synonymBerlin Reichstag (Berlin Parliament Building) generally refers to the German Parliament Building
Reichstagsgeb ä ude (German: Reichstagsgeb ä ude), the parliament building for short;The official name is "Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebaude" (German:GermanycapitalBerlinA building in the central Tirgato district.
The German Parliament Building is located inBerlinThe city center reflects the classical, GothicThe RenaissanceA variety of style and baroque stylearchitectural styleIs a symbol of German unity.Because at that timeWilliam II The inscription on the building "forGermanyPeople "isthe First World WarIt was inlaid during the period.The Reichstag is not only the seat of the Federal Parliament, but also the most popular tourist attraction with its dome roof.Its constantly updated history reflects that since the 19th centuryHistory of GermanyOn each side of the.After the reunification of Germany, the twelve year reconstruction plan has changed the face of the German capital.Once a symbol of the division of Europe, it is now a meeting place for imitation on both sides of the mainland.In this historic but modern city, glass and steel are mixed in the architectural styles of the 19th and 20th centuries.
The German Parliament Building in Berlin was built in 1884 and designed by German architect Paul WallotclassicismStyle, originallyGerman EmpireThe parliament of.On November 9, 1918, Senator Philip Shaidman announced the establishment of the Republic through the window of the Capitol.On February 27, 1933, the building caught fire, and some buildings were destroyed. The cause of the fire was unknown.“World War IIThe building was severely damaged.On April 30, 1945,Soviet Red ArmyPut the red flag on the roof of the Capitol and announce thatAnti-Fascist War The victory of.From 1961 to 1971, the building was built according to Paul Baumgarten'sdesign schemeReconstruction.The rebuilt Capitol simplified the building, leaving out the dome of the building that was blown up in 1945.This building was once located inBerlin WallThe exhibition "Question and Answer of German History" was held in the building on the border.The exhibition was moved to the German Cathedral.Unification of Germany and GermanyAfter that,German Federal ParliamentDecided to relocate to the Capitol.On October 3, 1990, the German people celebrated the reunification of the country in front of the Reichstag. On December 20, the first All German Federal Parliament determined Berlin as the capital of unified Germany, and the Reichstag was designated asGerman BundestagLocation.From 1994 to 1999, Sir Norman Foster, based on the original scale of the building, rebuilt the Capitol into a modern parliamentary office building with a newly built dome dome for visitors.1994Restoration worksBefore the beginning, the Capitol had become the most eye-catching artwork in Europe.At the end of 1998, the German Bundestag moved into the parliament building, where the next federal president was elected in 1999.The once controversial dome has become a new symbol of Berlin.
Difficult completion
The Capitol was built in 1871German French WarIt was built after China defeated France.Just like Germany's bumpy national destiny in the future, the process from site selection, design proposal solicitation to completion of the building lasted more than 20 years.The design scheme alone took 10 years to determine, and was finally selected in 1882FrankfurtPaul Wallot's New Baroque——The RenaissanceThe design scheme of the heyday style.At that time, the prime minister Bismarck and Emperor William did not like the Congress to restrict their power.Bismarck once proposed to build the Capitol on the edge of the Prime Minister's Office in the debate on the location of the Capitol, and Emperor William is said to be very unhappy that the Capitol spire is higher than his palace spire.On December 5, 1894, after 10 years of construction, the Capitol was inaugurated, and Emperor William II delivered a speech in person.Just across his wagon train“Unter den Linden ”When they came to the front of the Capitol, three horses in the vanguard suddenly got scaredknightFall off the horse.When Germany joined the fight 20 years laterEuropean hegemonyOfthe First World WarAnd when the war was defeated, people seemed to suddenly realize that the surprise accident at the inauguration of the Capitol was an ominous sign.A few days after the inauguration ceremony, William II denounced it as the "Empire Monkey Building".
