Flexible management, in essence, is a kind of "people-centered"“Humanized management”On the basis of studying people's psychology and behavior laws, it uses a non mandatory way to generate a potential persuasive power in the minds of employees, thus turning organizational will into individual conscious action[2]。In essence, flexible management is a new strategy to manage "stability and change"[2]。
The biggest feature of flexible management is that it does not rely on power and influence (such as orders from the superior), but on the employees'Psychological process, depending on the initiative, internal potential and creative spirit inspired by each employee's heart, so it has obvious internal drive[2]。
Flexible management is mainly reflected in the flexibility of management decisions andReward Flexibility of mechanism[2]。The flexibility of management decision is first manifested in the flexibility of decision target selection.traditionDecision TheoryIt is believed that the selection of decision objectives should follow the principle of optimization, but in fact, due to the uncertainty of decision premise, it is difficult to followOptimality criterionMake decisions.However, if the optimization criterion is replaced by the satisfaction criterion, the decision-maker will make a satisfactory choice based on the information already mastered, so it has greater flexibility.The transformation from optimization criteria to satisfaction criteria in decision-making is essentially the transformation from rigid criteria to flexible criteria[2]。In addition, the flexibility of management decisions is also reflected indecision-making processupper[2]。"One word decision" is a rigid decision, while "group word decision" is a decision made by the relevant personnel who independently and freely express their opinions and suggestions, conduct comprehensive analysis on this basis, and act on the basis of good choices. The resulting decision can be called flexible decision[2]。Another important embodiment of flexible management is the flexibility of reward mechanism. In addition to material rewards, more attention should be paid to spiritual rewards, which can also be expanded and enrichedjob contentAnd improve the meaning and challenge of work to motivate employees.This has been reflected in some high-tech companies[2]。
flexible management
flexibilitymanagement philosophyIs established toMode of thinkingThe change from linear to nonlinear is the premise.Linear thinkingIs characterized byDiachronicThat is, the development of events in a period;andNonlinear thinkingIs characterized bySynchronicity, that is, synchronous transformation, that is, the interconnection between different things at the same time.From the complex phenomenon of chaos on the surface, it can be seen thatDevelopment of thingsAnd evolutionaryNatural orderThe task of flexible management is to understand the direction of the next step, identify potential unknown needs and open up markets, and then predict changes and automatically cope with changes.Flexible management, marked by "humanization", emphasizes leaps and changes, speed and response, sensitivity and flexibility. It emphasizes equality and respect, creativity and intuition, initiative andEnterprise spirit, vision and value control, which is based on information sharing, virtual integrationCompetitive cooperation, difference complementarity, virtual practice community, etc., to realize the transformation of management and operation knowledge from implicit to explicit, thus creatingcompetitive edge。"Flexible management" is relative to“Rigid management”Put forward."Rigid management" takes "rules and regulations as the center", and uses the system to restrict the management of employees.The "flexible management" is "people-centered", which is carried out for employeesPersonalized management。The biggest feature of "flexible management" is that it does not mainly rely on external forces?If we give orders, we rely on human liberation, equal powerDemocratic managementTo stimulate the internal potential, initiative and creativity of each employee from the bottom of their hearts, so that they can really feel comfortable and spare no effort to develop excellent performance for the enterprise, and become the fierce globalmarket competition The source of strength to gain competitive advantage.The characteristics of "flexible management": the internal is more important than the external, the psychological is more important than the physical,Example is more important than preceptAffirmation is more important than negation, incentive is more important than control, and pragmatism is more important than vanity.Obviously, in theKnowledge based enterprise managementAfter flexibility, managers pay more attention to the enthusiasm and creativity of employees, and more attention to the initiative and self-discipline of employees.
