synonymHangzhou(Prefecture level cities and provincial capitals under the jurisdiction of Zhejiang Province) Generally refers to Hangzhou
Hangzhou City, referred to as "Hangzhou" in ancient timesLin'an、Qiantang、Wulin，Zhejiang ProvinceIt is a prefecture level city in Zhejiang Provinceprovincial capital、Sub provincial city、Megacity, located in ChinaEast China , Northern Zhejiang ProvinceQiantang RiverDownstream, yesHangzhou Metropolitan AreaCore city[137]Zhejiang Provincial Economic, Cultural, Science and Education Center approved by the State Council,Yangtze River deltaOne of the central cities[1][105]。By 2023, Hangzhou will have 10 districts, 2 counties and 1 county-level city under its jurisdiction, with a total area of 16850 square kilometers[102]The Municipal People's Government is located at No. 18, Jiefang East Road, Shangcheng District.By the end of 2023, Hangzhou has a permanent population of 12.522 million, with an urbanization rate of 84.2%[196][200]。
In 2023, Hangzhou will achieve a regional GDP of 2005.9 billion yuan, including 34.7 billion yuan of added value of the primary industry, 566.7 billion yuan of added value of the secondary industry, 1404.5 billion yuan of added value of the tertiary industry, and 1.7:28.3:70.0 yuan of the tertiary industrial structure.According to the permanent population, the per capita GDP of the city is 161129 yuan[200]。
HangzhouTortoise Cave SiteThe discovery of ancient human fossils proves that ancient humans lived in Hangzhou 50000 years ago[5]The excavation of Xiaoshan Cross Lake Bridge site proves that modern humans have lived and multiplied here as early as 8000 years agoYuhangLiangzhu culture is known as "the dawn of civilization".
Hangzhou Xia Shang Zhou“YangzhouDomain ".Legend has it thatXia YuIn water control, the whole country is divided intoKyushu，Yangtze RiverThe vast area to the south is generally called Yangzhou.In the 21st century BC, Xia Yu visited the south and held a general meetingVassalsYu Kuaiji (todayShaoxing）He once sailed by boat and left Hangzhou ("Hangzhou" is an ark) here, hence the name "Yuhang".Say,YuSo far, when the boat was built to cross the river, the Yue people called this place "Yuhang". Later, according to oral legend, "Yu" was mistaken as "Yu", which was called "Yuhang".spring and autumnWhen,Wu kingdom、VietnamThe two countries contend for hegemony. Hangzhou first belongs to the State of Yue, then to the State of Wu, and then to the State of Yue after the destruction of Wu.the warring statesWhen the Chu State perishedVietnamHangzhou was also included in Chu.
After Qin unified the six countriesLingyin MountainThere is a county at the foot of the mountain, called QiantangKuaiji County。《Historical Records · History of Qin Shihuang》It is recorded in: "In October of the 37th year, the First Emperor went on a tourDanyang, to the Qiantang Dynasty, near Zhejiang, and the water waves are evil... "This is the earliest record in historical records“Qian Tang”Name.At that time, I still followedRiver tideThe West Lake has not yet formed.
Western Han DynastyFollowing the Qin system, Hangzhou is still called Qian Tang.Xinmang once changed Qian to TangQuanting County；here we areEastern Han Dynasty, resetQiantang County, genusWujun。At this time, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Hangzhou took shape, andBaoshi MountainThe first line was built at Wansong RidgeSeawallThe West Lake began to be separated from the sea and became an internal lake.According to the geographical records of Han Dynasty, Qian Tang,Western DuweiGovernance.Wulin Mountain is a place where water from Wulin flows into the sea from the east. It is eight hundred and thirty miles away. It is called Spring Pavilion[6]。
After the establishment of the Sui Dynastythe name of a kalpaIn 589, the county was abolished as a state, and the name of "Hangzhou" appeared for the first time.Tonglu was incorporated into Qiantang County, which governs six counties, namely Qiantang, Yuhang, Fuyang, Yanguan, Yuqian and Wukang.Zhou Zhichu was in Yuhang at the beginning of his reign and moved to Qiantang the next year.In the 11th year of the reignPhoenix MountainIt is the earliest Hangzhou city to build a city on the mountain, "36 miles and 90 steps in a week".In the third year of Daye (607), it was changed toYuhang County。Six years, drillingjiangnan canal , from JiangsuZhenjiangFromSuzhou、JiaxingHangzhou, with a total length of more than 400 kilometers,Gongchen BridgeIt became the starting and ending points of the Grand Canal.Hangzhou leaped to the "throat of Wuyue and powerful river and sea", establishing its position as a transportation hub in the lower reaches of the Qiantang River."Water leads flowers, land controls mountains"[8]。This important geographical location has promoted the rapid development of Hangzhou's economy and culture.At that time, there were 15380 households in Yuhang County, from which Hangzhou census began.
In the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou County was set up, Yuhang County was transformed, and Qiantang was the governing place.EvasiveCountry numberTaboo, changed "Qian Tang" to "Qian Tang" in the fourth year of Wude (621)“Qiantang”。Taizong belonged to Jiangnan Road,TrimbleIn the first year (742), it was renamed Yuhang County, belonging toJiangnan East Road。beginning of creationIn the first year (758), it was changed to HangzhouZhejiang West RoadTemperance, the state once ruled in Qiantang, governing eight counties of Qiantang, Yanguan, Fuyang, Xincheng, Yuhang, Lin'an, Yuqian and Tangshan.By the late Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou was already a thriving scene of "twenty li of sparrows and thirty thousand rooms".The business tax collected by the imperial court from Hangzhou is up to 500000 yuan every year, accounting for almost 4% of the national financial revenue.In the eighth year of Yuanhe's reign (812), the central government appointed Lu Yuanfu as the governor of Hangzhou, and the praise of "Jiangnan is listed as a county, and Yuhang is the largest" appeared in the article[9]。
Five Dynasties and Ten KingdomsPeriod,Wu Yue StatePian'an is located in the southeast, with its capital in Hangzhou.At that time, Hangzhou was governed in Qiantang, governing ten counties including Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yanguan, Yuhang, Fuchun, Tonglu, Yuqian, Xindeng, Hengshan and Wukang.Under the rule of Wu and Yue three generations and five emperors for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a place of national economic prosperity and cultural convergence through the hard work of the working people.Ouyang Xiu is in《The Story of Youmeitang》There is such a description in it: "Since the Five Dynasties, Qiantang has never been tired of fighting, and its people have been happy, prosperous and happy. More than a hundred thousand families, surrounded by lakes and mountains, are reflected from left to right, while Fujian merchants, sailing in waves, can be said to be prosperous."Qian LiuA "Zicheng" was built on the Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, with a palace built inside as a national rule, and a "Luocheng" was built on the periphery, 70 miles around, as a defense.According to《Wu Yue prepares history》It is recorded that this capital city starts from Qinwang Mountain in the west, along the Qiantang River to the river trunkQiantang Lake(West Lake) to Baoshi Mountain, northeast toGenshan Gate。It looks like a waist drum, so it is also called the "waist drum city".