World War II
The details of the arson in the Capitol on February 27, 1933 are still in EuropehistorianOne of our research topics.ArsonistsNetherlandsUnemployed worker Van der Lube committed the crime alone and was laternaziTaking advantage of the opportunity to set off the anti Communist tide, or the Nazi plot in advance?Historians are still arguing.However, the sinister features of Hitler and his gang against the Communist Party and the people have been exposed since then, which is a fact recognized by historians.The trial in September of that year was broadcast live on the radio. When Dimitrov's magnificent speech forced Goering to be helpless and embarrassed, the Nazi propaganda organization immediately interrupted the live broadcast.Little is known to the world that this trial was not conducted entirely in Leipzig at that time. About half of it was conducted in the Capitol because the Nazis wanted to use the Capitol as a place to incite anti Communist hysteria.The fire in the Capitol destroyed the dome and the hall of the plenary session of the Parliament.From then on until the end of World War II, the Parliament never held a plenary meeting here again.Hitler later only repaired the Parliament Building slightly, because he would continue to use the scene of the arson case for anti Communist propaganda.
After the beginning of World War II, the Capitol was used as a military fortification by Hitler, and two of the four corner towers were converted intoantiaircraft gunbunker。The windows of the building were bricked up, and the whole building was turned into a blockhouse, with the basement serving as a battlefield hospital.Because of theReichstag FireIt is a symbol of the beginning of Hitler's evil rule. Therefore, the Soviet Red Army will also put the red flag on the Capitol as a symbol of the final victory over Hitler in the battle to capture Berlin.In order to seize the Parliament Building, the Red Army once carried out a fierce battle.After the victory, the Red Army soldiers carved many messages on the stone walls in the Capitol, which became a precious historical witness.Federal after German unificationhouseWhen it was decided to use the Capitol as the seat of parliament again, people had a heated debate about whether to keep these various messages, and then decided to keep them all and take photos as permanent data.
Battle of Berlin
The German Parliament Building in the 1940s
During World War II, the last battle on the European battlefield was the Battle of Berlin.On April 20, 1945, millions of Red Army soldiers came to Berlin, and the shells fired by the Soviet army exploded in the city of Berlin.On April 21, the Soviet army began to bombard Berlin with more than 10000 artilleryArmy groupAttack Berlin from different directions.On April 22, the Soviet army captured the inner BerlinDefensive position, rushed into the city of Berlin.
The Soviet Red Army pushed towards Berlin from all sides. The Soviet engineers braved the hail of bullets to remove the obstacles laid by the German army and clear the mines.The Soviet infantry moved forward from building to street.By April 25, 1945, the German army had been compressed into a small area of Berlin City.On April 26, the Soviet army launched a general attack on Berlin.On April 28, the German army was cut off from the outside world203 mm howitzerThey were transported into Berlin and attacked the German Parliament Building.German troops deployed on the roof of the CapitolLight howitzerIt cannot defeat the large caliber of the Soviet armyHowitzer, either destroyed or silenced.The Red Army soldiers rushed into the Parliament Building through the gap opened by the shells, and fought with the German army floor by floor and house by house.
At 2:30 p.m. on April 30, 1945, the Red Army soldiers planted the red flag in the German Parliament Building.Right now,fascistHitler, the leader, ended his evil life with a pistol.After Hitler's death, the German army did not surrender immediately, and the battle for the parliament building was still going on.On May 1, the Soviet army launched an attack on the last German stronghold in central Berlin, and successively capturedGerman Air ForceBuildingsecret policeHeadquarters Building.It was not until 3:00 p.m. on May 2 that the German army completely stopped resistance, and the commander of the Berlin city defense led the remnant to surrender.On May 8, Germany signedUnconditional surrenderThe war on the European battlefield ended.