features
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1. Flat and networked organizational structure.Organizational structure is an institutional system in which people engaged in management activities cooperate to achieve certain goals.Rigid managementMost of the organizational structures under are linear, centralized and functional management organization systems, emphasizing unified command and clear division of labor.The disadvantages of these organizational structures areinformation transferSlow, poor adaptability, difficult to adaptInformation societyThe need for the survival and development of the organization.Advocacy of flexible managementOrganizational structure modelFlatteninghierarchy We should reduce unnecessary intermediate links in the organization, delegate decision-making power, enable each member of the organization or subordinate unit to have the ability to deal with problems independently, give play to the creativity of the members of the organization, and provide an organizational mechanism for making the best use of their talents.At the same time, through the flattening of the organizational structure, the vertical management is compressed, the horizontal management is expanded, and the horizontal management is further expanded to all-round information communication, which will form a network organization. The team or work group is the node on the network. Most nodes are equal and non rigid among each otherInformation communicationConvenient, fast and flexible.
2. Flexibility of management decision.In the traditional rigid organization, the decision-making level is the leadership and command level, the management decision-making is carried out from top to bottom, and the organization members are the executors of the decision-making, so the decision-making often has a strong subjective color of the high-level.Flexible decisionThe middle decision-making level includes the expert level and the coordination level. The management decision-making is formed through extensive discussion on the basis of trust and respect for the members of the organization. At the same time, a large number of management authorities are delegated to the grassroots, and many management problems are solved by the grassroots organizations themselves.The second manifestation of management decision flexibility isDecision objectivesFlexibility of selection,Rigid managementSelection of decision objectives inOptimization principle, seeking toOptimal scheme。According to flexible management, due to theUncertaintyIt is impossible to make decisions according to the optimization criteria. It is proposed to replace the optimization criteria with the satisfaction criteria to make management decisions more flexible.
⒊Organizational incentiveScientific.In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the organization membersInitiativeAnd creativity, implementing scientific incentive methods is an important part of flexible management.Flexible management believes that incentive is a comprehensive combination of respect, trust, care and reward for organizational members. Incentive is divided into material incentive andImmaterial incentive。When implementing, we should fully combine the two,Material incentiveThe basic incentive method can meet the low-level needs of the organization members, but cannot play a greater role in the incentive.The non-material incentive method can meet the high-level needs of organizational members for respect and self realization. It strives to create a relaxed, equal, mutual respect and trust working environment for organizational members, provide development opportunities, and implementself-management、Participation in managementWait for newmanagement。
Basic role
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Stimulate people's creativity
stayindustrial societyThe main wealth comes from assets, while the main wealth in the era of knowledge economy comes from knowledge.Knowledge based onExisting form, can be divided intoexplicit knowledge andTacit knowledgeThe former mainly refers to the patentScientific InventionAnd special technology, the latter refers to the embodiment of employees' creative knowledge and ideas.Explicit knowledge is well known, while tacit knowledge only exists in the minds of employees, which is difficult to master and control.Employees should consciously and voluntarily contribute their knowledge and ideas to the enterprise to realize "knowledge sharing"“Rigid management”No, only through "flexible management".
Adapt to the rapidly changing external environment
The era of knowledge economy isinformation explosionOf the external environmentVariabilityRequirements for complexitystrategic decision They must integrate the wisdom of various professionals;On the other hand, strategic decisions must be made quickly.This means that it is necessary to break the boundaries of strict division of labor among departments, and implement the recombination of functions, so that each employee or team can acquire the ability to deal with problems independently and perform their duties independently, without having to ask for instructions at all levels.So just byRules and regulationsIt is difficult to effectively manage such organizations, and only through "flexible management" can we provide a mechanism and environment for "giving full play to our talents", make decisions quickly and accurately, andCompetitive neutrality In an invincible position.
