Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian (from July 21, 541 to August 13, 604) was born in Huayin, Hongnong County (now Huayin City, Shaanxi Province).The small character is Naluoyan, whose surname is Puliuru. After Yang Jian came to power, he restored the Yang family name.[74]Han TaiweiYang ZhenFourteenth grandson,Sui DynastyThe founding emperor (from March 4, 581 to August 13, 604).Outstanding politicians, militarists and reformers in Chinese history[81-83]。
Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou DynastyHe was appointed Duke Sui at that time.After Yang Zhong's death, Yang Jian inherited his father.Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou DynastySuccession, Yang JianUpper Pillars, Dasima, its prestige is growing.In the first year of Dading in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (581), Yang Jian acceptedEmperor Jing of the Northern Zhou DynastyAbdicationthe name of a kalpa, establishSui Dynasty, capitaldaxing 。In the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (587)Xiliang。In the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589), King Jin was appointedYang GuangAttack and annihilateNan ChenAnd unify China.A series of reforms have been carried out in political, economic and military systems.establishThree provinces and six ministriesAnd changed the local three-level system of state, county and county to two-level system of state and county, thus consolidating centralization and appeasingLingnan, constructionSui Daxing City, creatingImperial examination system。formulateOpen imperial law。Has opened an extremely brilliant era《Rule of Emperor Kaihuang》, split the Turks, complete the great national integration, reduce the burden of the people for many times, promote agricultural production, and stabilize economic development.useNaturalization method、Look at the big pictureRectify household registration.It has effectively dealt with ethnic conflicts and is honored asSaints Khagan 。During his reign, the country was strong, the treasury was full, the economy was prosperous, and the number of people increased greatly[81][83]。
During the twenty-four years of the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, the currency was unified, household registration was rectified, andEqual field system, set up granaries, resolutely reform, make every effort to govern, practise frugality, and achieve outstanding political achievements.But in his later years, he became suspicious, killed meritorious officials, and listenedQueen of LiteratureTo depose the crown princeYang YongYang Guang, the king of Jin, was made the crown prince, which buried the root of national subjugation.On the last day of the fourth year of Renshou (August 13, 604)Renshou PalaceHe died at the age of sixty-four.Temple nameSui Gaozu, posthumously titled Emperor Wen, buried inTailing[73]。
Full Name
Yang Jian
Alias
Pu Liu Rujian
word
Narayana
Posthumous title
Emperor Wen[29]
Seal number
Zhu State, Dasikong, Duke of the Sui State, Jingzhao Yin Cao, Sanqi Chang Shi, Grand General of Cavalry, Yitong, Grand General of Cavalry, Jia Kaifu, Youxiao Gong Bo, Zuo Xiaogong Bo, Zhu State, Governor of Dingzhou, Governor of Bozhou, Shangzhu State, Dasima, Grand Empress Cheng, Yousi Wu, Zhuan Daqian Yi, Grand General, Suizhou Governor, Chengji County Duke, Daxing County Duke, King of Sui (before becoming emperor)[4][6][24]
According to historical records, Yang Jian came from a high gate in GuanzhongHongnong Yang's, claiming to beEastern Han DynastyTaiweiYang ZhenYang Yuanshou, the fourteenth grandson and fourth ancestor, was appointed asWuchuan TownSima, his fatherYang ZhongFollow Emperor Wen of the Northern Zhou DynastyYu WentaiUprising in Guanxi, giving a surname for meritorious deedsPuliuruShi, Guan ZhiZhuguo, Dasikong, FengSui Guogong。Posthumous giftTaibao, posthumously titled Huan.But according tointernationally known sinologistAccording to the textual research, the Yang Jian family may be Shandong Han nationality, and its identity as a farmer should be based on false trust;The so-called Yang Yuanshou staying in Wuchuan is alsoYu WentaiFiction to win over subordinates' feelings.[1]
Early experience
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty in Yan Liben's The Painting of Emperors
Western Wei DynastyGuichou Night in June of the 7th year of Datong (July 21, 541[2]）, Yang Zhong's wifeLvkutaotoFeng YiPrajna Temple gave birth to Yang Jian, who is said to be "full of purple" at that time.《Sui Shu》It is recorded that there was a Bhikhuni Wisdom ImmortalLvkutaoShe said that Yang Jian could not be raised like ordinary people, so she took Yang Jian to another house to raise him herself.[2]Young Yang Jian is a deep man with few words, and has just enteredImperial CollegeEven very close people dare not tease.[3]