Resume construction
German Parliament Building
After a century of vicissitudes and several wars, the old Capitol has become incomplete. The expansion and maintenance in the 1960s seemed impractical and unorganized, and the traditional layout could not accommodate new functions.In order to change this situation, the German government held an international bid, and finally the British architect Sir Norman Foster won the bid.Foster is known forHigh tech schoolThe style is famous all over the world.In this scheme, he skillfully combines the high-tech technique with the traditional architectural style: keep the exterior wall of the building unchanged, but empty the interior completely, and rebuild the interior with steel structurestructural system 。After Foster's great efforts, the old and solemn shell of the Capitol will be wrapped in a modern new building.The first floor and several floors on both sides of the building are arranged with the presidium and senate committee of the Federal Houseadministration officeOffice andParliamentary party groupHall and the press hall, the center of which is an oval hall with two floors high.The upper three sides of the plenary hall are surrounded by a large number of audience seats, where ordinary citizens can freely watch the debate of the Federal House.After the central dome was destroyed in World War II, it could not be rebuilt. This time Foster created a new glass dome: inside it are two crisscross spiral channels, supported by bare steel structure, through which visitors can reach a 50 meter high observation platform to view the view of the cypress forest.At night, the dome lights from inside, creating a new city for the German capitalcity emblemRecords.The classical dome has already disappeared, and the current construction is certainly not a real antique.In this case, why stick to Wallot's design.Foster's treatment not only meets the new functional requirements, but also gives the old building a new image.In 1995, the Capitol again becameThe pressAnd the focus of public attention, but this time is comedy.Packaging artist Christopher Fu uses silver whiteman-made fiberTextileWrap the Capitol building tightly.Under the sunshine in June and July, this unique artwork looks like a shipspacecraft, shining like a giant beast.During the 20 day exhibition period, 5 million visitors from all over the world enjoyed watching the outdoorArt ExhibitionBerlin was immersed in a grand festival atmosphere.For the sake of this earthshaking creative intention,German BundestagAfter 12 hours of debate, the two artists were granted a license.
On April 19, 1999, the German Bundestag officially moved into the renovated Parliament Building, which returned to the center of German political life.Famous British architectNorman Foster 27 sketches have been designed successively, and finally the Capitol, which has been bald for decades, has been re buckled with a steel skeleton and glasscurtainThe dome of.The dome, nicknamed "English egg" by others, is simple and powerful, which reflects the contemporaryArchitectural aestheticsIt is also a masterpiece in technology.From its top hangs a funnel-shaped column, below which is the Hall of the General Assembly."Funnel" is inlaid with 360 movable mirrors, which refracts sunlight into the hall of parliament, thus reducing lightingenergy consumption。At the same time, in order to prevent the direct sunlight from dazzling, a movable aluminum mesh is installed inside the glass domecomputerAccording to the movement of the sun, its position is automatically adjusted, and its energy comes from theSolar cell。
Construction decoration
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appearance
Historic German Parliament
The Capitol building under construction in 1888 caused special difficulties during the project, especially the vault.Due to different requirements, Wallot had to move it from the top of the planned central venue to the top of the western entrance.The project started according to the plan, but with the progress of the project, the architect became more and more convinced that the forced change must be restored.After extremely difficult discussions, he finally obtained the approval of restoration.But at this time, the supporting wall of the grand venue has been completed. According to all calculations, they are not strong enough to support the planned stone vault.Herman Zimmerman, an architectural engineer entrusted with solving this problem in 1889, found aresolvent。He reduced the height of the vault from 85 meters to about 75 meters. In addition, he suggested using a relatively light steel and glass vault, which was quite difficult for the technology at that time.The vault thus produced provides the venue withNatural light, forParliament BuildingIt provides a solemn roof and is also a model of German engineer technology.William II succeeded to the throne in 1888.At first he liked the Capitol.On the issue of vault, he supported Wallot's proposal to move the vault back to the center.But generally speaking, he was dissatisfied with the vault - because he felt that it represented the power of parliament he hated, and because it was 67 meters higher than the vault of his royal palace.From about 1892, he clearly began to dislike the Capitol.He called it "the peak of vulgarity" and "a totally bad finished product", and unofficially he called the Capitol "the Imperial Monkey House".He also became more and more disgusted with Valot himself, probably because Valot once immediately rejected a request for change from the emperor.He refused to confer on Valot many of the honors that had been planned for him.In addition, he wrote to his close aide Philip Chu Oylenburg that he had been able to insult Wallot many times in an interview.
