Lanarie He and Hun Sen served as the President of the National Assembly and Prime Minister respectively, and the third Royal Government was officially established.

On October 6, 2004, King Sihanouk announced his abdication in Beijing.^[26] On the 14th, nine members of the Cambodian throne committee were unanimously elected Norodom Sihamoni For the new king. On the 29th, Sihamoni ascended the throne in the palace.

administrative division

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Cambodia is composed of one city and 24 provinces in total. The capital and the largest city are Phnom Penh City , while the second largest city is Battambang 。^[20]

Province (Khmer: ខេ; English: khet) Municipalities directly under the Central Government (Khmer: ុង English: krong)	Provincial capital and major towns
Banteay Meanchey Province , BanteayMeanchey	Poetic style Sisŏphŏn
Battambang （បាត់ដំបង，Battambang）	Battambang BătDambang
Kampong Cham , KampongCham	Kampong Cham KampongCham
Kampong Chhnang Province , Kang Qingyang	Kampong Chhn ă ng
Kampong Speu Province, real estate (Kampong Spoe, Kampong Spoe)	Kampong Spee
Kampong Thom Province （កំពង់ធំ，KampongThom）	Kampong Thum
It doesn't work (Kampot)	Yubu Kampot
Gandan Province , Kandal Province (ណ, Kandal)	Dakinou TaKhmau
Gogong Province , Guogong Province （កោះកុង，KohKong）	Kr ŏ ngKaohK ŏ ng, Puming City
Kratie Province （ក្រចេះ，Kratié）	Krati é
Mondulkiri （មណ្ឌលគីរី，Mondulkiri）	SenMonorom
Phnom Penh City （ភ្នំពេញ，PhnomPenh）	PhnomPenh
Preah Vihear （ព្រះវិហារ，PreahVihear）	PhnomTbengMeanchey
Prey Veng （ព្រៃវែង，PreyVeng）	PreyVeng
Bodhisattva Province （ពោធិសាត់，Pursat）	Bodhisattva Po ŭ th ĭ s ă t
Rattanak Kiri （រតនគីរី，Ratanakiri）	Long hair Lumph
Siem Reap	Siem Reap
Preah Sihanouk （ក្រុងសីហនុ， KrŏngPreahSihanouk）	Kr ŏ ngPreahSihanouk, Sihanouk
Stung Treng Province （ស្ទឹងត្រែង，StungTreng）	Shangding St ŏ engTreng
Svay Rieng Province （ស្វាយរៀង，SvayRieng）	SvayRi Teng
Tea gum Province (ែ, Tak é o)	Tea Gum Takev
Oddo Meanchey Province （ឧត្តរមានជ័យ，OddarMeancheay）	Sanlong Samraong
Baima Province （កែប，KrŏngKep）	Kr ŏ ngKeb, Baima City
Bailin Province （ប៉ៃលិន，KrŏngPaĭlin）	Kr ŏ ngPa ĭ lin, Bailin
Tebenkemon （ខេត្តត្បូងឃ្មុំ，TbongKhmum）	Sanzhou Prefecture Suong

capital

The capital is Phnom Penh, with an area of 678 square kilometers. It is the political, economic, cultural, educational center and transportation hub of the country.^[20]

geographical environment

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Regional location

Cambodia is located in Asia Indochina Peninsula South, east and southeast Vietnam? Bordering, north and Laos Border, west and northwest and Thailand Adjacent to the southwest Siam Bay 。 Mekong It traverses the whole territory from north to south. The land area is 181000 square kilometers, and the coastline is about 460 kilometers long. capital of Cambodia Phnom Penh It belongs to the East 7 time zone, and the local time is one hour later than Beijing time. Cambodia has no daylight saving time.^[20]

Administrative divisions of Cambodia

topographic features

The central and southern parts of Cambodia are plains, the eastern, northern and western parts are surrounded by mountains and plateaus, and most areas are covered by forests. Cardamom Mountains The Ola Mountain in the east section is 1813 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China.^[20]

Climatic characteristics

Cambodia has a tropical monsoon climate, and the whole year is divided into two seasons: the rainy season is from May to October, and the dry season is from November to April. The annual average temperature is 24 ℃. April is the hottest month with the highest temperature of 40 ℃. The average annual rainfall is 2000 mm, 90% of which is concentrated in May October.^[20]

Water system distribution

Mekong It is about 500 kilometers long and runs through the east. Tonle Sap Lake It is the largest lake in Indochina Peninsula, with an area of more than 2500 square kilometers at low water level and 10000 square kilometers in rainy season. There are many islands along the coast, mainly including Gogong Island , Takashima, etc.

natural resources

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Cambodia's mineral resources mainly include oil, natural gas, phosphate, gem, gold, iron, bauxite, etc.^[20]

Cambodia is rich in water resources. Tonle Sap Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, known as the "fish lake". The southwest coast is also an important fishing ground, which is rich in fish and shrimp.^[20]

Cambodia's forest coverage rate is 61.4%, mainly distributed in the eastern, northern and western mountains. It is mainly rich in teak, iron wood, red sandalwood, ebony and other high-grade wood, and a variety of bamboos, with a wood reserve of about 1.1 billion cubic meters.^[20]

National symbol

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national flag

Main term: Flag of the Kingdom of Cambodia

The national flag of Cambodia is mainly red, blue and white, and the white hall in the middle is Angkor Wat , surrounded by red and blue bars (line scale 1:2:1), red represents the nation, white represents Buddhism, and blue represents the royal family, which conforms to the national motto of Cambodia, "nation, religion, king". It was reused after the Cambodian election returned to the monarchy in 1993.^[24]

Flag of the Kingdom of Cambodia

national emblem

The design of Cambodia's national emblem is yellow Angkor Wat There is an octagonal windmill above. A symmetrical pattern with the sword as the center line. The king sword in the diamond pattern is held by the tray, meaning that the king is supreme; On both sides, lions guard the five layer canopy, which symbolizes perfection and auspiciousness in Cambodian customs; The palm leaves on both sides symbolize victory. The frieze at the bottom reads "King of Cambodia". The whole design symbolizes that the Kingdom of Cambodia is a united, complete, united and happy country under the leadership of the king.