The first year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (554)[4]）When Yang Jian was fourteen years old, Jing ZhaoyinXue ShanMake him a hero.[4]
The third year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (556)[4]）, migrationCavalry General[4], plusKaifu。
Assisting the Northern Zhou Dynasty
In the first year of Wucheng in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (559),Emperor Ming of the Northern Zhou DynastyHe ascended the throne and granted Yang Jian the title of Right Little Gong Bo, and was granted the title of Daxing County Duke.[4]
Wu ChengRenyin, April 2 (May 31, 560)[76]）, Emperor Wu of ZhouYu WenyongUpon accession to the throne, Yang Jian was appointed as Xiao Gong Bo, the governor of Suizhou (now Suizhou City, Hubei Province), and the general.Later, he was transferred to the capital.He served his mother for three years and stayed around the clock. They all called him pure filial.at that timeYu WenhuWhen he was in charge of the government, he was very afraid of Yang Jian and tried to kill him many times. Fortunately, the protection of General Hou Fu, Hou Shou and others saved him.[5]
Days andRenyin, July 3 (August 17, 568[77]）After his father Yang Zhong died, Yang Jian inherited the title of Duke Sui.Emperor Wu of Zhou engaged Yang Jian's eldest daughterYang LihuaAs the Crown Princess, she is more polite to Yang Jian.King of QiYu WenxianHe once said to Emperor Wu: "Pu Liu Rujian is very beautiful. Every time I see him, I feel lost. I'm afraid he will not stay in the world for a long time, so I will kill him early." Emperor Wu said: "Yang Jian can only be a general." Internal historyWang GuiSuddenly, he said to Emperor Wu: "Prince Yun will not be the leader of the country in the future, and Puliuru Jian has a bad look.[6]
JiandeFour years (575 years), Yang Jian led the water army of 30000, and was defeated at HeqiaoBeiqiOur army.[7]
In the fifth year of Jiande (576), Yang Jian followed Emperor Wu of Zhou to fight for Pingqi and became the state of Zhu.With King Yu Wenxian of QiJizhouBreaking Qi Ren ChengwangHigh, was appointed as the governor of Dingzhou (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province), and soon became the governor of Bozhou (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province).[8]
Portrait of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and Yang Jian
XuanzhengJune 21, 578[69]）, Prince after the death of Emperor Wu of Zhou Yu WenyongYu WenyunEnthronement.Yang Jian's eldest daughterYang LihuaHe was granted the title of Queen, and Yang Jian was promoted toGrand General of the State of Zhu、Dasima。elephantIn the early years, Yang Jianguan was appointed as the Great Empress Cheng and Yousi Wu, and soon became the Great Front Suspect.Emperor Xuan of ZhouEvery time I went out for a tour, Yang Jian stayed at home.At that time, Emperor Xuan of Zhou formulated the Sacred System of Criminal Scriptures, which was extremely harsh.Yang Jian strongly remonstrated with Emperor Xuan of Zhou because the laws and regulations were harsh, which was not a good way to educate and restrain the subjects. Emperor Xuan of Zhou refused to listen.[9]Yang Jian's status and prestige are growing, and Emperor Xuan of Zhou is very afraid.Emperor Xuan of Zhou had four concubines who were lucky enough to be empresses together with Yang Lihua. All families fought for favor and slandered each other.When Emperor Xuan of Zhou was angry, he said to Empress Yang Lihua, "You must exterminate your family!" So he called Yang Jian into the palace and said to the left and right bodyguards, "If Yang Jian's face changes a little, kill him." But when Yang Jian arrived in the palace, he looked and looked calm, so Emperor Xuan of Zhou could not kill him.[10-11]
At last, Yang Jian came up with a policy of "two guarantees"Senior DoctorTranslated by ZhengXiang Yuwen Yun revealed that he had long wanted to leave the vassal state.This was exactly what Yu Wenyun wanted, and he was immediately appointed as the governor of Bozhou.In this way, Yuwen Yun is relieved, and Yang Jian is also relieved.When Yang Jian was appointed governor of Bozhou,Pang HuangYang Jian urged him to start an army and establish an imperial careerPang Huang"The time is not yet ripe," Yang Jian said, expressing his wish to replace Zhou Zidai.
Emperor Xuan of ZhouYu WenyunHe grew up in the palace when he was young. He ignored the government and indulged in wine and sex. His officials and generals dared to be angry but dared not speak.Yuwen Yun did not listen to the advice of his loyal officials, but felt that the emperor was too unsatisfactory.