Paul Wallot tried to create a new national architectural style, which is equivalent to the German Empire in architecturecultural ringThe unified new German architectural style.Therefore, the interior and exterior of the whole building are combined.Externally, he mainly uses ItalyThe RenaissanceThe style of the heyday combined elements of the German Renaissance, such as the neo baroque architectural style and the fashionable steel andGlass structure(vault).At that time, many people obviously felt that this combination was not a success, but a very unreasonable parallel combination of multiple styles.conservativeThey opposed the modern technology of the vault, while the reformists did not like the Renaissance style of bloated main buildings.Ludwig Hoffman, an influential urban architecture consultant and architect in Berlin, was particularly critical: he called the building "an advanced corpse carrier".However, some reports said that most German architects at that time spoke highly of this building.
December 5, 1894Vault stoneIs included.This celebration is also mainly a military celebration.Valot showed the emperor and queen around the new buildings.In public, William II is full of arms.The total construction cost is 24 million marks.This money was mainly paid through the war reparations of France in the Franco Prussian War.
In general, asparliamentThe internal facilities of the Capitol are excellent.Insidebuilding technology It was the leader at that time.The building has its own power station.It has central heating facilities in the roomWith temperatureRegulationElectric fan, double window, telephone, sitting toilet... exceptGerman Imperial ParliamentAnd the Federal ParliamentConference hallIn addition: reading hall, several meeting rooms, onelounge, Clothing storagerestroomandLocker Room。At the beginning of use, the library had 90000 volumes of books, and a total of 320000 volumes were planned to be accommodated.The archives soon contained millions of documents.These files can be accessed through an advancedHydraulic systemSend it to the reading hall.
But one shortcoming became very obvious soon - there was not enough parliaments' studios in the building to let the left and right members work.Compared with other parliamentary buildings in Europe, its foundation is 138x96m, which is relatively small.Someone wrote: "For him, there are... finely carvedWallboardThe beautiful scenery of King's Square... What's the use? IfHe did not have.Sit down and have no free desk to read and write? "The reconstruction in the following years also failed to solve this problem.Weimar Republic TemporalProportional representation systemThis has increased the number of legislators from 397 to more than 600, exacerbating the problem.In the late 1920s, it was planned to build more buildings in the north of the Capitol, but this plan could not be implemented.
Most rooms, including the large conference hall, are covered with wood,Oak、aSH , BleachedpineAnd tropical wood.Part of the reason for using wood is to improve the sound effectStoneBe cheap.In addition, there is the problem of style.Wallot is mainly based on Germany in the 16th and 17th centuriesThe RenaissanceStyle to design interior decoration and furniture.Wood covered walls and wood decoration, such as fan shaped triangular decoration above the door, or obelisk decoration, carved columns and railings, and figurative human figures. Official buildings in the Renaissance, such as rich citiesMunicipal BuildingIt is very common in, so it is also used to decorate the Capitol.This very elaborate decoration is often seen by visitors as a typical German style, so it is also used here.On the contrary, the appearance of the Capitol building, although it has some German style, the overall impression is that it was very popular at that time, "the International New Renaissance style".
Image decoration
In 1894, the art decoration of the vault stone was not completed when it was incorporated.The purpose of this artistic decoration is to reflect the 1871German EmpireUnification of——GermanyThe sub countries were unified under the leadership of Prussia.The imperial national emblem on the mountain wall at the entrance, the crown on the top of the vault and the sculpture of Reinhold Begas above the entranceGermaniaThe sculpture group represents the goal achieved.On the other hand, many places in the image also show that the German Empire is composed of different states or states, such as the state emblem of all German states, the national emblem of the kingdom, the city emblem of important cities, and the personifiedRhineandVistula River 。In addition, there are 16 fashionable images on the turret at that time: art, science, education, etc.In order to maintain the representation of national unity and avoid regional competition, architects chose sculptors from various regions of Germany to complete the peripheral patterns.