King Wu YueAttach importance to the construction of water conservancy, and divert water from the West Lake into the citycanal；Along the Qiantang River, more than one hundred miles of seawalls were built by the "Shidun wooden pile method";Longshan and Zhejiang Erzhaos have also been built along the Qiantang River to prevent salt water from flowing back, alleviate tide hazards and expand land leveling.Migrant workers were employed to chisel flat stone beaches in the river, making the waterway unblocked and promoting water transportation with coastal areas.
Northern Song DynastyHangzhou isLiangzhe RoadLuchi.In the fifth year of Chunhua (994), the military name was changed to Nanjing Navy.In the first year of Daguan (1107), it was promoted to the office of commander, governing Qiantang, Renhe, Yuhang, Lin'an, Yuqian, Changhua, FuyangNew registrationNine counties of Yanguan.At that time, the population had reached more than 200000, which was one of the most populous prefectures in Jiangnan.The economy is prosperous, the textile, printing, wine making and paper making industries are relatively developed, and foreign trade is further developed. It is one of the four major commercial ports in China.Hangzhou has successively served as local officials and attached great importance to the renovation of the West Lake.In the fourth year of Yuanyou (1089), the famous poet Su Dongpo was appointed Hangzhouchief of a prefecture, dredge the West Lake again, and use the excavated fennel mud to pile up a long embankment across the north and south（Su Causeway）There are six bridges on the west lake. Peaches, willows and hibiscus are planted on the embankment to beautify the west lake.Open againMaoshanSalt bridge, two rivers, and six wells will be dredged, so that brine can not enter the market and people can drink freely.According to the Records of Geography, Volume 88 of the History of the Song Dynasty, the number of households in the Chongning period (1101-1106) of the Northern Song Dynasty was roughly the same as that in the Yuanfeng period, reaching 203574 and 296615.Song Renzong has a poemGive Mei the Best Knowledge of HangzhouChina praises Hangzhou as the first state in the southeast.
After 150 years of development in the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou began its heyday in the Southern Song Dynasty.In the third year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1129), it was upgraded toLin'an Mansion, governing in Qiantang.Qiantang, Renhe, Lin'an, Yuhang, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Xincheng and YangongTang dynastyAbout the same.In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), the capital was established here, and the city wall of Hangzhou was expanded greatly. At that time, it was divided into inner city and outer city.The inner city, the imperial city, is surrounded byPhoenix MountainFrom Fengshanmen in the north to Jianggan in the south, to Wansongling in the west and to the eastTidal gate, built palaces, halls, towers, pavilions, and several palaces andimperial garden。Outer city south crossingWushanTo the north is the Wulin Gate, to the right is the West Lake, and to the left is the Qiantang River.There are 13 gates outside the citycity moat。Because many people in the north moved south with the imperial court, the population of Lin'an Prefecture increased sharply.By the Xianchun period (1265-1274), the number of residents had increased to more than 1.24 million (including the county).In terms of Qiantang County and Renhe County, where Hangzhou is located, the population is more than 430000.
In the 13th year of the Yuan Zhiyuan era (1276), there was a provincial governor's office in Zhejiang Province, which was also changed into a provincial governor's officePacification departmentIn 1278jiangzhe province The provincial capital.
In the Ming Dynasty, Hangzhou Road was changed into Hangzhou Mansion, and it was the office of Zhejiang Chengxuan Political Envoy.
Emperor Shizu of the Qing DynastyShunzhiTwo years (1645), ZhejiangGovernor, stationed in Hangzhou. In the first year of Kangxi's reign (1662), Zhejiang announced that the political envoy department was changed into Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou was the capital of Zhejiang Province.In the early Qing Dynasty, "flag camps" were built along the West Lake in the west of Hangzhou, commonly known as "Man City".Ten miles around the city wall, from the south to the presentKaiyuan Road, near Yuanyuan Road in the north, near Zhongshan Middle Road in the east, includingLakeside ParkIt has six gates, covering a total area of 1436 mu, and becomes Hangzhou's "city in the city" (demolished in the early years of the Republic of China).YongzhengTwo years (1724)JiaqingFive years (1800), Governor of ZhejiangLi Wei, GovernorRuan YuanThe West Lake was dredged again, and a large amount of fennel mud was dug up to deepen the water several feet.The population of Hangzhou has continued to increase.Guangxu reign periodIn 1883, there were more than 620000 people in Hangzhou.In the 21st year of Guangxu, the Qing governmentSino-Japanese hostilitiesFailed in, forced to sign《Treaty of Shimonoseki》Hangzhou opened for Japanese tradeCommercial port, Gongchen Bridge was opened to Japanconcession。along withcapitalismThe invasion andWesternization MovementHangzhou's modern industry also gradually developed.
Republic of ChinaIn the first year (1912), Hangzhou Prefecture was abolished and Qiantang County and Renhe County were mergedHang County, still the provincial capital.In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), a Taoist system was established, with Qiantang Road and Daoyin stationed in Hangzhou County.The counties under the jurisdiction of the former Hangzhou Prefecture are under the jurisdiction of Qiantang Road.In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), the road system was abolished, and Hangzhou County was established as Hangzhou City in its urban area, directly under Zhejiang Province. The suburbs are still Hangzhou County, formerly under the jurisdiction of all counties.Since then, Hangzhou has been established as a city with eight districts.At that time, Hangzhou had a few modern industries, such as the Tongyi Cotton Mill (the predecessor of Hangzhou No. 1 Cotton Textile Mill), which was founded in 1897, with a large scale;Later, Lu Jixing set up match factories, paper mills, etc., and the traditional manual silk weaving industry gradually adopted mechanical transmission.From 1909 to 1914, Shanghai Hangzhou Railway and Hangzhou Ningbo Railway were built one after another;1453m longQian Tang River BridgeIt was completed in 1937.1945Counter-Japanese WarAfter the victory, the Gongchen Bridge Japanese Concession was unconditionally recovered.
fromOpium WarOver the next hundred years, the national strength was weak and the people lived in poverty. The city of Hangzhou was in disrepair for a long time, and the industry and commerce were also facing difficulties. Many of the attractions of the West Lake were dilapidated, and some of them were dilapidated.
On May 3, 1949, Hangzhou was reborn.In 1994, Hangzhou was upgraded toSub provincial city。
In 2023,Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Shaoxing were approved to form a national Hangzhou cityCircle.[205]
administrative division
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Division evolution
Relocation Map of Hangzhou Municipal People's Government
Since the 1950s, the regional scope of Hangzhou has undergone constant changes.First, the original eight districts were renamedShangcheng District、Midtown、Xiacheng District、Jianggan District、West Lake District, Genshan DistrictGongshu DistrictJianqiao District;Later, Genshan District was incorporated into the lower urban area, Jianqiao District was incorporated into Jianggan District, most of the middle urban area was incorporated into the upper urban area, and a small part was incorporated into the lower urban area.
In April 1958, Hangzhou County was revoked as a suburb of Hangzhou City, and Qiantang Association was established in January 1960. In March 1961, Yuhang County was merged into Hangzhou Qiantang Association, and a new Yuhang County was established[10]。
At the beginning of 1990, Banshan District was abolished and merged with Laogongshu District to establish a newGongshu District。
On December 12, 1996, Hangzhou was newly establishedBinjiang 。The counties include Xiaoshan, Tonglu, Yuhang, Lin'an, Jiande, Fuyang and Chun'an.