Cambodian National Emblem

national anthem

Nokoreach is the national anthem of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Its tune is adapted from Cambodian folk songs. The lyricist is King Zunna Seng. The national anthem was first adopted in 1941 and then re recognized in 1947. In 1970, the royal family was abolished and the national anthem was replaced. In 1975, when the Communist Party won, the symbols of the former royal family, including Kingdom, were recognized again for a short time. Later, the Khmer Rouge took "Glorious April 17" as its new national anthem. The status of the national anthem of The Kingdom was restored until the Fengxinbik Party, which pursued the royal family, defeated the former Communist Party (the Cambodian People's Party) in the 1993 general election.^[25]

Angkor Kingdom

God bless our king, bestow him happiness and glory, and dominate our soul and destiny.

Ancestor's foundation is passed down from generation to generation, leading the proud ancient kingdom.

The Khmer nation is as firm and tenacious as a rock when the temple sleeps in the forest and recalls the glory of Angkor era.

The fate of Cambodia I believe that our kingdom has been tested for a long time.

A melodious song was sent from the pagoda, dedicated to the glorious and sacred Buddhism, so that we can be loyal to the belief of my ancestors.

God did not begrudge his favor and gave it to the ancient Khmer.^[25]

population

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As of April 2023, Cambodia has a population of about 16 million. The geographical distribution of the population is very uneven, and the residents are mainly concentrated in the central plains. Phnom Penh and its surrounding economically developed provinces are the most densely populated, with a population of about 2.13 million. There are about 1.1 million overseas Chinese in Cambodia.^[20]

Cambodia is a multi-ethnic country with more than 20 nationalities. Khmer nationality It is the main ethnic group, accounting for 80% of the total population Theravada Buddhism 。 Ethnic minorities Zhan nationality 、 Punong nationality 、 Old people 、 Thai , Chinese Jing nationality 、 bamar 、 malay 、 Sting nationality Etc. There are about 1.1 million Chinese and overseas Chinese in Cambodia, accounting for 7.2% of the total number of people in the country, mainly distributed in Phnom Penh and (Battambang, Kanla, Kampot^[29] , tea gum), etc. Phnom Penh, the capital, has the largest number of Chinese and overseas Chinese, about 300000. The Cambodian Chinese and overseas Chinese are mainly from Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and other provinces, of which Chaozhou in Guangdong is the largest, accounting for about 80% of the total number of Chinese and overseas Chinese, and Guangzhao and Hakka are the largest.^[20]

Politics

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regime

Since 1993, Cambodia has restored the constitutional monarchy, implemented a multi-party liberal democracy, and separated the legislative, judicial and administrative powers.^[20]

The King is the highest head of state. The National Assembly is the national legislature. The Senate has the power to review bills passed by the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was nominated by the party with the largest number of seats, voted by more than half of the members of the Congress, and formally took office after being approved by the King and sworn in. The current King Norodom Sihamoni, Senate President Hun Sen, Congressional President Kunsodali, and Prime Minister Hong Manai.^[30]^[35]

constitution

The current Constitution of Cambodia was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on September 21, 1993 and signed by King Sihanouk on September 24 of the same year. According to the Constitution, Cambodia has a constitutional monarchy, a multi-party system and a free market economy, and separation of legislative, administrative and judicial powers. The king is the lifelong head of state, the supreme commander of the armed forces, the symbol of national unity and permanence. He has the right to announce an amnesty and dissolve the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Prime Minister and with the consent of the President of the National Assembly. The President of the Senate shall act as the head of state during the period when the king is unable to govern or is absent from the country for some reason.

The throne cannot be hereditary. After the death, retirement or abdication of the king, the throne committee composed of 9 people, including the Prime Minister, the Buddhist monks and kings of both schools, the President and Vice President of the Senate and the National Assembly, will select a new king from the descendants of Anton, Norodom and Sisova within 7 days.^[2]

congress

Cambodian Parliament It is the highest authority and legislature of Cambodia, with a term of five years. It has 10 special committees.

The current Congress was established in August 2023 and consists of 125 members. The People's Party won 120 seats and the Fengxinbik Party won 5 seats. Kunsodali is the President of the National Assembly, Qian Ye is the First Vice President, and Wang Su is the Second Vice President.^[35]

senate

The Cambodian Constitution stipulates that the bill must be deliberated and passed level by level by the National Assembly, the Senate and the Constitutional Council, and finally submitted to the King for signature and entry into force. The protocol of the President of the Senate ranks after the King, before the President of the Congress and the Prime Minister, and acts as the head of state when the King is unable to govern or is not in the country for some reason. The term of office of the Senate is six years.^[35]

first Cambodian Senate Founded in March 1999, it is composed of 61 senators, including 31 members of the People's Party, 21 members of the Fengxinbik Party, 7 members of the Senlangsi Party, and 2 members appointed by the King. Xie Xin, the chairman of the People's Party, was appointed as the chairman of the Senate, and Sisova Givanmanila and Baubensri, members of the Fengsinbik Party, were appointed as the first and second vice chairmen respectively.

The current Senate was established in April 2024 and consists of 62 senators, including 58 members of the People's Party, two of whom are directly appointed by the King and two by the Congress. Hun Sen is the chairman of the Senate, Brasokun and Wu Bolie are the first and second vice chairmen respectively.^[2]^[35]

judicial

Cambodia has an independent judiciary. The court system has three levels: the lower court, the appellate court and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Justice Council is the administrative department of the judicial system, responsible for supervising the work of the court, and has the authority to select, appoint and remove judges. The committee is presided over by the king and consists of nine people, including the king, the president of the Supreme Court, the attorney general, the president and the prosecutor general of the Court of Appeal, the president and the prosecutor general of the Phnom Penh Court, and two judges. The President of the Supreme Court is Dit Munty. Cambodia has no independent procuratorate, and courts at all levels have prosecutors to exercise relevant functions.^[20]

government

The current government of Cambodia is the seventh government, which was established in August 2023, with Hong Manai as Prime Minister. There are 10 deputy prime ministers, 21 ministers of state, 28 ministries and 2 state secretariats.