Wallot, the gable of the Capitol, wrote in an article that this building is for the German people (DEM DEUTSCHEN VOLKE).At that time, everyone expected that these three words would be on the western gate at the opening time.But this part has been empty for more than 20 years.It is generally believed that William II personally manipulated to block the inscription of these three words.But there is no conclusive evidence for this suspicion.untilthe First World WarIn 1916, the three words "Christmas" were added.General historical research believes that there are two reasons:German Social Democratic PartyThe emperor expressed "thanks" for agreeing to the war loan;Or because the people were tired of war at that time, so this was to inspire the people's war spirit.Famous architects andIndustrial designerPeter Behrens These three words were shaped with the then fashionable Uncial font.The word itself was used from 1813 to 1815Napoleonic Wars The cast iron of the two cannons captured at the end of the period was melted.Each letter is 60 cm high.
Wallot went to Dresden as a professor in 1899, but until his death in 1912, he still worked as a consultant from time to time because of the decoration of the Capitol.
artistic works
Before the reconstruction of the Capitol, there was a plan to display works of art in the building, and this plan was adopted in the reconstruction process.The Parliament Building is the central building of art exhibition in the buildings of the central government area of Berlin.During the reconstruction process, 18 artists were invited to provide their own works for the building.In addition to famous German artists, in view of Berlin's history of occupation in the past, Britain, FranceRussiaAnd American artists were also invited.In addition, there are many bought or leased works of art on display in the building.Nearly 30 people are listed in the buildingModern artistsWorks.
German Parliament in World War II
The following are some of the works: Katarina Sividin set up a large artwork composed of five pictures and paintings with the theme of destruction and regeneration in the lobby of the House of Assembly in 1992 to commemorate the members who were persecuted and killed by the Nazis. In addition, there are memorial books on wooden tables.
Sigma Polk and Gerhard Richter were appointed to set up artistic decoration for the 70 meter high wall of the west entrance.Richter uses black, red and yellowStained glassIt forms a 21 meter high diagram with multiple understanding methods.Polk decorated a group of puzzles consisting of five light-emitting boxes with political and historical contents.
Yanni Holzer set up a column at the entrance of the north side, which is vertical and continuousColoredFrom 1871 to 1992, the speeches and shouts made by the members of parliament continued to add new speeches according to the wishes of artists.
George Bartlett set up a huge screen in the entrance hall on the south side, projecting an inverted Kaspar David Friedrich style painting on it to emphasize the formal elements of painting.
Bernhardt Heijcich provided a painting called Time and Life.It embodies many critical moments in German history by means of German expressionism.
Joseph Boyce's "Table with Equipment" is a long-term loaned art: a bronze table with a box on it, two balls on the ground in front, and a wire between the box and the ball.This work represents the exchange of energy between nature and technology.
Hans Huck designed a work of art for the inner courtyard on the north side.Members of Parliament should take soil from their electoral counties and put it into a slender rectangular wooden box.At first, not many members of parliament responded to this request.The word "for the people" in a line of neon lights is not hidden by the earth.Plants growing from the soil grow with them.
At the time of reconstruction, the art collection of the building was fiercely debated.For example, someone strongly protested the inclusion of Heijcic's works because heGerman Democratic RepublicThe relationship between the period and the government is very close, so some people think that his works should not be displayed in the democratic parliament.The debate over Huck's work is more intense.His neon lightsWord lineIt is very similar to the words on the gable at the entrance (for the German people), so someone accused him of trying to modify the words on the gable.Huck said that he thought there was a certain problem with the word "people" because of the modern history of Germany, but he wanted to give some thought through his lines, rather than denying the words on the mountain wall.The art consultant meeting held three meetings to discuss Huck's work, and the parliament also held a meeting to discuss it. Finally, it accepted the work.