Flexibility can be expressed in two aspects.The first aspect is that the system adapts to the outsideenvironmental change It can be measured by the degree to which the system meets the requirements of new products;The second aspect is the ability of the system to adapt to internal changes, which can be used in the case of interference (such as machine failure), the productivity of the system and the productivity without interferenceexpected valueBy comparison."Flexibility" is relative to "rigidity". The traditional "rigidity" automatic production line mainly realizes single varietyMass production。Its advantages areproductivityVery high, because the equipment is fixedEquipment utilizationIt is also very high, and the cost of a single product is low.However, the price is quite expensive, and only one or several similar parts can be processed, which is difficult to cope with the production of multiple varieties in small and medium-sized batches.As the era of mass production is gradually adaptedMarket dynamicsThe viability of a manufacturing automation system andcompetitive powerTo a large extent, it depends on whether it can produce different varieties of products with lower cost and higher quality in a very short development cycle.Flexibility has occupied an important position.
content
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(1) Machine flexibility When it is required to produce a series of different types of products, the difficulty of the machine to process different parts with product changes.
(2) First, process flexibilitytechnological processThe ability to adapt to changes in products or raw materials without change;SecondManufacturing systemThe difficulty of changing the corresponding process to adapt to changes in products or raw materials.
flexible management
（3）Product flexibilityOne is the ability of the system to produce new products in a very economical and rapid manner after the product is updated or completely changed;Second, after the product is updated, it is useful for the old productInheritance abilityAnd compatibility.(4) Maintenance flexibility uses multiple ways to query and handle faults to ensure normal production.
(6) Extension flexibility can be easily extended when production needsSystem structure, add modules to form a larger system.
(7) Operation flexibility is the ability to use different machines, materials and technological processes to produce a series of products and the same products, and the ability to use different processes for processing.
（8）Flexible manufacturing technologyflexible manufacturing Technology is the sum total of all kinds of technologies that realize programmed flexible manufacturing for machining objects with different shapes.Flexible manufacturing technology istechnology-intensiveIt is believed that all processing technologies that focus on flexibility and are suitable for multi variety, small and medium-sized batch (including single product) belong to flexible manufacturing technology.At present, it is divided into:
flexibilityManufacturing systemThere are many definitions of, including:National Bureau of StandardsThe FMS is defined as: "Atransmission system For some related equipment, the transmission device places the workpiece on other connecting devices and sends it to each processing equipment, so that the workpiece can be processed accurately, rapidly and automatically.The central computer controls the machine tool and transmission system, and the flexible manufacturing system can sometimes process several different parts at the same time.The International Association for Production Engineering Research pointed out that "FMS is an automated manufacturing system that can produce any range ofProduct family, the flexibility of the system is usually affected bysystem designLimits of the product family being considered. "The Chinese national military standard is defined as "flexibility"Manufacturing systemIs created byNC machiningAn automated manufacturing system consisting of equipment, material handling and storage devices and computer control system, which includes multipleFlexible manufacturing cell, can according to the manufacturing task orproduction environment The change of is quickly adjusted, and is suitable for multi variety, medium and small batch production. "In short, FMS consists ofNumerical control equipment, material handling device andcomputer control system An automated manufacturing system that is composed of and can be rapidly adjusted according to changes in manufacturing tasks and production varieties.
At present, the common composition usually includes 4 or morefully automaticnumerical control machine(Machining center andturning center And so on), by the centralized control system andMaterial handling systemConnected, it can realize the processing and management of multiple varieties, small and medium-sized batches without stopping the machine.At present, the FMS reflecting the overall level of the factory is the first generation FMS, which was implemented in Japan since 1991“Intelligent manufacturing system”(IMS) international development project, belonging to the second generation FMS;The truly perfect second generation FMS is expected to be realized after the decade of this century.
Flexible Manufacturing Cell (FMC)
FMC came out and was used about 6 to 8 years later than FMS in production. FMC can be regarded as the smallest FMS, and it is a product of FMS's development towards low-cost and miniaturization. It is composed of 1 to 2 machining centers, industrial robots, numerical control machine tools, and material transportation and storage equipment. It is characterized by realizing single machine flexibility and automation, and has the flexibility to process multiple products.So far, it has entered the stage of popularization and application.