On July 26, 2023 local time, Hun Sen, Chairman of the Cambodian People's Party, announced that he would step down as Prime Minister when he made a televised speech. The new government will be led by Hon Mane, a member of the party's parliament.^[28] On August 7 local time, King Sihamoni of Cambodia issued a royal decree, officially appointing Hong Manai as the new leader Prime Minister.^[30] On August 22, Cambodian National Assembly voted Hongmanai As the new leader Phase.^[32]

List of Governments
category	name list
prime minister	Hongmanai
Deputy Prime Minister	1. Naisawen 2. Ampon Monilla (concurrently Minister of Finance and Economics) 3. Sun Zhantuo 4. Han Chunnaluo (concurrently Minister of Education, Youth and Sports) 5. Sesano (concurrently Minister of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction) 6. Shaosoka (concurrently Minister of Interior) 7. Dixiha (concurrently Minister of Defense) 8. Gao Le (concurrently Minister of Justice) 9. Song Jinda (concurrently Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation) 10. Onceveso (concurrently Minister of the Cabinet Office)
Minister of State	1. Guan Jin; 2. Hu Sedi; 3. Wulaben; 4. Weng Rendian; 5. Yin Moli; 6. Tang Kun; 7. Bi Sopan; 8. Blonsoka; 9. Soseta; 10. Osman Hassan; 11. Yi Qin; 12. Ubrana; 13. Wu Bolei; 14. Swahita; 15. Cai Xinale; 16. Li Tu; 17. Chen Leti; 18. Qingyang Nala; 19. Sosipana; 20. Geliemi; 21. Jide
minister	1. Deng Dina, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2. Chaile Sai, Minister of Rural Development 3. Zhan Nimo, Minister of Commerce 4. Han Wandi, Minister of Industry, Science and Technology Innovation 5. Gao Latana, Minister of Mines and Energy 6. Bendtche, Minister of Planning 7. Social welfare Xie Someiti, Minister of Veterans and Youth Transformation 8. Yin Solai, Minister of Environment 9. Tang Jieta, Minister of Water Resources and Meteorology 10. Nipadra, Minister of Public Information 11. Huha, Minister of Supervision 12. Xie Wandi, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications 13. Qin La, Minister of Health 14. Bin Boni, Grand Minister of Ministry of Public Works and Transport 15. Peng Sagna, Minister of Culture and Arts (female) 16. Minister of Tourism Sosoken 17. Minister of Religious Affairs Zhan Bolin 18. Minister of Women's Affairs Ganta Pawei (female) 19. Minister of Labor and Vocational Training Han Suo 20. Minister of Civil Service Hongmani 21. Minister of State Secretariat of Civil Aviation Mao Havana 22. Minister of State Secretariat of Frontier Langji^[2]

party

The main political parties in Cambodia are:

(1) Cambodian People's Party. Formerly known as the Cambodian People's Revolutionary Party, it was founded in June 1951 and renamed in October 1991. The current Party Chairman Hong Sen, Vice Chairmen Shao Ken, Sai Chong, Di Ban, Mei Sen'an and Hong Manai. It advocates maintaining political stability internally, devoting to economic development and poverty alleviation, and establishing a democratic and legal country; It pursues an independent, peaceful, neutral and non aligned policy, supports the establishment of a new international political and economic order, and advocates strengthening South South cooperation, narrowing the gap between rich and poor, strengthening regional cooperation, and maintaining regional peace and prosperity. Attach importance to friendly cooperation with neighboring countries and develop friendly relations with China, Japan, France and other major countries, and actively improve relations with the United States and the West.

After the 1993 general election, the People's Party, as the second largest party, and the first largest party, Fengxinbik Party, jointly ruled. He won the general election in 1998 and became the largest party. Hun Sen became Prime Minister. He won the general election in 2003 and won 73 parliamentary seats. Hun Sen was elected Prime Minister for a second time. He won the general election in 2008 and won 90 parliamentary seats. Hun Sen was elected Prime Minister for a second time. He won the general election in 2013 and won 68 parliamentary seats. Hun Sen was elected Prime Minister for a second time. He won the 2018 general election and won 125 parliamentary seats, making Hun Sen the prime minister for a second time. He won the general election in 2023 and won 120 parliamentary seats. Hong Manai became Prime Minister.

(2) Fengxinbik Party. Formerly known as "Front Uni National Pour Un Cambodia Independent, Neutral, Pacific, et Cooperative" (French full name), Sihanouk was founded in 1981 and served as chairman. It was renamed in 1992. The current chairman is Jia Lavu. Believing in Sihanoukism, advocating political democratization, economic privatization and maintaining constitutional monarchy internally; Adhering to the foreign policy of independence, peace, neutrality and non alignment, it advocates the establishment and development of friendly cooperative relations with all countries and friendly political parties in the world, and the peaceful settlement of border territorial disputes with neighboring countries.

In 1993, Fengxinbik Party won the general election and became the largest party in the Congress. In the 1998 general election, it won 43 parliamentary seats and became the second largest party. In the 2003 general election, it won 26 parliamentary seats, making it the second largest party. In the 2008 general election, he won two seats in Congress. No seats were obtained in the general elections in 2013 and 2018. Five parliamentary seats will be won in the 2023 general election.^[35]

Dignitaries

（1） Norodom Sihamoni King: The eldest son of Crown Mother Norodom Sihanouk and Queen Mother Monilet. Born in Phnom Penh in May 1953. From the 1960s to the mid-1970s, he studied dance, music and opera in Prague, Czech Republic. In the 1980s, he lived in France and served as a professor of classical dance and art at the Mozart Conservatory in Paris. He also served as the director and art director of the Khmer Dance Society, ballet troupe. Ambassador to UNESCO in 1993. He ascended the throne in October 2004. He paid a state visit to China in August 2005 and June 2016. He has visited China many times for physical examination and recuperation.

Norodom Sihamoni

(2) Hun Sen: Chairman of the Cambodian Senate, Chairman of the King's Advisory Group and Chairman of the People's Party. Born in Kampong Cham Province in August 1952. In September 1990, he participated in the Supreme Council of Cambodia. In October 1991, he served as the vice chairman of the People's Party. In July 1993, he served as the co chairman of the Interim National Government of Cambodia and the second prime minister of the Royal Government of Cambodia in September. He served as Prime Minister of the Royal Government in November 1998, and was re elected as Prime Minister for four times in 2004, 2008, 2013 and 2018. He will step down as Prime Minister in August 2023 and become Chairman of the King's Advisory Panel. In 2015, he was elected Chairman of the People's Party. In April 2024, he was elected President of the Senate. He has visited China and attended meetings for many times. His wife, Wenlani, was appointed President of the Cambodian Red Cross Society.

(3) Kunsodali: President of the Cambodian National Assembly, born in Battambang Province on November 18, 1952. He served as an adviser to the President of the National Assembly from 1993 to 1998, a member of the National Assembly from 1998, a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the People's Party from 2007, and the Second Vice President of the National Assembly from 2013 to 2015 and from September 2018 to August 2023. He will be the President of the National Assembly in August 2023.