Xinsi, February, the first year of Dacheng (April 1, 579[67]）, Yu Wenyun issued an imperial edict to the eldest son Yu Wenchan, and changed his title to elephant. He called himself Emperor Tianyuan, lived in the harem and spent all day withconcubinesThe palace ladies eat, drink and play.[12]
Elephant's Ugliness Day in May of the second year (June 2, 580[68]）Yang Jian was appointed as the general manager of Yangzhou to prepare for the cutting of Chen.[13]When I was about to set out, I had a sudden foot disease and didn't set out immediately.The second day of May in the same year (June 8[80]）Emperor Xuan of Zhou was critically ill.[14]Liu Fang, the lower official of the imperial court, and Zheng Yi, the senior official of the internal history, forged the imperial edict to let Yang Jian, the Duke of Suiguo, accept his will and assist the government.[15-18]
When Yang Jian became the Prime Minister, he began to plan to usurp the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.There were many powerful vassals among the kings of the Zhou Dynasty. Yang Jian was afraid that they would change at any timeYu Wenzhao（Emperor Wu of ZhouYounger brother)Will marry a girlTurkicSummon them to Chang'an, the capital, to prevent them from rebelling.[19]
May of the second year of the elephant[72](June 22, 580[72]）, Yu Wenyun died of illness in Tiande Hall at the age of 22, with the posthumous title of Emperor Xuan.[20]Later, Emperor Zhou Jing paid homage to Yang JianFalse yellow tomahawkPrime Minister Zuo, all officials are under his command.With Zhengyang Palace as the prime minister's residenceTranslated by ZhengFor a long history,Liu FangFor Sima, the officials of the Prime Minister's Office were set up.During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, the punishment was harsh, people's hearts broke down and they did not belong, and the government and the people did not have firm aspirations.After Yang Jian became the prime minister, he was lenient in administration, simplified and strict laws, and practiced frugality. All the people in the world were attached to him.[21]
In June of the second year of the elephant (580), the powerful Zhao Wang Yuwenzhao and Chen Wang in the imperial family of the Northern Zhou DynastyYu Wenchun, King YueYu Wensheng, Dai WangYuwendaTeng WangYu WenxuanAll arrived in Chang'an.Xiangzhou ManagerYuchi JiongHe thought he was a senior official of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Seeing that Yang Jian was good at governing, he felt aggrieved, so he raised his troops to Dongxia.Yunzhou ManagerSima Eliminates DifficultiesDirector of YizhouWang QianOne after another to respond.The followers of Zhao and Wei were very many. In ten days, they gathered 100000 troops.alsoYu WenzhouYixing Prefecture, Shidang Prefecture, Xipi PrefecturePeijun, VidizaraiYanzhouAs the base area, they responded to Yuchi Jiong.Yang JianmingUpper Pillars, Yun GuogongWei XiaokuanSend troops to defeatYuchi JiongAnd eliminated the political enemies who threatened him.Sima Xiaonan fled to the southChen Dynasty，Wang QianAlso killed.This victory of Yang Jian stabilized the internal ruling order.Yongzhou Mubi KingYu WenxianThe five kings, including Zhao and Chen, saw that Yang Jian had calmed down the Yuchi Jiong Rebellion, gained great prestige and plotted against it.Yang Jian seizes Yu Wenxian and beheads him, announces the crimes of King Zhao and others, and issues an edict to the five kingsSword Shoes Upper HallTo settle the hearts of the five kings, we will not enter the court.[22]Then he killed King Yu Wenzhao of Zhao, King Yu Wensheng of Yue, King Yu Wenchun of Chen, acting King Yu Wenda, and King Yu Wengui of Teng, and eliminated the opposition forces among the Xianbei people.[23]At the same time, they pull togetherElementary harmonic、Vassal、Yu WenxinAnd other Xianbei nobles.In this way, Yang Jian Group's plan of changing dynasties will not be hindered.