March 12, 2001the state councilandPeople's Government of Zhejiang ProvinceApproved the cancellation of Xiaoshan City and Yuhang City at the county level, and the establishment of Xiaoshan District and Yuhang District at the same time, forming a new Hangzhou with the original six districts of Hangzhou. The new urban area of Hangzhou after adjustment has increased from the original six districts to eight districts.
On December 13, 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Fuyang City at the county level was abolished and Hangzhou City was establishedFuyang District。Fuyang District has become the ninth municipal district of Hangzhou.
On October 1, 2016, with the approval of the State Council and the approval of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Government, the residence of the Hangzhou Municipal People's Government was moved from No. 318, Huancheng North Road, Gongshu District to No. 18, Jiefang East Road, Jianggan District.
On August 10, 2017, the People's Government of Zhejiang Province officially issued the Notice of the People's Government of Zhejiang Province on Adjusting Part of the Administrative Divisions of Hangzhou City. According to the spirit of the Reply of the State Council on Approving Zhejiang Province to Adjust Part of the Administrative Divisions of Hangzhou City (GH [2017] No. 102), Lin'an City at the county level was abolished and Hangzhou City was establishedLin'an District, the former administrative region of Lin'an City is the administrative region of Lin'an District, and the People's Government of Lin'an District is located at No. 398 Yijin Street, Jincheng Street[11]。
On April 2, 2019, the Zhejiang Provincial Government approved the establishment of Hangzhou Qiantang New Area, covering an area of 531.7 square kilometers. The trusteeship management scope includes Xiasha and Baiyang streets in Jianggan District, Hezhuang, Yipeng, Xinwan, Linjiang and Qianjin streets in Xiaoshan District, and other areas within the planning control of the Greater Jiangdong Industrial Cluster (excluding the administrative villages in the contiguous areas under the jurisdiction of Dangwan Town)[12]。
On March 11, 2021, the People's Government of Zhejiang Province issued the Notice on Adjusting Part of Hangzhou's AdministrationNotice on Zoning.According to the spirit of the Reply of the State Council on Approving Zhejiang Province to Adjust Part of the Administrative Divisions of Hangzhou City (Guo Han [2021] No. 29):1、 Withdrawal of Hangzhou CityShangcheng District、Jianggan DistrictThe new Shangcheng District of Hangzhou will be set up, with the administrative areas of the original Shangcheng District and Jianggan District (excluding Xiasha StreetBaiyang Street）It is the new administrative region of Shangcheng District, and the people's government of Shangcheng District is stationed inWangjiang Street77 Wangchao Road.2、 Withdrawal of Hangzhou CityXiacheng District、Gongshu DistrictThe new Gongshu District of Hangzhou will be established, with the administrative regions of the original Xiacheng District and Gongshu District as the administrative regions of the new Gongshu District. The People's Government of Gongshu District will be located at No.1 Taizhou Road, Gongchenqiao Street.3、 The Yuhang District of Hangzhou was abolished, and a new Yuhang District of Hangzhou was established. The administrative areas of the new Yuhang District are Yuhang Street, Cangqian Street, Xianlin Street, Wuchang Street, Zhongtai Street, Renhe Street, Liangzhu Street, Pingyao Town, Jingshan Town, Huanghu Town, Luniao Town, Baizhang Town,No. 1500, Wenyi West Road, Cangqian Street, Yuhang District People's Government.4、 Linping District of Hangzhou is established. The administrative areas of Linping District are Linping Street, Donghu Street, Nanyuan Street, Xingqiao Street, Yunhe Street, Qiaosi Street, Chongxian Street and Tangqi Town in the original Yuhang District. The People's Government of Linping District is located at No. 33, West Street, Linping Street.5、 Qiantang District of Hangzhou is set up. The administrative areas of Qiantang District are Xiasha Street and Baiyang Street in the original Jianggan District and Hezhuang Street, Yipeng Street, Xinwan Street, Linjiang Street and Qianjin Street in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou. The People's Government of Qiantang District is located at No. 499, Qingliu North Road, Hezhuang Street[95-96]。
Hangzhou Qianjiang New Town
Zoning Details
As of November 2022, Hangzhou has jurisdiction over Shangcheng, Gongshu, West Lake, BinjiangXiaoshan, Yuhang, Linping, Qiantang, Fuyang, Lin'an 10 districts, Tonglu, Chun'an 2 counties, and Jiande 1 county-level city.There are 191 townships (streets) in the city, including 23 townships, 75 towns, 93 streets, 1293 neighborhood committees, and 1913 administrative villages.Hangzhou Municipal People’s Government No. 18, Jiefang East Road, Zhushang District[102]。
Reference data source: Official portal of the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China[122]
geographical environment
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Location context
Hangzhou is located in the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta, the west end of Hangzhou Bay, the lower reaches of the Qiantang River, and the south end of the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is an important central city in the Yangtze River Delta and a transportation hub in southeast China[13]。It is between 29 ° 11 ′~30 ° 34 ′ north latitude and 118 ° 20 ′~120 ° 37 ′ east longitude.The geographical coordinates of the city center are 120 ° 12 ′ E and 30 ° 16 ′ N, with a total area of 16850 square kilometers[13][102]，Urban origin(Zero kilometre mark) located in Shangcheng DistrictCrape myrtle gardenCoordinate origin[14]。
Atlas of Hangzhou
Topographic Map of Hangzhou
Hangzhou Satellite Map
Satellite Map of Hangzhou
Hangzhou City Electronic Map
Administrative divisions of Hangzhou
Humanistic Map of Hangzhou
topographic features
West Lake in March
Hangzhou is located in the south of the Yangtze River DeltaQiantang RiverThe river basin has complex and diverse terrain.The west of Hangzhou belongs to the hilly area of western Zhejiang, and the main mountain ranges areTianmu MountainEtc.The eastern part belongs to the plain of northern Zhejiang Province. The terrain is low and flat, with dense river networks and lakes, rich in products, typical of“south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River”Features[13]。
climate
Overlooking the West Lake
Hangzhou is located in the subtropical monsoon zone, belonging toSubtropical monsoon climateWith four distinct seasons and abundant rainfall.The annual average temperature is 17.8 ℃, and the average relative humidity is 70.3%,Annual precipitation1454 mm, yearSunshine hours1765 hours.Summer is hot and humidNew four stovesone of.On the contrary, winter is cold and dry.The spring and autumn are pleasanttourismThe golden season of[13]。
hydrology
Hangzhou has a natural environment of rivers, lakes and mountains.The hilly and mountainous areas of the city account for 65.6% of the total area, the plain accounts for 26.4%, and the rivers, lakes and reservoirs account for 8%. The longest artificial canal in the world - the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal and the Qiantang River, famous for the great bore, pass through[13]。
natural resources
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water resource
In 2020, the total water resources of Hangzhou will be 21.889 billion cubic meters, including 21.669 billion cubic meters of surface water resources and 3.875 billion cubic meters of groundwater resources.The repeated calculation of surface water and groundwater is 3.655 billion cubic meters.The water production coefficient of the city is 0.65, and the water production modulus is 1.319 million m3/km2.There are 4 large reservoirs and 14 medium-sized reservoirs in the city.By the end of 2020, the total storage capacity of 18 large and medium-sized reservoirs will be 14.42 billion cubic meters, of which the total storage capacity of large reservoirs will be 14.27 billion cubic meters, and the total storage capacity of medium-sized reservoirs will be 153.4 million cubic meters. The total storage capacity will be 61 million cubic meters less than the total storage capacity by the end of 2019[151]。
Biological resources
Hangzhou has a long history“a region , where the cultivation of rice and the breeding of fish flourish”, "Silk House"“an earthly paradise”The reputation.The agricultural production conditions are unique. There are many kinds of crops, trees, livestock and poultry. More than 260 varieties of forest fruits, tea mulberry, flowers, etc. are planted. Hangzhou sericulture and West Lake Longjing tea are famous throughout the country.The city's forest area is 16.3527 million mu, with a forest coverage rate of 64.77%.There are 10 national first class terrestrial wildlife and 64 second class terrestrial wildlife;National first-class protected plants3 species, Grade II 18 species.mineral resourcesThere are large and medium-sizedNonmetalandMetallic deposit。Lin'an、ChanghuaProductiveBloodstone, is a treasure in collecting stones and seal stones.