(4) Hong Manai: Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, born in Kampong Cham Province in October 1977. He has successively served as Deputy Commander of the Cambodian Army, Deputy Commander in Chief and Commander of the Army of Wang Jiajun. In August 2023, he became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia. He will pay an official visit to China in September 2023. In December 2023, he was elected as the vice chairman of the Cambodian People's Party.^[35]

Economics

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overview

Cambodia is a traditional agricultural country. The poverty-stricken population accounts for 17.8% of the total population. We will implement the policy of opening to the outside world and a free market economy. This government implements the first phase of the "Five Corners Strategy" with the strategic objectives of growth, employment, equity, efficiency and sustainability. According to the statistics of the Cambodian government, the gross domestic product in 2023 will be about 32.17 billion US dollars, up 5.6% year on year, with a per capita inflation rate of 2.5% and 1917 US dollars.^[3]^[35]

Industry

Clothing industry and construction industry are the two pillars of Cambodia's industry. Cambodia has made full use of the preferential policies such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) granted to Cambodia by 28 countries and regions such as the United States, the European Union and Japan, and has actively attracted foreign investment in clothing and footwear industries by virtue of its low labor costs. By the end of 2020, there are 58 special economic zones registered with the Cambodian Development Council (CDC), 40 of which have been officially approved, and 24 of which are in operation, mainly distributed in the provinces and cities such as Guogong, Sihanouk, Svay Rieng, Bandai Mianzhi, Chajiao, Kanla, Kampot, Kampong Cham, Phnom Penh, etc. Among them, Sihanouk Province has the largest number of special economic zones.^[20]

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation of Cambodia, there will be 1879 large enterprises operating in Cambodia in 2021, with a year-on-year growth of 0.8%. 163 large enterprises were newly established, with a year-on-year decrease of 30.64%; 148 large enterprises were closed, up 46.53% year on year. 986677 jobs were created throughout the year, down 1.18% year on year. There are 1230 newly established small and medium-sized enterprises and handicraft workshops in Cambodia, and 1301 continue to operate, creating 12620 jobs; 1054 jobs were closed and 5343 jobs were reduced.^[3]

By the end of 2021, there are 43258 industrial and handicraft enterprises in Cambodia, creating 435840 jobs. It mainly involves textile and clothing, food, beverage, tobacco, wood processing, rubber, plastic and mineral processing industries, which are mainly concentrated in the capital Phnom Penh, Ganla, Shiju, Bangtong, Bodhisattva, Chajiao, Kampong Cham and Siem Reap provinces. The investment in the industrial sector was 13.811 billion US dollars, up 1.89% year on year. The investment destinations were mainly located in the capital Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville, Kanla, Shiju, Kampot and Svay Rieng provinces.^[3]

In 2021, Cambodia approved a total of 4303 construction projects, with a construction area of 12.9981 million square meters, a year-on-year decrease of 23.4%, and an investment of about 5.334 billion dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 31.21%. Among them, 7.393 million square meters were residential, 2.5445 million square meters were industrial, 2.0422 million square meters were commercial, and 417500 square meters were tourism, with year-on-year growth of 2.3%, 9%, 62.1%, and 36.1%, respectively, accounting for 56.9%, 19.6%, 15.7%, and 3.21% of the total construction area.^[3]

According to the report of the Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC), Cambodia's electricity supply was 12.601 billion kilowatt hours in the whole year, with a year-on-year growth of 1.61%. Among them, the domestic power production was 9.256 billion kWh, up 7.9% year on year, accounting for 73.45% of the national power supply; The import of electricity was 3.345 billion kWh, a year-on-year decrease of 12.42%, accounting for 26.55%. In addition, the cement output was 8.9448 million tons, up 5.2% year on year.^[3]

Agriculture

Agriculture plays an important role in Cambodia's national economy. Despite the backward infrastructure and technology, lack of funds and talents and other constraints, Cambodia is rich in agricultural resources, superior natural conditions, sufficient labor force and great market potential. The Cambodian government regards agriculture as a priority area for development, strives to improve agricultural production and its investment environment, fully tap the potential, give play to advantages and open up markets.^[20]

In 2021, Cambodia will complete a total of 3412817 hectares of cultivated land, an increase of 0.26% year on year, including 2925828 hectares of cultivated land for rice in rainy season, equivalent to 60.85% of the plan. The sown area totaled 2901605 hectares, up 3.4% year on year. The rice harvest area in the rainy season of the whole year was 2782948 hectares, with 9060495 tons of rice harvested, up 10.23% year on year, and the yield per hectare was 3.26 tons. At the same time, 474592 hectares of dry season rice were cultivated throughout the year. The total sown area was 467098 hectares, down 5.8% year on year.^[3]

In 2021, Cambodia's rice export will be 617069 tons, down 10.68% year on year, with 54 countries or regions as export destinations, mainly 22 EU countries (155773 tons, down 23.56% year on year), China (309709 tons, up 7% year on year), 7 ASEAN countries (63165 tons, down 27.31% year on year), and 24 other countries (88422 tons, down 20.12% year on year). At present, there are 62 rice export enterprises.^[3]

tourism

Cambodia is rich in tourism resources. Phnom Penh, the capital, has Tazi Mountain, Palace and other places of interest; Angkor Wat, the site group of Angkor Dynasty in Siem Reap Province in the north, is one of the seven wonders of the world; Sihanouk Port in the southwest is a famous seaside resort.^[20]

In 2021, Cambodia will receive 196495 foreign tourists, a year-on-year decrease of 85%. Tourism revenue will be 184 million dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 82%, and its contribution to GDP will be 1.8%. The top five tourist sources are Thailand (81844 people, accounting for 41.7%, a year-on-year decrease of 61.2%), China (45775 people, accounting for 23.3%, a year-on-year decrease of 86.1%), Vietnam (22120 people, accounting for 11.3%, a year-on-year decrease of 87.9%), Indonesia (8410 people, accounting for 4.3%, a year-on-year decrease of 42.3%) and the United States (6535 people, accounting for 3.3%, a year-on-year decrease of 88.3%). Among them, 99829 people came to Cambodia by air, accounting for 50.8%, down 86.8% year on year; 96666 people came to Cambodia by land and water, accounting for 49.2%, down 82.4% year on year. Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville and Siem Reap are three major international airports for foreign tourists, with 90244, 8500 and 1085 arrivals, accounting for 45.9%, 4.3% and 0.6% respectively, down 79.6%, 88.4% and 99.5% year on year.^[3]

In 2021, Cambodia will have 14435 tourism business organization licenses, 225000 tourism practitioners, 86499 hotel rooms, 30517 domestic tourists traveling abroad, a year-on-year decrease of 90.6%; There were 4.66 million domestic tourists, a year-on-year decrease of 35.5%, and the tourism expenditure was 230 million dollars.^[3]

finance

The currency of Cambodia is the real. In 1993, the Cambodian government passed and implemented the Foreign Exchange Law, which stipulates that the exchange rate is regulated by the market. In the past five years, the exchange rate has basically stabilized at 4000 Riels to 1 dollar. The dollar is allowed to circulate in the market. In the past decade, the US dollar has become the main medium of exchange in Cambodian society, accounting for more than 80% of the total circulation of currency in the market.