The purchase value of all artworks in the Capitol is 8 million marks, which is in accordance with the lawPublic buildingsThe proportion of money paid for works of art is corresponding.The value of each artwork has not been disclosed.
Scenic spot information
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Platz der Republik 11101 Berlin (Tiergarten)
Transportation: take the light rail S1, S2, S25 to Unter den Linden at Bodhisattva Avenue Station; or take the bus 100200.248 257 348 to get there.
Xiyangtai is located on the right side (north) of the west gate of the building.On November 9, 1918, the parliamentary chairman of the German Social Democratic PartyPhilipp Scheidemann The establishment of the "Republic of Germany" was announced on the second west balcony.Today there is a sign to commemorate this time.There are many different versions of his speech today.In 1928, he wrote in his memoir that his speech was like this: "Workers and soldiers! The four years of war are terrible. Sacrifice is terrible, and the people have to lose property and blood. The unfortunate war is over. The killing is over. The consequences of the war will be difficult and tragic for many years. We should be united, sincere and have a sense of responsibility!Old, stale, collapsed.Long live the new!Long live the German Republic! "A few hours laterKarl LibknesiThe establishment of the "Free Socialist Republic" was announced at the palace of Wangcheng.
Underground passage
After the merger of Germany and Germany, a tunnel with heating pipes was found during reconstruction.It connects the Parliament Building with the Palace of the President of Parliament, which is the German Parliamentary Association.Some people suspect that February 1933StormtrooperMembers use this tunnel to enter and exit the Capitol to set fire.But this suspicion has not been proved.
Federal Eagle
Norman Foster designed the new Federal Eagle for several large venues.Foster wanted the eagle to be thinner.But the senators decided to adopt the original Ludwig Giss asbonn The fat eagle (nicknamed "fat hen") designed by the council of.Foster decided to shape the back of the eagle.So the new eagle has both sides.The new eagle designed by Foster is about one third heavier than the eagle and weighs about 2.5 tons.
Hitler
Different from the general opinionAdolf HitlerNever spoke in the Capitol.Hitler was never a member of Parliament during the Weimar Republic.January 30, 1933 President of the EmpirePaul von Hindenburg Hitler was appointed Prime Minister of the Empire.Two days later, the seventh Congress was dissolved by the President.The new Congress was held on March 21, 1933, but by this time the Capitol had been burned and the Congress had been transferred. Hitler was speaking at the meeting site after the transfer of Congress.
counter-terrorism
Recently disclosed by German media“Al Qaida”Is planning to launch against the parliament building in central Berlinterrorist attackLater, the German Parliament issued a statement on November 22, 2010 local time, suspending individual visitors to the glass dome of the Parliament Building from now on.The Berlin Interior Office also said on the same day that it had increased itsFederal CapitolAnd 60 more police officers were dispatched to patrol around it.The Federal Capitol, also known as the Empire State Building, is not onlyGerman Federal ParliamentThe dome of its roof is also the most popular tourist attraction.[1]
Plunder paintings
According to the British Telegraph, an art historian said that two works of art stolen by the Nazis were found in the German parliament.This is after November 2013MunichAfter the exposure of a large number of looted art works in apartments, the authorities faced another embarrassment.
According to《Photo newspaper》It was reported that German Prime Minister Bilo introduced these two works in the Parliament Building, including a painting created by George Waltenberger in 1905, andLovis Collint"Cornesberg Street".
The Nazis plundered thousands of works of art from European museums and individuals.An unknown number of works are still missing.Museums around the world are investigating the origin of their exhibits.
German BundestagThen issued a statement to respond《Photo newspaper》Related reports.The spokesman of the German Bundestag said that the art historian has been investigating the art collection of the German Parliament since 2012.
It is reported that the art collection of the Congress consists of about 4000 works, of which about 108 are of unknown origin.Four years ago, they returned a picture stolen by the NazisPortrait painting。
The German Jewish Central Office called on the Bundestag to publish the list of parliamentary art collections.[2]