mineral resources
By the end of 2015, 66 kinds of solid minerals had been found in Hangzhou.The general characteristics of mineral resources are lack of energy minerals, metal minerals and reserve resources.The advantage of bentonite resources has disappeared, and fluorite resources tend to be exhausted.Limestone resources are rich in reserves and have prominent advantages. Calcite (pure white marble) and stone resources have certain potential. Common building stones have many mineral and rock types and abundant resource reserves, but there are many mining restrictions[150]。
population
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HangzhouHan nationalityThe majority of ethnic minorities live together.At the time of the third national census in 1982, there were 27 ethnic groups in the city, including Han, She, Zhuang, Hui and Manchu.There are 13383 people from 26 ethnic minorities except the Han nationality, accounting for 0.25% of the total population of the city.The ethnic minorities in Hangzhou generally speak Chinese, and their names, costumes, and living habits are roughly the same as those of the Han people[13]。
By the end of 2023, the permanent population of Hangzhou will be 12.522 million, an increase of 146000 over the end of the previous year.Among them, the urban population is 10.543 million, accounting for 84.2% of the permanent population;The birth rate of the permanent population is 6.7 ‰, the mortality rate is 5.4 ‰, and the natural growth rate is 1.3 ‰.The registered population of the city is 8.606 million.329000 new urban jobs were created throughout the year.[197-198]
In November 2023, Hangzhou will become a megacity with a total population of 10.021 million。[190]By the end of 2023, there will be 12.522 million permanent residents in Hangzhou[196]。
Change of permanent population in Hangzhou (2017~2022)
Reference source:[179-184]
Politics
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List of Party and Government Leaders in Hangzhou (as of January 2024)
In 2023, Hangzhou's GDP will reach 2005.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.6% over the previous year.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 34.7 billion yuan, up 3.7%;The added value of the secondary industry was 566.7 billion yuan, up 1.8%;The added value of the tertiary industry was 1404.5 billion yuan, up 7.2%.The tertiary industrial structure is 1.7:28.3:70.0.According to the permanent population, the per capita GDP of the city is 161129 yuan (US $22866 at the annual average exchange rate).The annual total labor productivity was 265000 yuan/person, and the labor productivity of industries above designated size was 403000 yuan/person.[198]
In 2023, Hangzhou's consumer price (CPI) will rise by 0.2% over the previous year.Among them, the price of consumer goods fell by 0.3% and the price of services rose by 0.9%.By category, the price of food, tobacco and alcohol was the same as that of the previous year, the price of clothing increased by 2.0%, the price of housing decreased by 0.5%, the price of daily necessities and services increased by 0.4%, the price of transportation and communication decreased by 2.3%, the price of education, culture and entertainment increased by 3.1%, the price of medical care increased by 1.5%, and the price of other supplies and services increased by 3.0%.The ex factory price and purchase price of industrial producers in the city decreased by 1.2% and 5.1% respectively over the previous year.[197]
In 2023, the added value of private economy in Hangzhou will account for 61.2% of GDP.At the end of the year, there were 870000 private enterprises, accounting for 90.6% of the total number of enterprises.There are 6132 private industrial enterprises above the designated size, accounting for 88.5% of the number of industrial enterprises above the designated size, with an added value of 255.2 billion yuan, accounting for 58.6% of the added value of industries above the designated size.Private investment accounted for 51.9% of the total fixed asset investment, 1.2 percentage points higher than the previous year.The export of goods by private enterprises was 404.7 billion yuan, up 9.4%, accounting for 75.8% of the city's export of goods, up 4.0 percentage points over the previous year.[197]
In 2023, the per capita disposable income of Hangzhou residents will be 73797 yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year.According to permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 80587 yuan, up 4.6%;The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 48180 yuan, up 6.6%.The ratio of per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents was 1.67, down 0.04 from the previous year.The per capita disposable income of low-income farmers was 25520 yuan, up 11.7%.
In 2023, the per capita consumption expenditure of Hangzhou residents will be 50129 yuan, an increase of 7.9% over the previous year.By permanent residence, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 54103 yuan, up 7.5%;The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 35133 yuan, up 9.9%.[197-198]
Change of Hangzhou's GDP (2017~2022)
Reference source:[179-184]
primary industry
In 2023, the added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Hangzhou will be 35.7 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year.The total grain sown area was 933000 hectares, up 0.2%, and the total output was 552000 tons, up 4.2%;The vegetable planting area was 103000 hectares, up 2.4%, and the total output was 3.6 million tons, up 2.6%;The total output of aquatic products was 186000 tons, up 4.5%;1.45 million pigs were sold, up 10.3%.[197]
the secondary industry
In 2023, the industrial added value of Hangzhou will be 498.4 billion yuan, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year, of which the industrial added value above designated size will be 435.5 billion yuan, an increase of 2.4%.The added value of high-tech industry, strategic emerging industry and equipment manufacturing industry increased by 1.3%, 2.6% and 7.8% respectively, accounting for 70.0%, 45.6% and 53.8% of industries above designated size.The added value of manufacturing, the core industry of the digital economy, increased by 4.5%.Among key industries, the added value of computer communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing increased by 3.8%, the added value of electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing increased by 16.3%, and the added value of automobile manufacturing increased by 9.7%.The added value of the eight high energy consuming industries was 78.6 billion yuan, down 0.6%, accounting for 18.1% of industries above designated size, down 1.3 percentage points from the previous year.The output value of industrial sales above designated size was 1855.6 billion yuan, an increase of 1.8%, the output value rate of new products was 42.3%, and the production and sales rate of industrial products was 98.3%.The output of industrial robots, lithium ion batteries and solar cells increased by 118.6%, 39.8% and 147.2% respectively.[197-198]
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's construction industry will be 68.6 billion yuan, accounting for 3.4% of GDP.