Cambodia's banking system consists of national banks and commercial banks. The banking supervision in Cambodia adopts a single supervision system, with the National Bank as its supervisory authority.

By the end of 2020, there are 52 commercial banks, 14 professional banks, 6 micro loan institutions that can accept deposits, 75 micro loan institutions that cannot accept deposits, 246 rural loan institutions, 24 settlement service institutions, 1 loan information sharing company, 6 representative offices of foreign banks, and 2889 currency changers in China.

On July 11, 2011, the Cambodian Stock Exchange was established in Phnom Penh, the first stock exchange in Cambodian history. The Cambodian Stock Exchange was jointly established by the Cambodian government and the Korean securities company, of which Cambodia holds 55% shares and South Korea holds 45% shares. On April 18, 2012, the Cambodian Stock Exchange officially opened. By the end of 2020, there are 7 listed companies in Cambodia.^[20]

foreign trade

According to the statistics of Cambodia's Ministry of Commerce, Cambodia's main export markets are the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and Canada; The main import sources are China, Thailand and Vietnam.^[20]

According to the statistics of the General Administration of Customs of Cambodia, Cambodia's foreign trade volume in 2021 will be 46.42 billion US dollars, up 26.1% year on year. Among them, imports reached 28.41 billion US dollars, up 48.1% year on year. The main commodities were textile supplies, building materials, steel, cement, purified water, alcohol, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and fertilizers, electronic products and power equipment, etc; Exports reached US $18.01 billion, up 2.1% year on year. The main commodities were clothing, shoes, travel supplies, electrical equipment and instruments, bicycles, rice, furniture, dry glue, sucrose, fruits and vegetables.^[3]

foreign capital

In 2021, Cambodia approved 169 new investment projects and expanded investment projects, a year-on-year decrease of 29%. The approved investment was 4.355 billion US dollars, down 47.2% year on year. Of which, the agricultural sector was 135 million US dollars, down 8.5% year on year; The industrial sector was 2.172 billion US dollars, up 47.7% year on year (the investment in the special economic zone was 756 million US dollars, up 219.9% year on year); The tourism sector was 128 million US dollars, down 96.7% year on year; Infrastructure and other fields reached US $1.921 billion, down 30.7% year on year. A total of 113000 jobs were created, down 25.2% year on year.^[3]

Foreign aid

According to the statistics of the World Bank, since 1960, Cambodia has received a total of $16.8 billion in foreign aid, with Japan, France, the Asian Development Bank, the United States and the European Union as its main donors.

In 2019, the Japanese government provided 60 million dollars in aid and 63 million dollars in loans to Cambodia; A total of US $3.4 billion was spent through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) technical cooperation projects in Cambodia to send technical experts, receive personnel to Japan for further study, and provide necessary equipment.

Since Cambodia joined the Asian Development Bank in 1966 to 2020, ADB has provided a total of 4.3 billion US dollars of preferential loans, free assistance, technical assistance, etc. to Cambodia, and implemented 403 projects for agriculture, natural resources and rural development (25.1%), transportation (16.1%), public sector management (12.8%), water resources, infrastructure and urban services (12.7%), education (9.6%) Finance (8.1%), energy (7.6%), cross sectoral projects (3.7%), health care (2.5%), industry and trade (1.7%) and other fields.

According to the statistics of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in 2019, France, the United States of Cambodia and the European Union provided aid to Cambodia in the amount of US $182 million, US $89.13 million and US $65.81 million, respectively.^[20]

Culture

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language

Cambodian (also known as Khmer) is the official language, and English is commonly used in government departments. Chinese and Vietnamese are the foreign languages most commonly used by ordinary citizens.^[20]

Religion

Religion plays a very important role in Cambodian people's politics, society and daily life. The Constitution of the Kingdom stipulates that "both male and female citizens enjoy full freedom of belief, and the state protects freedom of belief and religion". At the same time, Buddhism is clearly defined as the state religion. The people who believe in Hinayana Buddhism account for more than 85% of the national population. In addition, there are Christianity (about 36000 believers) and Islam (about 320000 believers). Cambodia has Buddhist temples all over the country, and the monk kings and monks have high social status. Generally, men, regardless of their social status, should become a monk once in their life, or they will be despised by the secular world. However, they can return to the secular world at any time. After returning to the secular world, it is easier to propose and get employed.^[20]

custom

Cambodians should be polite. The most common ritual is the "ten fold ceremony", that is, with both hands clasped in front of the chest and a slight bow, the height of the fingertips depends on the identity of the other party, and the king, members of the royal family, and monks also bow down or kneel down. The handshake ceremony is also popular in social occasions, but it is still appropriate for men and women to have ten ceremonies. Cambodian marriage custom is that a man "marries" to the woman's home. All the ceremonies of the wedding were held in the woman's home, and the wedding was presided over by the most prestigious old man in the village. The traditional houses of Cambodians are mostly bamboo and wood structured stilt houses, about two meters above the ground. People live on them and farm tools and vehicles are stored below.^[20]

Clothes & Accessories

Due to its tropical location, Cambodian people's clothing is very thin. Their national casual clothes are: men wear straight necked multi button jackets, and when the weather is hot, they don't wear jackets, only wear“ Gauze cage ”Or "Mountain Park". The "gauze cage" is sewn on both sides of the cloth with several feet of beautiful patterns printed on it. It is tied around the waist and looks like a skirt. "Shanpu" is a kind of long cloth, which is wound from the waist down to the lower leg, and then passed through the crotch. It is tightly tied to the waist at the back, and the rest stretches out like a fishtail. Women's casual clothes are mostly silk round necked short sleeved shirts with opposite front. They also wear "sarong" or "shanpu" on their lower body. Usually, they also wrap a beautiful design around their waist Long cloth towel 。

diet

Cambodians mainly eat rice and fish and shrimp as non-staple food. They like to eat vegetables with pungent taste, such as raw chili, onion, ginger, and lettuce, raw meat, and pickled fish sauce.^[20]

cultural heritage

List of representative works of intangible cultural heritage
category	name
United Nations Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity	Cambodian Royal Dance Drama
	Khmer Shadow Play in Sbektom
	Tug of War Ceremony and Competition
	Chapei ABCD music
	Vasviand mask dance^[21]

festival

The main festivals in Cambodia include:

Major festivals in Cambodia
Festival name	date
New Year's Day	January 1st
Victory Day	January 7th
International Women's Day	March 8th
Buddhist New Year	April 13-16
International Labor Day	May 1st
Pizza Banana Festival	April 26th
Yugeng Festival	April 30th
Birthday of King Sihamoni	May 14th
National Day	May 20th
international children 's day	June 1st
Cambodian Mother's Birthday	June 18th
Constitutional Day	September 24th
Death Day	October 5-7
Sihanouk Father's Day	October 15th
King Sihamoni's accession to the throne	October 29th
Independence Day	November 9th
Water Festival	November 18-20
Saturday and Sunday are legal public holidays.^[20]

military

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Main term: Cambodian Royal Army

The official name of the Cambodian Army is“ Cambodian Royal Army ”Is the national armed force of Cambodia.

The Cambodian Royal Army implements the compulsory military service system, and all Cambodian male citizens aged 18 to 30 are obliged to perform military service. The king is the supreme commander of the national army. The highest military decision-making body is the General Headquarters, and the Ministry of National Defense is the administrative body of the General Headquarters and the highest administrative organ of the military, which governs the General Staff. The General Staff is responsible for the battle command, logistics supply and technical support of the whole army.^[22] On October 25, 2006, the Cambodian National Assembly passed the draft of the Military Service Law, which stipulates that male Cambodian citizens aged 18 to 30 have the obligation to perform military service.^[27]

traffic

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highway

Road transport is the main transport mode in Cambodia, accounting for 65% of the total passenger transport and 69% of the total freight transport. The national highway is mainly 8 roads centered on the capital Phnom Penh, with asphalt pavement.^[20]

Railway

Cambodia has only two north-south railway lines, with a total length of 655 kilometers, both of which are single track meter gauge. North line from Phnom Penh to cities in the northwest Poetic style 385 km long, built in 1931; South line from Phnom Penh to Sihanouk Port It is 270 kilometers long and was built in 1960. Due to decades of war and destruction, Cambodia's railways have been in a state of neglect for a long time. In 2009, the Cambodian government began the reconstruction work, and gave Wangjia Railway Company a 30-year franchise for domestic railways. Since 2010, the Cambodian government has started to repair the two existing railways with the low interest loans of the Asian Development Bank, free assistance provided by the Australian government and its own financial funds. Among them, the southern line resumed passenger transport on April 30, 2016.^[20]

air transport

Air transport in Cambodia is mainly for passenger transport and freight transport is underdeveloped. Cambodia has three international airports in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville. As the Cambodian government implements the aviation opening policy, the number of airlines opening routes to Cambodia has steadily increased in recent years, with 47 domestic and foreign airlines operating in Cambodia. 14 In 2018, the number of flights in Cambodia reached 105000, with a passenger flow of 10.55 million, up 21.1% year on year.^[20]

water transport

Cambodia's water transport is divided into sea transport and river transport. Sihanouk Port is the only deep-water seaport in Cambodia, with two berths. The length of the wharf is 240 meters and 160 meters, and the water depth of the front is 9 meters. The main import commodities are raw materials, vehicles, medicines and daily necessities, and the main export commodities are clothing, agricultural products, especially rice. The sea route of the port can reach the United States, the European Union, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries and regions (mostly via Singapore).

In 2020, Phnom Penh Port and Sihanouk Port The throughput of the two ports was 10.366 million tons, up 0.1% year on year. Among them, the throughput of Phnom Penh Port was 3.9256 million tons, up 3% year on year; Sihanouk Port handled 6.4401 million tons, down 1.6% year on year. Cambodia's inland water system mainly includes the Mekong River, Tonle Sap River and Bassa River, with a total length of about 1750 km in rainy season and 580 km in dry season.

Cambodia has seven major river ports, including Phnom Penh Port, Kampong Cham Wharf, Kratie Wharf, Stung Treng Wharf, Nara Wharf, Kampong Qingyang Wharf and Chongne Wharf. In January 2013, the Phnom Penh Port new container terminal project supported by preferential funds provided by China was completed. It is located on the bank of the Mekong River about 21 kilometers south of Phnom Penh. The terminal is 300 meters long and 22 meters wide. There are two 500 ton cargo berths. The designed annual container throughput is 120000 TEUs.^[20]

Sociology

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education

Cambodia implements nine-year compulsory education. The education system includes primary school (Grade 16), junior high school (Grade 79), senior high school (Grade 1012), universities and other higher education institutions. The primary school enrollment rate, especially the urban enrollment rate, is quite high, with the net enrollment rate reaching 91%. In the 1960s, the cause of culture and education developed greatly. Since the 1970s, the cause of culture and education has suffered serious damage due to long-term wars. In recent years, the government has attached importance to education and built some schools. There are 4014 kindergartens, 7144 primary schools, 1731 middle schools and 63 colleges and universities in China (including 18 public colleges and 45 private colleges and universities).^[20]

media

Cambodia News Agency (AKP), the only official news agency in Cambodia, was established in 1980.

There are 10 television stations in Cambodia, including: national television station, the capital Phnom Penh Channel 3 (official), Channel 5 (military station), Andromeda (party property of the People's Party), Channel 9 (private), Bayon (private), etc., and there are 2 cable television stations: Cambodian cable television station and Phnom Penh cable television station.

There are 28 radio stations in Cambodia and 5 official radio stations, among which FM96 is a national radio station, broadcasting 19 hours a day.

There are 274 newspapers, 27 journals and 74 magazines in Cambodia. Chinese newspapers include the Cambodian China Daily and the Cambodian China Times. There are two influential English newspapers, one French newspaper, and the rest are Cambodian newspapers. Newspapers with large circulation include the Light of Cambodia (Cambodian, daily), Acid Horn Tree (Cambodian, daily), Peace Island News (Cambodian, daily), Phnom Penh Post (English), Khmer Times (English), etc.

Cambodia has 18 journalists' associations, all of which are small in size. The most influential one is the Cambodian Journalists Club, which has 185 members (including units and individuals). Its main task is to safeguard the rights and interests of the media and journalists.^[20]

medical care

Since the 1980s, the government has taken measures to gradually restore the medical system. The mortality rate of newborn infants has decreased year by year, and the prevention and treatment of various diseases have also made some progress, and the incidence has declined.