February Jiayin (February 22, 581), the first year of Dading in the Northern Zhou Dynasty[24]）Yang Jian was appointed King of Sui by the Duke of Sui State.[24]The first day of the same month (March 4[70]），Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou DynastyThe imperial edict was issued with Yang Jian's hopeAbdication。Yang Jiansan gave way and was ordered by heaven,[25]From the prime minister's office to the palace, the emperor was in the Linguang HallCountry numberFor "Sui Dynasty", change to yuanthe name of a kalpa, proclaiming an amnesty.[26]Empress Dugu was appointed Queen and Crown Prince Yang Yong was appointed Crown Prince.In May, Yang Jian sent someone to kill Yu Wenchan, who had the posthumous title of Emperor Jing and was buried in Gongling.[27]
In the second year of Emperor Kaihuang (582), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang JianChang'an City"Withered and withered for a long time", a new capital nameddaxing 。There are two cities in the city, East and West, East and West.Because it is the capital of the country, "there are five sides to common people, people are confused, and Hua Rong has mixed mistakes. Go to agriculture and business, strive for the benefits of the day and the night, play tricks, and compete for the end of the knife"[28]And became the largest commercial city at that time.In view of the confusion of the previous currency system, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty minted standard five baht coins and banned ancient coins and miscellaneous coins.Five baht coins "spread wherever they are, and people can use them"[29]To unify the currency.At the beginning of the Emperor's reign, it was stipulated that the ancient ruler should be one foot two inches, the ancient bucket three liters, and the ancient scale three kilogramsZhao Xuan"Copper Bucket and Iron Ruler"[30], was promulgated nationwide, and the weights and measures were unified.As for "excluding the tax for entering the market", "stop drinking shops, connect salt ponds and wells, and share with the people"[31], which is conducive to the development of business.
After Yang Jian quelled the rebellion, the only opponent to unify the world was Chen Chaohe in the southJianglingParochialXiliang。
the name of a kalpaSeptember 7, Xinmao Day (October 26, 587[66]）, after the abandoned XiliangXiao CongXiliang died.
October 1st, the 8th year of Emperor Kaihuang (November 22nd, 588[32]）Yang Jian sent Yang Guang, the king of Jin, out of Liuhe, Yang Jun out of Xiangyang, and Yang Su out of Yong'an with the leading army. There were 518000 troops in total, and three armies attacked Chen.[32]In December, Yang Su defeated Chen's garrison along the Yangtze River, and went east downstream.However, because Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing detained the urgent documents, the Chen Dynasty was unable to transfer the army from Jiankang.
The third day of the first month of the ninth year of the reign (February 2, 589[33]）, Chen JiangRen ZhongleadHan QiuhuCapture Jiankang CityChen Shubao, the demise of the Chen Dynasty.[33]Soon, Chen Jun from all over the countryEmpress ChenOnly Lingnan area was protected by Madame Xian.
August, the 10th year of Emperor Reign (September 21, 590[65]）, envoy of the Sui SchoolWei GuangThey pacified Lingnan, Madame Xian led the people to greet the envoys of the Sui Dynasty, and the Lingnan states were known as the land of the Sui Dynasty.So far, the world is unified.
After unifying the whole country, Yang Jian worked hard to create a brilliant "rule of the emperor".After the end of Yuwentai's Xianbei policy in the Western Wei Dynasty, the Han ministers will be changed to Xianbei andboth farmer and soldiergeneral(and the soldiers under its jurisdiction)Restore the Han surname.In addition, repealNine-rank system, change toSix Cao System in Five Provinces, renamed laterFive provinces and six ministries。
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian[45]
At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, after a long period of war in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, people's livelihood was exhausted, so Yang Jian accepted SimaSolvay It is suggested that the monopoly of salt and alcohol and the market tax should be stopped, and the tax should be reduced several times later to reduce the burden of the people, promote national agricultural production, and stabilize economic development.The richness of Yang Jian's reign was not confined to the peopleEqual field systemofThis can not only increase taxes, but also stabilize economic development, andSouthern DynastiesgentryIt also gradually fades away from weakness.The smooth implementation of the equal field system benefited the economic development of the early and middle Sui Dynasty.In addition, the Sui Dynasty took Guanzhong as the standard, and there was a shortage of grain in Guanzhong, which needed to rely on the water transport in the east of Guandong to provide relief, so Yang Jian set up permanent warehouses in Luozhou and other placesgovernment storehouse, stored grain transported from Guandong, builtGuangtong CanalTo facilitate the water transport in Guanzhong.It is also set up in the folkpublic granaryPeople donate food to preventfamine year。After the unification of the country in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (589), the primary goal was to enrich the country.Light corvee and light taxes to relieve people's poverty.While ensuring the national tax revenue, the people's livelihood should be stabilized.becauseWei, Jin, Southern and Northern DynastiesSince then, household registration has been unclear and tax revenue has been unstable.So it was ordered to be implemented in the fifth year of Emperor Kaihuang (585)Look at the big picture。And accept the minister's left foot shotHighTo implementNaturalization method, nationalHousehold surveyAs a result, more than 1.65 million people without household registration were seized, including 443000 Ding Zhuang, in order to increase national taxes, improve the economy, and eliminate the accumulated disadvantages of concealing household registration since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In addition, Yang Jian stabilized politics,Guanlong GroupYour support is indispensable.Han people such asTranslated by Zheng、Liu Fang、HighAnd other famous officials help promote national policy.Yang Jian also ordered Su Wei and others to compile the Kaihuang Law, revise the criminal law, and establish a national criminal law, so that people can abide by the law, and reduce the provincial penalty. The death penalty only includes hanging and chopping, to show the leniency of the Sui Dynasty towards the people.