It is not flexible in single or few varieties and large quantitiesAutomatic lineThe production line between FMS and FMS with small and medium-sized batch and multiple varieties.Its processing equipment can be general machining centersCNCMachine tool, special machine tool or NC can also be usedSpecial machine toolThe requirement for flexibility of material handling system is lower than FMS, butproductivityHigher.It is based on the flexibility in discrete productionManufacturing systemAnd continuous productionDecentralized control system（DCS）As a representative, it is characterized by realizing the flexibility and automation of the production line. Its technology has become increasingly mature and has entered the practical stage so far.
futureCADTechnology development will be introducedexpert system, making it intelligent and able to handle various complex problems.The latest breakthrough in current design technology is photosensitive stereoForming technologyThis new technology is directly controlled by computer using CAD dataLaser scanning system, will3D digital modelDivide into several layers of two-dimensional sheet shapes, and according to the two-dimensional sheet shapesPhotosensitive resinLiquid levelOptical scanningThe liquid level scanned becomes the solidified plastic. In this way, the layered solidified plastic can be scanned and formed layer by layer, and the laminated solidified plastic can be automatically bonded together. The accurate prototype can be made in a few hours only by determining the data.It helps to speed up the development of new products and new structures.
So far,Flexible manufacturing technologyUsed inartificial intelligenceMost refer toRule-based expert system。The expert system uses expert knowledge and reasoning rules to reason and solve various problems (such as interpretation, prediction, diagnosis, fault finding, design, planning, monitoring, repair, command and control, etc.).Because expert system can easily combine various facts and verified theories with knowledge obtained through experience, expert system enhances flexibility for all aspects of flexible manufacturing.Looking forward to the future, with knowledge intensive characteristicsknowledge processing Artificial intelligence (including expert system) technology will play an increasingly important role in flexible manufacturing (especially intelligent).At present, artificial intelligence is expected to be the most promising technology in flexible manufacturing.
It is estimated that by the beginning of the 21st century, AI willFlexible manufacturing technologyThe application scale in will be 4 times larger than that at present.Intelligent manufacturing technology(IMT) aims to integrate artificial intelligence into each link of the manufacturing process, and replace or extend the human part of the manufacturing environment with the help of intelligent activities of simulation expertsmental labour。In the manufacturing process, the system canautomatic monitoring hisrunning state , can be stimulated by external or internalAutomatic adjustmentIts parameters to achieve the bestworking condition , with self-organizing ability.Therefore, IMT is called the manufacturing technology of the 21st century.Intelligent sensor technology is a rapidly developing field of great significance to the future intelligent flexible manufacturing technology.This technology is accompanied by computer application technology and artificial intelligence, which enables sensors to have an internal "decision-making" function.
Artificial neural network（ANN）It is a method of simulating intelligent biological neural network to process information.So the artificial neural network is also a kind of artificial intelligence tool.In the field of automatic control, neural networks will soon be listed in expert systems andFuzzy control system, become modernautomatic system A component of.
Development trend
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FMC will become a popular technology for development and application
This is because the investment of FMC is much less than that of FMSeconomic performanceCloser, more suitable for those with limited financial resourcesSmall and medium-sized enterprises。At present, many foreign manufacturers regard FMC as the top priority of development.
Develop more efficient FML
The demand for FML from various and mass production enterprises such as automobile and tractor factories has caused FMSmanufacturerWith great concern.Use low-cost dedicatednumerical control machineThe alternative general machining center will be FMLDevelopment trend。
Developing towards multi-function
The FMS is further developed from the simple processing FMS, which has multiple functions including welding, assembly, inspection, sheet metal processing, casting, forging and other manufacturing processes.