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's financial industry will be 249 billion yuan, an increase of 7.7% over the previous year.At the end of the year, the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits of financial institutions was 7758.9 billion yuan, up 11.5%, including 18.3% growth in household deposits and 10.3% growth in non-financial enterprise deposits.The balance of local and foreign currency loans of financial institutions was 6864.2 billion yuan, up 9.5%.Among them, loans from enterprises (institutions) reached 4224.4 billion yuan, up 12.8%;Household loans reached 2602.1 billion yuan, up 4.3%.[198]
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's wholesale and retail industry will be 165.2 billion yuan, up 2.5% over the previous year;The added value of accommodation and catering industry was 26.5 billion yuan, up 11.0%.
In 2023, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Hangzhou will be 767.1 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year.By type of consumption, retail sales of goods reached 635 billion yuan, up 3.7%;Catering revenue was 132.1 billion yuan, up 12.8%.Among the retail sales of wholesale and retail units above the designated size, the retail sales of automobiles increased by 2.1%, of which new energy vehicles increased by 18.9%;Retail sales of petroleum increased by 2.2%;Consumption of upgrading commodities grew rapidly, with retail sales of household appliances, audio and video equipment, gold and silver jewelry increasing by 24.2% and 19.6% respectively, and retail sales of wearable smart devices, smart household appliances, and audio and video equipment increasing by 93.7% and 20.8% respectively.The retail sales of wholesale and retail enterprises above designated size through public networks increased by 9.5%.[197]
In 2023, Hangzhou's total import and export of goods will be 803 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year.Among them, the export was 533.9 billion yuan, up 3.7%;Imports reached 269.1 billion yuan, up 11.3%.From the perspective of major export markets, exports to countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" reached 231.1 billion yuan, up 9.2%;Exports to the United States increased by 12.2%;Exports to the EU fell by 5.6%.The export of mechanical and electrical products increased by 14.4%, accounting for 46.9% of the total export.The export of electric manned vehicles, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells increased by 557.9%, 37.3% and 55.0% respectively.[197]
By the end of 2023, Hangzhou has set up 3411 overseas investment enterprises (institutions) of all kinds, an increase of 13.6% over the previous year.International economic cooperation achieved a turnover of 2.14 billion US dollars, up 48.4%.The total overseas investment throughout the year was 9.9 billion US dollars, including 3.85 billion US dollars from China.The executed value of offshore service outsourcing contracts was US $9.36 billion, up 6.2%.
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's tourism and leisure industry will be 109.7 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0% over the previous year.The total tourism revenue was 170.5 billion yuan, up 22.7%;The total number of tourists was 112.69 million, up 39.0%, including 466000 inbound overnight tourists.At the end of the year, there were 1079 travel agencies and 93 star rated hotels, including 22 five-star hotels, 117 A-level tourist attractions, including 3 5A level tourist attractions.[197-198]
Investment in fixed assets
In 2023, Hangzhou's investment in fixed assets will increase by 2.8% over the previous year.By industry, investment in the primary industry increased by 131.9%, that in the secondary industry by 29.7%, and that in the tertiary industry by 0.6%.From the perspective of investment orientation, industrial investment increased by 29.9%, including 30.0% in manufacturing, 73.3%, 27.0% and 22.4% respectively in computer communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, and special equipment manufacturing;Investment in high-tech industries increased by 24.5%;Investment in private projects increased by 8.6%;Traffic investment decreased by 50.1%.[197]
Transportation
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highway
Information list of major bus passenger stations in Hangzhou
Hangzhou Metro Line 1, Hangzhou Metro Line 9 toPassenger transport center station；Jiubao Chang'an special line, bus No.69, 100, 104, 170, 225, 328, 365, 387, 1703, 1704, 1712, 1793, 5704, 7392, night bus No.8210, 8259
Hangzhou Metro Line 3 toDongyue Station；Bus line from Lin'an to East Railway Station, Hangzhou Telecom Industry to Huanglong, Liugongyuan to Jingshan, No. 49, 70, 77, 91, 149, 179, 277, 310, 353, 381, 382, 596, night bus line 8193
Hangzhou Metro Line 10 toHuayuangang Station；Bus from Wulinmen North to Deqing Special Line, No. 48, 67, 76, 90, 91, 185, 188, 192, 281, 313, 372, night bus No. 8192
Bus 123, 563, 700, 701, 703, 704, 708, 709, 710, 711, 713, 716, 717, 720, 723, 725, 726, 739, 740, 746, 760, 768, 772, 780, night bus 8300
Fuyang Passenger Station
Fuyang District
Bus 602, 603, 604, 608, 609, 613, 614, 616, 618, 620, 621, 627, 640, 2110, 7601, night bus 8628, 8658
Lin'an East Bus Station
Lin'an District
Bus line from Lin'an to East Railway Station: 381, 802, 804, 805, 807, 809, 812, 815, 819, 834, 835, 839, 841, 842, 843, 845, 846, 853, 2706, night bus 8805, 8892
Hangzhou Metro Line 1, Hangzhou Metro Line 4 toEast Railway Station；Hangzhou Metro Line 6, Hangzhou Metro Line 19 toEast Railway Station (East Square)；Bus line from Lin'an to East Railway Station, No. 9, 20, 28, 31, 33, 43, 48, 81, 93, 99, 108, 123, 179, 205, 247, 283, 285, 287, 304, 345, 391, 1603, 1705, 1713, night bus No. 8028, 8179, taxi, East Square coach, Xiaoshan Airport City Terminal
The waterway traffic in Hangzhou is mainlyBeijing Hangzhou Grand CanalFromSuzhouCruise ships to Hangzhou usually travel at night and arrive at Suzhou andWuxiTwo places.Get on the boat at Wulinmen Wharf, leave for Suzhou at 17:30, arrive at 7:00 the next day, and return to Suzhou at 17:30.Another route is the Qiantang River.These two lines are generally opened in summer or peak tourist season.It is now out of service.