From the population growth in the early and middle Sui Dynasty, we can see Yang Jian's political talent: in the first year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (581), the national household registration reached 4.62 million, and in the fifth year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (609), the number of households reached 8907536, 46019956.In the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (589), the number of households in the south increased by 500000. At this time, the national household registration was more than 7 million, with an average annual growth of 226708 households.[34]
The tumult of old age
In the 13th year of Emperor Kaihuang (593), an imperial edict was issued to build Renshou Palace inQizhouTo the northYang SuManufacturing supervision.It is a large scale to build palaces by filling valleys with flat mountains.Due to the strict and urgent supervision and service, Ding Fu lost thousands of lives.
In the 15th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (595), Renshou Palace was built.When Emperor Wen arrived there, he saw that the palace was very magnificent, and said angrily, "Yang Sutan's people made a lot of troubles for me to leave the palace."[35]Yang Su was afraid of being punished.However, Empress Dugu was very satisfied with this place, so Emperor Wen's attitude changed.The next day, Yang Su was summoned and given a million dollars and 3000 pieces of brocade silk.
Yang Jianhao is suspicious and scrupulous, and he is easy to listen to slander. In his later years, he even killed ministers indiscriminately,Yu Qingze、Shi WansuiIn addition, the legal system was gradually destroyed. The usage of "no longer follow the rules of science" was promulgated, such as "stealing more than one dollar"Abandon the market”The harsh criminal law such as "three people steal a melon together, and the incident is fatal" has terrified the people.Yang Jian is also enthusiasticcane a courtier at court in the presence of other courtiers"Every time you hit someone in the palace, you can hit him or her four times a day".[36]
At the same time, Yang Jian was troubled by scholars in his later years.The crown prince Yang Yong is generous, unrestrained and unrestrained.He once decorated the exquisite armor made by Shu people. Emperor Wen was very unhappy.[37]Later, Empress Dugu died of a heart attack because his wife, Yuanshi, was not in favor with the prince. She was very unfair, but sent people to watch over the prince's evil deeds.However, Yang Guang, the king of Jin, was deceitful. He flattered his mother and empress inside, and married courtiers outside, especially courtiersYang SuAnd actively carry out activities to seize the position of the crown prince.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty first placed the third son, the King of Qin, under house arrestYang Jun；Then, in the 20th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (600 years), Yang Yong, the eldest son, was demoted to a commoner and Yang Guang, the second son, was appointed as the crown prince;In the second year of Renshou (602), Yang Xiu, the fourth king of Shu, was demoted to a commoner.[38]
Strange death
Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty who succeeded to the throne
After the death of Empress Dugu in the second year of Renshou (602),Madam XuanhuaChenMrs. RonghuaCai's family is favored by Yang Jian.
In the fourth year of Renshou (604), Yang Jian fell ill and livedRenshou Palace, Shang Shu Left Bu ShootsYang SuMinistry of War MinisterLiu Shu、 Huangmen WaiterProtolithThey all went to the Renshou Palace to serve as doctors.Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, summoned Yang Guang to live in Neiju Town and the Great Treasure Hall.Yang Guang thought that if Yang Jian died, he must take precautions in advance. He wrote an envelope and sent someone to ask Yang Su.Yang Su wrote down the situation one by one and replied to Yang Guang.The palace man sent the reply to Yang Jian's bedroom by mistake. Yang Jian was very angry after reading it.
At daybreak, Mrs. Xuanhua went out to change clothes and was forced by Yang Guang.Madame Xuanhua refused to let him go.When she returned to Emperor Wen's bedroom, Yang Jian was surprised that she was not looking right. When she asked why, Mrs. Xuanhua said with tears, "The prince is rude[39]So he called Liu Shu and Yuan Yan and said, "Call my son!" Liu Shu and others wanted to call Yang Guanglai.Yang Jian said, "It's Yang Yong."