According to the latest census report released by the Cambodian government, in 2020, the average life expectancy of Cambodian men will be 74.3 years and that of Cambodian women 76.8 years. At present, there are 13464 hospital beds in Cambodia, 0.97 beds per thousand people, the utilization rate of hospital beds is 95%, and 0.2 doctors per thousand people. Cambodia is a high incidence area of dengue fever. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health of Cambodia, in 2020, the death toll of dengue fever in Cambodia will be about 10000, down about 7% year on year.^[20]

communication

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Cambodia, Cambodia's power supply will reach 12.202 billion kilowatt hours in 2020, up 6.3% year on year. In some cities and most rural areas of Cambodia, the quality of power supply is still unstable, and 24-hour power supply cannot be guaranteed.

Cambodia's telecommunications market is highly competitive. The top three mobile (cellular) network providers are Smart Axiata (Malaysian investment), Metfone (Vietnamese investment) and Cellcard (Cambodian local investment). The price of Cambodia's telecommunication service is affordable, and the traffic and telephone package fees are lower than the global average. "Mobile first" prevails in Cambodia. The report of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia shows that in 2019, the number of mobile phone users will be 21.676 million, with a penetration rate of about 140%. By the end of 2019, the total length of backbone optical fiber in Cambodia was 41643.6 kilometers, which was provided by three companies, Telecom Cambodia (TC), Viettel (Cambodia) and CFOCN, with optical fiber lengths of 2291.6 kilometers, 22000 kilometers and 17352 kilometers respectively; The submarine optical fiber is 3800 kilometers long, which is provided by Telco Tech (MCT) and CFOCN (AAE1). The optical fiber length is 1300 kilometers and 2500 kilometers respectively.

Internet service was introduced into Cambodia in 1997, and the CamNet company under the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is responsible for providing Internet access services. There are about a dozen active Internet service providers in the market, with S 1. Net and Ezecom, followed by Digi, ONLINE, WiCAM, MekongNet, Opennet and Today Communication.^[20]

International Relations

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foreign policy

Cambodia pursues a foreign policy of independence, peace, permanent neutrality and non alignment. He joined ASEAN in 1999 and took the rotating presidency of ASEAN in 2002, 2012 and 2022.^[2]

external relations

Relations with China

On July 19, 1958, China and Cambodia officially established diplomatic relations. For a long time, several generations of Chinese leaders have established profound friendship with Cambodian Emperor Sihanouk, laying a solid foundation for the long-term stable development of bilateral relations. In April 1955, Premier Zhou Enlai met Sihanouk, then head of the Cambodian government, at the Bandung Asian African Conference. In the 1950s and 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai and President Liu Shaoqi led delegations to visit Cambodia many times. Sihanouk has visited China six times. In the 1970s and 1980s, Sihanoukville twice stayed in China for a long time, leading the Cambodian people in their struggle against foreign aggression and safeguarding national independence and sovereignty, which was strongly supported by the Chinese government and people. In December 2010, the two countries established a comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership, and bilateral relations entered a new stage of development. In April 2019, the two countries signed the Action Plan for Building a Community of Shared Destiny between China and Cambodia, bringing bilateral relations to a new stage of development.

The bilateral free trade agreement signed by China and Cambodia came into force on January 1, 2022, which is the first bilateral free trade arrangement signed by Cambodia. According to the statistics of the General Administration of Customs of China, the bilateral trade volume between China and Cambodia in 2023 will reach 14.82 billion US dollars, down 5.3% year on year. Among them, China exported 12.75 billion dollars to Cambodia and imported 2.07 billion dollars from Cambodia. From January to February 2024, the bilateral trade volume will be 2.5 billion US dollars, up 22.1% year on year, including 2.16 billion US dollars of China's exports to Cambodia and 340 million US dollars of imports from Cambodia.

The two countries have close exchanges and cooperation in political parties, parliaments, military affairs, culture and education. So far, the two sides have signed the China Cambodia Extradition Treaty, the China Cambodia Cultural Cooperation Agreement, the China Cambodia Mutual Visa Exemption Agreement for Diplomatic and Official Passport Holders, and the memorandum of understanding on cooperation in cultural relics protection, tourism, police, sports, agriculture, water conservancy, construction, land and resources management. Cambodia has established consulates general in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Kunming, Chongqing, Nanning, Xi'an, Haikou and Jinan. China has consular offices in Siem Reap and Sihanouk provinces of Cambodia.^[36]

Released on September 16, 2023《 Joint Communiqu é of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Royal Government of Cambodia 》。^[33]

On the morning of the 16th local time, the opening ceremony of the China Cambodia health service joint exercise, code named "Angel of Peace - 2023", was held in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. Senior Colonel Hao Linyuan, the leader of the Chinese guidance and coordination team, and General Issala, the Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of the Joint Staff of the Cambodian Royal Army, delivered speeches respectively. The participating officers and soldiers of China and Cambodia, multinational military officers stationed in Cambodia and Southeast Asian observers participated.^[34]

Relations with ASEAN countries

Cambodia joined ASEAN on April 30, 1999, becoming the 10th member of ASEAN. After joining the EU, Cambodia actively participated in the ASEAN political cooperation mechanism and economic integration process, adhered to the principles of consensus among member countries and non-interference in their internal affairs, and advocated strengthening cooperation to narrow the gap between new and old members. We should attach importance to international counter-terrorism cooperation and actively support the establishment of the East Asian Economic Community and the Security Community. Cambodia attaches importance to strengthening economic cooperation within ASEAN and the Greater Mekong Subregion, and actively promotes economic cooperation among Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. In February 2008, the Cambodian Parliament adopted the ASEAN Charter. In 2012, Cambodia held the rotating presidency of ASEAN and held many international conferences, such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Summit and the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting.^[27]

Relations with Thailand

Cambodia and Thailand established diplomatic relations in 1950. In June 2009, Thai Prime Minister Abhisit paid a visit to Cambodia. In July, the President of the Thai Parliament, Jai Ki, visited Cambodia. In August, Han Sanglin, President of the Cambodian National Assembly, visited Thailand. In November, Cambodia appointed former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin as the economic adviser of the Cambodian government, and both sides recalled their ambassadors to the other country. In August 2010, Thaksin resigned as economic adviser and the two sides resumed diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level. In September, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen and Thai Prime Minister Abhisit met during the ASEAN US Summit held in the United States and the Asia Europe Summit held in Belgium.