Hangzhou Water BusIt is the water bus system in Hangzhou（wharf）Stop to relieve land traffic pressure and provide tourists withTourism servicesThere are four water bus routes connecting the Grand Canal, Xixi, Qiantang River and other water systems.Hangzhou Water Bus supports WeChat and Alipay payment, flash payment UnionPay card, nationwideTransport unionAll in one card andHangzhou TongBus card
aviation
Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport
Hangzhou Xiaoshan International AirportLocated in Xiaoshan District in the east of Hangzhou, it is about 30 kilometers away from the city center.It is an important trunk airport in China, one of the top ten international airports for passenger flow in China, a class I airport open to the outside world and an alternate airport for international flights, and the first air portal in Zhejiang Province[15]。Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport has a 4E runway and a 4F runway, and the passenger throughput has exceeded 22 million person times (2013).In 2006, Hangzhou Airport and the "Best Airport in the World"——Hong Kong International Airport, carry out strategic and comprehensive joint venture and cooperation, thus becoming the first airport in mainland China with an overall foreign joint venture. At the end of 2012, T3 terminal was put into use, the second runway was completed, and Xiaoshan Airport entered the double runway airport club.July 2014, located atHangzhou East Railway StationThe city terminal of is enabled[15]。On November 29, 2019, the direct flight from Hangzhou to Cairo, Egypt was officially opened[3]。The subway has "Xiaoshan International Airport Station".[103]
Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport Information List
In the winter of the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), a private car shop opened the first bus line in Hangzhou, namelyHangzhou Bus No.7Predecessor of[170]。
according toHangzhou BusAccording to the official website, by the end of December 2022, Hangzhou has 1175 bus operating lines, 10217 bus operating vehicles and 5237 service points (excluding the three counties and cities under the jurisdiction of Hangzhou)[171]。
You need to bring your own change to take the bus in Hangzhou urban area, which supports Alipay bus code, flash UnionPay card, nationwideTransport unionAll in one card andHangzhou TongCommon bus card[21]。
rail transit
On November 24, 2012, Hangzhou Metro Line 1, the first subway in Hangzhou, was officially opened, making Hangzhou the fourth city in East China and the first city in Zhejiang Province to open a subway[169]。
As of February 2023, Hangzhou Metro Line 3 (Phase II), Hangzhou Metro Line 4 (Phase III), Hangzhou Metro Line 5 (Phase II West Extension), Hangzhou Metro Line 9 (Phase II), Hangzhou Metro Line 10 (Phase II and III)Hangzhou Metro Line 12(Phase I), Hangzhou Metro Line 15 (Phase I)Hangzhou Metro Line 18(Phase I) andHangzhou Deqing Intercity Railway[19-20][163-164]。
Hangzhou Metro Operation Line Network Diagram
In downtown Hangzhou, you can buy one-way tickets in cash or by scanning codes, Alipay boarding codes, WeChat boarding codes, flash UnionPay cards, and nationwideTransport unionAll in one card andHangzhou TongBus card code swiping/card swiping[21]。
Battery car around the lake
Battery car around the lake
The new south line of West Lake is 3.5 kilometers long, divided into a parkYongjin Gate、Orioles Singing in the Willows、Bachelor BridgeandLong bridgeThere are 18 historical and cultural landscapes in 5 blocks from 8:00 to 17:30 every day, which can be taken on the South Line around the Lakea storage battery carTour around the West Lake. There are 4, 8, 11 and 14 battery cars around the lake, and the driving speed is about 10 kilometers per hour.There are three types of lines:
1. A tour around the lake.Walk around the lake clockwise in one direction. The fare is 30 yuan. You can get off at any station with your ticket. You can get on and off four times in total.
2. Round trip.The fare is 10 yuan. At the Children's Palace Watergate -Xiling BridgeCrossing Hongqiao - in front of Leifeng Pagoda, a park -Tang Yun Art MuseumHigh in 3 sectionsshuttle bus, you can get on and off the train freely twice in the section.
3. Charter tour.The fee is 10 yuan per half hour.
taxi
From December 1, 2019, Hangzhou officially implemented the new urban cruise taxi fare adjustment scheme.The starting price is adjusted to 13 yuan/3km, and the mileage fee remains unchanged at 2.5 yuan;The waiting fee is adjusted to the low-speed waiting fee. For the speed below 12 km/h (inclusive), the 1 km mileage fee (2.5 yuan) will be charged every 4 minutes for other periods except 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., and the 1.5 km mileage fee (3.75 yuan) will be charged every 4 minutes from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.The return allowance remains unchanged, and 50% (1.25 yuan) will be charged for mileage above 10 kilometers.In addition, the freight rate adjustment that has a greater impact on the citizens also belongs to special compensation.One of them is to increase the night allowance fee. During the period from 23:00 to 5:00 of the next day, the mileage fee will rise by 30% (0.75 yuan will be charged for every thousand meters).The other is that during the Spring Festival every year (from the 30th to the 6th day of the lunar calendar), an additional 10 yuan will be charged for each train.For the linkage mechanism of oil transportation price, the price of 92 # gasoline at 6.58 yuan/liter will be taken as the linkage base point. When the cumulative increase of oil price reaches (or exceeds) 0.95 yuan/liter and lasts for more than 30 days, cruise taxis (excluding electric vehicles) will charge a fuel surcharge of 1 yuan per trip;When the oil price falls back to the above corresponding standard, the fuel surcharge will be cancelled accordingly.
Public bicycle
Hangzhou Public Bicycle
① It is free to use within 60 minutes and can be rented and returned all over the city.
② Green and environmentally friendly, low-carbon travel.
③ 100 tourist information booths have been set up in and around the West Lake Scenic Area, providing IC card handling and electronic tour guide machine rental services, providing convenience outlets for tourists to "ride in Hangzhou" within the urban area of Hangzhou: Shangcheng District, West Lake District, Gongshu District, Binjiang District and Qiantang District (i.e. the main urban area).
Jian YumingHongzhiEleven year (1498)Wansong Academy It is famous in ancient ChinaacademyOne is that it was the largest, longest lasting and most influential gathering place of Zhejiang literati in Hangzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.HangzhouprefectLin QiFounded in 1897, todayZhejiang UniversityPredecessorQiushi Academy It is one of the first new institutions of higher learning in China's modern history to imitate the western school system.
By the end of 2023, Hangzhou will have 40 regular colleges and universities with 636000 students, an increase of 23000 over the end of the previous year, including 122000 graduate students, and the gross enrollment rate of higher education will be 72.5%;101 ordinary high schools with 145000 students;40 vocational high schools and secondary vocational schools with 69500 students;There are 307 junior high schools, with 294000 students, and 99.8% of junior high school graduates have entered various senior high schools;515 primary schools with 762000 students;1074 kindergartens, 373000 children in kindergartens.9325 new kindergarten children were added, including 7960 inclusive kindergarten children, accounting for 85.4%.85 cross regional education communities were newly established, and the total coverage rate of the city's compulsory education school community reached 94.4%.[197-198]
Hangzhou isNational informatizationPilot citiesElectronic CommercePilot cities, e-government pilot citiesdigital television Pilot cities and national software industrialization basesIntegrated Circuit DesignIndustrialization base.Hangzhou is committed to building a "Riverside Paradise"silicon valley”, information and new medicine, environmental protection, new materialsHigh tech industryThe sound development momentum has become a major feature and advantage of Hangzhou.The six "industrial chains" of communication, software, integrated circuit, digital TV, animation and online games are becoming bigger and stronger.