Flexible manufacturing technologyIs to implementFuture factoryNovelty ofConceptual modelAnd new development trends are strategic measures that determine the future development of manufacturing enterprises.At that time, intelligent machinery and people will integrate with each other, flexibly and comprehensively coordinate to acceptPurchase OrderAll activities of production and operation of the enterprise from production to sales.In recent years, as a kind of modernization, flexible manufacturingindustrial production Scientific "Philosophy" andFactory automationIts advanced model has been recognized internationally.It can be considered that flexible manufacturing technology is based onAutomation technology, information technology and manufacturing technologyengineering design、ManufacturingandOperation managementUnder the support of computers and their software, they form a complete and organic system covering the entire enterprise to realize the overall situationDynamic optimization, overall high efficiency, high flexibility, and then win the competitionIntelligent manufacturing technology。It serves as the world's manufacturing automationtechnological development OfCutting-edge technology, providing a grand blueprint for future institutional manufacturing plants, which will become the main part of the institutional manufacturing industry in the 21st centuryProduction mode。By portMAC address, application, etcvirtual network, which effectively controls the broadcast traffic of the enterprise internal network and improves the security of the enterprise internal network.
matters needing attention
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To implement flexible management, enterprises must pay attention to the following key elements.
1. The business orientation is to meet the needs and preferences of customers.
It is not only necessary to provide customers with goods, but also to enrich the value of customers, so that customers can get more value-added feelings when consuming an article.The traditional concept of mass production enterprises is that supply creates demand.As long as it can produce, there will be customers to buy. The profit of an enterprise is determined by the market and production capacity.Flexible management is to put customers' needs and preferences in the first place. Profit is contained in customers' demand for goods and satisfaction of customers' preferences. As long as customers' needs and preferences can be transformed into goods or services, profit is a natural result of this transformation.Therefore, the key to flexible management is to determine how to create richnessCustomer valueAnd how to solve the problems that customers care about, and how to translate the wishes or needs that customers perceive but do not fully express into the product solutions that customers can clearly say "This is what I want".This kind ofCustomer needsAnd preference oriented management is a challenge to the ability of managers.
2. The most basic function of management is to promote learning, inspire inspiration and insight into the future.
scientific managementThe most basic function of management in the era is decision-making, andNetwork eraThe most basic function of management is to seekKnowledge transformationThe path and node of.The uncertain market changes in the Internet era have transformed the core role of management into a kind of entrustment: promoting learning, inspiring inspiration and insight into the future.Stimulate, integrate and coordinate the efforts and contributions of front-line personnel, take a higher view of the overall situation, and integrate the new ideas of front-line personnel intoEnterprise developmentIn the unified strategic framework, so that the development and evolution process of the enterprise can be combined by developed components in an optimal wayOrganism。
Identify and discover the marketpotential demandAnd preferences. The dynamic process of grasping needs and preferences requires not only a lot of information, but also keen insight, wisdom and inspiration.In the marketdemand structure In the rapidly changing network era, only by giving full play to the innovative forces in all aspects can we create an intelligent enterprise and constantly gain new competitive concerns.Therefore, the establishment of various virtual practice associations, efforts to provide innovative suggestions and programs for the development of enterprises, enhance the timely learning ability of enterprises, and make enterprises become a real learning enterprise is the guarantee for enterprises to remain invincible.The virtual practice community is a "strong strong" cooperation, and its essential characteristics areCustomer focus, based on opportunities, with a set of clear objectives based on agreements.
scientific managementThe organization of the times is a pyramid structure with too many layers, single and too long channels for information transmission, and slow response;The functional departments are isolated from each other,Information flowRestricted by the boundary, the information transmission between the superior and subordinate is often distorted.Each part of the network organization is relatively independent, and the division of each part is a symbiotic relationship between Taiwan and Taiwan. There is no defined boundary.In the form of networkOblate Organization Structure Instead of pyramidalorganization structure, improvedinformation transferEfficiency andwork efficiency, strengthened the communication between departments, increased and encouraged the cooperation between enterprises andMarket feedbackHas improved the overall enterpriseReaction sensitivitySo that enterprises can catchMarket opportunities。