In February and April 2011, Cambodia and Thailand exchanged fire twice in the border area, causing heavy casualties and property losses. Cambodia requested the International Court of Justice to explain the Preah Vihear Temple, which will be located on the Cambodian Thai border in 1962. On November 11, 2012, the International Court of Justice ruled that Cambodia has sovereignty over the area around Preah Vihear Temple, and Thailand has the obligation to withdraw all forces such as military and police from the area. The governments of Cambodia and Thailand said they would jointly safeguard peace and stability in the border area.

After Thai Prime Minister Yingluck came to power in August 2011, Cambodia Thailand relations turned around. In September, Prime Minister Yingluck of Thailand visited Cambodia. In April 2012, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck went to Cambodia to attend the ASEAN Summit. The departments and fields of both sides have frequent exchanges.^[27]

Relations with Vietnam

Cambodia and Vietnam established diplomatic relations in 1967. The two sides have frequent high-level exchanges. In June 2009, Cambodian Deputy Prime Minister Gai Jin extended his visit to Vietnam. In July, Vietnamese Vice Premier Zhang Yongzhong visited Cambodia. In December, Nong Duc Mong, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Communist Party, visited Cambodia. In the same month, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited Vietnam. In June 2010, King Sihamoni and Grand Emperor Sihanouk of Cambodia visited Vietnam. In August, Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh chul visited Cambodia. In November, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited Cambodia. In April 2011, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited Cambodia. In September, Vietnamese President Nguyen Sang Hung visited Cambodia. In December, Nguyen Phu Trong, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Communist Party, visited Cambodia, and the two sides issued a joint statement. In January 2012, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited Vietnam. In July, Han Sanglin, President of the Cambodian National Assembly, visited Vietnam. In September, King Sihamoni of Cambodia visited Vietnam. In January 2014, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited Cambodia, and the two sides expressed their willingness to continue to deepen bilateral cooperation in various fields.^[4]

Relations with the United States

Cambodia and the United States established diplomatic relations in 1950. In 2006, the U.S. Embassy in Cambodia announced that it would resume visa processing for Cambodian people. The US Senate announced the lifting of the ban on military assistance to Cambodia, and pledged to provide $1 million in aid to Cambodia. In 2007, it provided $55.8 million in direct assistance to Cambodia. In July 2009, He Nanhong, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, met with Clinton, Secretary of State of the United States, during his attendance at the ASEAN Regional Forum and other relevant meetings. In September, the special envoy of the President of the United States visited Cambodia. In the same month, Cambodian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation He Nanhong visited the United States. In September 2010, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited the United States and attended the second ASEAN US Summit. In November, US Secretary of State Clinton visited Cambodia. In June 2012, Cambodian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation He Nanhong visited the United States. The US military has frequently visited Cambodia, and the two sides have held military exercises for many times. In 2012, US President Barack Obama attended the East Asia Summit held in Phnom Penh, which was the first time that a US president in office ever visited Cambodia.^[27]

Relations with Japan

Japan is the largest donor country to Cambodia. Since 1992, it has provided an average of 100 million US dollars in aid to Cambodia, accounting for 20% of the total amount of foreign aid to Cambodia, covering such fields as roads and bridges, hydropower infrastructure and agriculture, rural development, medical care, education, talent training, environmental protection, heritage protection and justice. In July 2009, Cambodian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation He Nanhong signed a US $33.05 million aid agreement with Japanese representatives. In August, He Nanhong, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Cambodia, signed a US $82 million aid agreement with representatives of Japan. In November, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited Japan. In May 2010, King Sihamoni of Cambodia visited Japan. From February to March 2012, Japan provided various kinds of assistance and preferential loans to Cambodia totalling more than $100 million.^[27]

On April 23, 2022, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen and Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Kishida attended the fourth Asia Pacific Water Summit in Kumamoto, and the two sides held bilateral meetings.^[7]

Relations with France

Cambodia has been under French colonial rule for 90 years, and the two countries have deep traditional relations. Both sides attach importance to strengthening bilateral exchanges. The fields of French aid to Cambodia involve cultural education, law, religion, police and gendarmerie training, agriculture, health, etc. In July 2009, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited France and attended the French National Day parade. In October, So'an, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Cabinet Office of Cambodia, visited France. In March 2010, King Sihamoni of Cambodia visited France. In July 2011, French Prime Minister Fillon visited Cambodia.^[27]

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scenic spot	Introduction to Scenic Spots	picture
Angkor Antiquities	Angkor, the capital of the Angkor Dynasty in Cambodia in the 9-15th century, was built in succession in the 9-12th century. It is famous for its magnificent stone structure buildings and exquisite sculptures. In the middle of the 15th century, the Angkor Dynasty moved southward due to the invasion of Siam, and the old capital of Angkor gradually became deserted until it was submerged in the forest. Discovered by French explorers at the end of the 19th century, it is about 314 kilometers northwest of Phnom Penh. Because of years of war and natural invasion, Angkor Antiquities Serious damage. In 1992, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization listed Angkor as a world cultural heritage, and established the International Coordination Committee for the Protection of Angkor Monuments. There are more than 600 existing historic sites, which are distributed in the area of nearly 400 square kilometers.^[23]	Angkor Antiquities
Phnom Penh Palace	Phnom Penh Palace The Royal Palace, also known as the Four Arm Bay Grand Palace, got its name because it is located at the junction of the Upper Mekong River, the Tonle Sap River, the Lower Mekong River and the Bassa River. It was built by the King of Norodom in 1866-1870. The palace is rectangular, 435 meters long and 402 meters wide, with a city wall outside. The architecture of the palace has the traditional Khmer architectural style and religious color. The palace has minarets, representing prosperity; The hall body is painted in yellow and white. Yellow represents Buddhism and white represents Brahmanism. The palace was originally a wooden structure, and later it was rebuilt into a cement structure, but it maintained its original style. The main buildings in the palace are: Silver Pavilion, Golden Palace, Pagani Pavilion, Kemaling Palace and Moonlight Tower.^[23]	Phnom Penh Palace
Independence Monument	Cambodian Independence Monument Located at the intersection of Norodom Avenue and Sihanouk Avenue, it was built to commemorate Cambodia's complete independence from French colonial rule on November 9, 1953. It was completed in March 1958. It is 37 meters high and has seven floors. There are 100 snake gods (symbols of Cambodian culture) on it. On the Independence Day every year, the Cambodian king or his representative will hold a grand celebration here. Visiting foreign heads of state also come here to lay wreaths.^[5]	Cambodian Independence Monument

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