In 2023, the ratio of Hangzhou R&D expenditure to GDP will be 3.9%.Among the general public budget expenditure, the expenditure on science and technology was 24.3 billion yuan, up 16.9%, accounting for 9.2% of the general public budget expenditure, up 1.0 percentage point over the previous year.The number of invention patents granted increased by 32000, up 6.2% over the previous year.The number of PCT international patent applications was 2341, up 1.6%.At the end of the year, there were 153000 valid invention patents, up 24.8%.[197]
Sports
Hangzhou won the right to host the 2022 Asian Games
In 2022, Hangzhou athletes won 16 international medals, including 14 gold medals and 2 silver medals;There were 263 medals in the national competition, including 120 gold medals and 88 silver medals.There are 4 national sports reserve talent bases, 9 provincial sports reserve talent bases, and 5 sunshine reserve talent bases of provincial traditional sports schools.56 competition venues and 31 training venues for the Asian Games have been completed and the functional acceptance of the event has been completed. 312 stadiums (45 Asian Games venues) have been settled in the "Asian Games venues online"[166]。
The annual sales of sports lottery tickets reached 5.05 billion yuan, an increase of 31.8% over the previous year[166]。
June 6, 1929, the firstWest Lake ExpoThe grand opening ceremony at the beautiful Xizi Lake opened the prelude to the development of China Modern Expo.The exhibition was resumed in 2000.In 2006, the World Leisure Organization and Hangzhou Municipal People's Government jointly organized the firstWorld Leisure Expo, jointly held with the Western China International Fair, opened the first year of leisure in China.[176]
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's culture and related industries will reach 321.1 billion yuan, an increase of 11.3% over the previous year.At the end of the year, there were 16 cultural centers (including provincial), 16 public libraries (including provincial), 83 museums (memorial halls), and 48 national key cultural relics protection units.There are 5 representative works of intangible cultural heritage of mankind and 48 representative projects of national intangible cultural heritage.218 episodes of 7 TV dramas were shot throughout the year.At the end of the year, there were 3.21 million registered cable TV users.[197]
In 2023, the added value of Hangzhou's health industry will be 162.7 billion yuan, down 0.9% from the previous year.At the end of the year, there were 6626 medical and health institutions, including 414 hospitals.There are 161000 professional health technicians, including 63000 licensed (assistant) doctors and 72000 registered nurses.There are 100000 beds in various medical institutions, including 95000 beds in hospitals.The number of medical institutions in the city reached 164.31 million.[197]
By the end of 2022, the coverage rate of the city's rural domestic sewage administrative villages will be increased to 92.68%, the rate of reaching the standard of effluent water under the supervision of the environmental protection department will be 93.21%, 625 new rural domestic sewage treatment facilities construction and transformation projects will be started, and 8005 standardized operation and maintenance of treatment facilities will be completed.Since 2016, Hangzhou's rural sewage treatment has been awarded provincial excellence for seven consecutive years, of which five years have been rated as the first in the province[162]。
By the end of 2023, the number of employees participating in basic endowment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and unemployment insurance in Hangzhou will be 8.46 million, 8.03 million, 7.16 million and 5.87 million respectively.The basic old-age insurance pension for urban and rural residents was adjusted to 350 yuan per person per month, and the minimum living security standard was adjusted to 1259 yuan per person per month.The minimum living standard of 87000 people in the city was guaranteed, and 1.24 billion yuan was granted to needy families throughout the year.[197]
By the end of 2022, 227 town street level and 2688 village community level home-based elderly care service centers have been built and opened in Hangzhou.There are 246 pension institutions of various types, and 7 child welfare and relief protection institutions.24 new health care complexes and 1370 beds in the special care area for cognitive impairment were added throughout the year[166]。
Historical culture
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dialect
Hangzhou dialect, generally referring to the dialect of the main urban area of Hangzhou, belongs to the Wu dialect of Taihu Lake area[39], distributed in HangzhouGongshu District、Shangcheng District、Qiantang District、West Lake District。Hangzhou dialect is a living fossil of Hangzhou history.During the Southern Song Dynasty,KaifengNorthern soldiers and civilians in and around the area moved southward with the Song Dynasty and settled in Lin'an.Since then, the Qing DynastyEight Banner SoldierIt has been stationed in Hangzhou for more than 200 years.Due to the sharp increase of northern immigrants, the Wu dialect, which is dominant in population, is merged with the northern Mandarin, which is dominant in politics. This feature is particularly prominent in Hangzhou urban area.Hangzhou dialect has the affix of "er" (the word "er" is pronounced separately, not "er"), and it is often read in text. This is the product of long-term integration and evolution with northern dialects, and also the difference between Hangzhou dialect and Linshao Wu dialect and Tiaoxi Wu dialect.The tone of Hangzhou accent is the same as the surrounding Wu dialect in Linshao, which has been greatly influenced byShaoxing dialectHangzhou andShaoxingDependencies of are similarShanghaiAndSuzhou[40]。
Hangzhou urban dialect has a wide rangeDullness, four tones are complete, clear and muddy are opposite, which is subordinationWu dialectTypical signs of.HangzhouBinjiang、Xiaoshan、FuyangDialect, andLin'an、TongluThe dialect belongs to the small Linshao area of Taihu Lake in Wu dialect.YuhangThe dialect belongs to the Taihu area of Wu dialectTiaoxiSmall pieces.Linshao dialect of Wu dialect in Hangzhou has a large population[39]。In addition, Chun'an County and Jiande City, the former Yanzhou Prefecture, which are now included in Hangzhou, are Hui languages[38]。
Comparison between Hangzhou Dialect and North South Dialect
Northern dialect
Hangzhou dialect
Typical Wu dialect
(Shanghai dialect outside the brackets, Suzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Wenzhou dialect inside the brackets)
"The 18th tide in August is spectacular." Every year, on August 18 of the lunar calendar, in XiaoshanQianjiang Tide View ResortholdInternational Qianjiang Tidal Observation Festival。At that time, tourists can not only enjoy the world-famous wonder Qianjiangchao, but also participate in a series of cultural, sports and tourism activities.
West Lake Expo
West Lake ExpoIt was first founded in 1929, and became famous in the world together with the "Chicago Exposition" in 1893, the "Paris Exposition" in 1900 and the "Philadelphia Exposition" in 1927, and is recognized as the four major international events.A total of 147600 pieces of domestic and foreign goods were exhibited at the first Expo, which was a collection of Chinese goods at that time.In order to commemorate the first exhibition in China's expo industry, in 2000, Hangzhou Municipal Government decided to reopen itWestern China International Fair。
cultural heritage
Cultural heritage related events
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event
2009
Silk weaving skills and "seal cutting" of Xiling Seal Engravers' Society were included in the UNESCO list of "representative works of intangible cultural heritage of mankind"
June 24, 2011
Hangzhou West Lake cultural landscape is listed in the World Heritage List[152]
June 22, 2014
The Grand Canal of China was successfully included in the World Cultural Heritage List
July 6, 2019
Liangzhu Ancient City Site was successfully included in the World Cultural Heritage List. The next day, the Liangzhu Ancient City Site Park located in Pingyao Town, Hangzhou was officially limited
Origin of place names
After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, local institutions at the county level were abolished in the third year of Emperor Kaihuang (583), and the state and county systems were implemented in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589).Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty unified China, namely, adjusting the setting of prefectures and counties in the south of the Yangtze River, abolishing the money for Tang County, and setting up "Hangzhou".This is the first time that the place name "Hangzhou" appears[153]。
famous scenery
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Introduction to Hangzhou's Scenic Spots
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National Scenic Area
two
West Lake Scenic Area, "Two Rivers and Two Lakes" (Fuchun River Xin'an River Qiandao Lake Xianghu Lake) Scenic Area
On June 24, 2011, Hangzhou West Lake was officially listed《World Heritage List》。
By 2021, the added value of Hangzhou's tourism and leisure industry has reached 106.8 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5% and an average decline of 6.5% in two years.The total tourism revenue was 152.42 billion yuan, up 6.9%;The total number of tourists was 89.518 million, up 5.0%, including 182000 inbound overnight tourists, up 26.4%.At the end of the year, there were 959 travel agencies.105 star hotels, including 22 five-star hotels.111 Grade A scenic spots, including 3 Grade 5A scenic spots[145]。
In February 2023, Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Statistics published the "Data of Sub provincial Cities in 2022" on its website, which summarized the indicators of GDP, growth rate, general public budget revenue and other indicators of 15 sub provincial cities in 2022, including Hangzhou's GDP of 1875.30 billion yuan[159]。
Hangzhou Scenic Spots
scenic spot
brief introduction
Related pictures
West Lake
West LakeLocated in the west of Hangzhou and the center of Hangzhou, it is famous for its beautiful lakes and mountains and numerous places of interest at home and abroad. It is a famous tourist resort in China, with a total area of 49 square kilometers.The beauty of the West Lake lies in the glittering water on sunny days and the mountains on rainy days.Whether rain, snow, sunny or cloudy, whether early or late, all can change into scenery;In spring flowers, autumn moon, summer lotus, winter snow, each has its own beauty.The lake area is famous for the beautiful scenery of Su Causeway and Bai Causeway.
Hangzhou West Lake
Xixi
Three Embankments and Ten SceneriesXixi"Three embankments": Fudi, Ludi and Shoudi;The "Ten Sceneries" of Xixi: autumn reeds flying snow, fire persimmons reflecting waves, dragon boat victories, lotus beach heron shadows, Hongyuan lingering charm, Jianjia moonlit, fishing village misty rain, Qushui plum hunt, Gaozhuang Chenji, Hezhu listening to music.
Xixi
Qiandao Lake
Qiandao LakeThere are thousands of acres of green waves, thousands of islands, mountains, deep canyons, beautiful streams, strange caves and rocks, as well as a variety of biological resources, cultural relics and rich local products, which constitute the world-famous characteristics of island and lake scenery.
Qiandao Lake
Gongchen Bridge
Gongchen BridgeCrossing the Grand Canal from east to west, it marks the end of the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal to Hangzhou.It was built in the fourth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in the eleventh year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty.The total length of the bridge is 92 meters. It is a three hole thin pier stone arch bridge, which is built in parallel in longitudinal sections.The bridge is towering and majestic, and is a landmark building in Hangzhou Gongshu District.On both sides of the bridge are the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal Museum, the Chinese Umbrella Museum, the Chinese Fan Museum, and the Chinese Sword and Knife Museum.
Gongchen Bridge
Guangji Bridge
Guangji BridgeIt is the only seven hole stone arch bridge on the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal, located in Tangqi Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City.Guangji Bridge, also known as Tongji Bridge and Bi Overpass, is commonly known as Long Bridge. It was built by Chen Shouqing, a Yin person, in the 11th year of Hongzhi's reign (1498).Nearby are Shuibei Mingqing Street, Qianlong Imperial Stele, Zhejiang Water Resources General Court, Guo Pujing, and Shuinan Temple.
Guangji Bridge
Fuyicang
FuyicangIt is the existing canal shipping storage building in Hangzhou, with important cultural relic value.It was built in the sixth year of Guangxu period (1880), and was named "to become rich with benevolence, and to achieve justice with harmony".The rice grain used in Hangzhou was transported from the canal and stored in the Fuyi granary. Together with the Nanxin granary in Beijing, it was called the "granary of the world".
Fuyicang
Qiantang River
Qiantang RiverIt is the largest river in Zhejiang Province and one of the main birthplaces of Yue culture.The total length of the river is 688 kilometers, the drainage area is 55600 square kilometers, and the average annual flow is 44.25 billion cubic meters.The time of tide observation in Qianjiang River is calculated according to the lunar calendar. The tide potential is the largest on the third day and the eighteenth day of each month, and decreases before and after that.There are two tidal bore every day, and the specific time will pass regularly.In a year, the tide on the 18th day of the eighth lunar month is the most spectacular, and the most people go to see the tide.In history, it is commonly known as the "Tide God's birthday", but now it is called the "Tide Watching Festival".
Qiantang River
Liangzhu Site
Liangzhu SiteAbout 5250~4150 years ago, it got its name from the discovery in Liangzhu Town in 1936. After more than half a century of archaeological investigation and excavation, it was preliminarily found that the ruins were distributed in the Taihu Lake area.In the three towns of Liangzhu, Anxi and Pingyao, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, there are more than 50 Liangzhu cultural sites with the Mojiaoshan site as the core. There are various remains such as villages, cemeteries and altars, which are rich in connotation, wide in scope and dense in sites.Liangzhu Ancient City, an ancient city equivalent to about 400 football fields and covering a total area of 2.9 million square meters, was found by archaeologists in the core area of Liangzhu culture.
Liangzhu Site
Xianghu Lake
Zhejiang Xianghu Tourist ResortIt borders Xiaoshan City in the east, Qiantang River in the west, Zhejiang Jiangxi Railway in the north, Hangzhou Ring Expressway in the south, and only 15 kilometers to the West Lake. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Hubei Ancheng Mountain was the place where Gou Jian, the King of Yue, stored grain and stored soldiers, and Huxi Tiger Cave was the place where Gou Jian lay on his laurels and tasted gall.The eight sights of Xianghu Lake are reminiscent of the ancient city and mountain, overlooking the pavilion, first lighting the morning sun, crossing the lake and the night moon, the bell ringing of Yang Qi, the paddle song in the Hengtang, the cloud shadow in the lake center, and the kiln smoke at the foot of the mountain.The third phase of Xianghu Lake has officially opened.Its total water area reaches 6.1 square kilometers, forming a "long necked gourd like" lake landscape as a whole.
Xianghu Lake
Lake Crossing Bridge Site
Lake Crossing Bridge SiteXianghu Village, Chengxiang Street, about 4 kilometers southwest of Xiaoshan City.The original area of the site is tens of thousands of square meters, and 1030 square meters have been excavated.The accumulation thickness of the site is 2-3 meters, and the carbon 14 dating is 7000 to 8000 years ago.The cultivated rice unearthed from the Kuahuqiao site advanced the history of cultivated rice in Zhejiang by 1000 years;The canoe unearthed is the earliest boat in China so far.
Lake Crossing Bridge Site
Yaolin Wonderland
Yaolin Wonderland Located in Tonglu County, 80km away from Hangzhou, it is a typical representative of karst caves in the subtropical humid area in the central coastal area of East China. It is a national scenic spot, also known as Yaolin Cave, with a depth of 1km and a total area of 28000 square meters. It is one of the "Top 40 Tourist Resorts in China" and "Top 10 Tourist Resorts in Zhejiang Province".In 2002, it became one of the national AAAA scenic spots.It is known as "the top of all caves in China" for its winding cave landform and magnificent rock landscape.The painter Ye Qianyu praised it as "rare in China and rare in the world".