Liu Shu and Yuan Yan went out of Yang Jian's palace and drafted the imperial edict.Yang Su heard about it and told Yang Guang.Yang Guang falsely tells Yang Jian that he will arrest Liu Shu and Yuan Yan and put them in Dali Prison.They quickly transferred the generals and soldiers from the Eastern Palace to stay in the Renshou Palace. The palace gate was forbidden to enter and exit, and Yu Wenshu and Guo Yan were sent to the dispatch command;The right commoner Zhang Heng was ordered to enter Yang Jian, the marquis of Renshou Palace.All the people in the harem were sent to other rooms.
Later, Yang Jian died in the Great Treasure Hall. He reigned for 23 years at the age of 64. His temple name was Gao Zu, his posthumous title was Emperor Wen, and he was buried in the Tailing Tomb (today'sShaanxi ProvinceXianyang CityYangling Wuquan Town, Wangshang Village, Northeast).[40][64]
Measures for politics
Announce
edit
Politics
Three provinces and six ministries
Three provinces and six ministries
Yang Jian abolished the untimelySix officials in the Northern Zhou Dynasty(Heaven, Earth, Spring, Autumn, Winter, Summer)System, which restored the system of the Han and Wei Dynasties, basically established the system of three provinces and six ministries.Yang Jian set up three divisions in the central governmentthree counsellors of state, five provinces.Sanshi and Sangong are just a kind of honorary title.The five provinces, namelyNeishi Province、Secretariat Province、Shimen Province、Inner History ProvinceandShangshuProvince.Internal service province and secretary province do not play an important role in national government affairs.The inner province is of the courteunuchOrganization, management of palace affairs.The secretary province is in charge of books and calendars, with few affairs.It is the other three provinces that play a role, namely, Inner History Province, Subordinate ProvinceChanceryThey are the highest government agencies.The Ministry of Internal History is responsible for decision-making, the sub provincial departments are responsible for deliberation, and the Shangshu Province is responsible for implementation.This was the three provincial system that was later inherited by the Tang Dynasty.
The Shangshu Province consists of six departments: officials, civilians, rites, soldiers, criminals and workers.Each department has a minister in charge of its own government affairs.There are six specific administrative departments: the Ministry of Officials, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion and transfer of officials throughout the country;The Ministry of Civil Affairs is in charge of land, household registration, taxes and fiscal revenue and expenditure throughout the country;The Ministry of Rites is in charge of sacrifice, etiquette and foreign exchanges;The Ministry of War is in charge of the selection of military officers nationwide, as well as their military credentials and ordnance;The Ministry of Criminal Justice is in charge of the criminal law and sentencing throughout the country;The work department is in charge of various projects, craftsmen, water conservancy, transportation, etc.At the beginning, six books were calledSix CaoNamely, six offices.The chief of the six ministries is the minister.The establishment of the Six Ministries became the fixed system of the central government in the feudal countries of later generations.Three provinces and six ministries have clear division of labor, strict organization and strengthenedcentralization。[29]
local administration
In the 10th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (590 years), Yang Jian ordered the government soldiers to enter the household registration of prefectures and counties, and the combination of army and agriculture began here.Yang Jian also reformed the local institutions.He adoptedMinister of DuzhiYang ShangxiThe proposal of "save the leisure, and eliminate the small" was put forward, which simplified the original chaotic local official system from the state, county and county to the state and county levels, and abolished more than 500 counties within the territory.At the same time, a large number of redundant officials were eliminated and some prefectures and counties were merged.It has greatly saved government expenditure, improved administrative efficiency and reduced the burden on the people.In order to better exercise power and control the local government, Yang Jian ordered that all officials above the ninth grade should be appointed and removed by the central government.The right to appoint officials is entirely controlled by the Ministry of Officials, and local officials are prohibited from hiring assistants on the spot.Moreover, every year, the Ministry of Official Affairs should assess to decide on rewards and punishments, promotion and demotion.Later, a three-year tenure system was implemented.Yang Jian simplified the local administrative organization, abolished the Jiupin Palace Law, and initiated the imperial examination system.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered the states to elect three talented people with gorgeous articles to serve in the central government every year.Later, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered that the local official department should be responsible for the appointment of officials with moral integrity and talent.This system of selecting government officials gives talented people from all walks of life the opportunity to work for the government.The imperial examination system initiated and established by Yang Jian remained in Chinese history for more than 1300 years, and was not abolished until the end of the Qing Dynasty. However, the United States, Britain and other countries at that time were surprised and learned from this selection system as a method of hiring government clerks.[29]
Revision of Kaihuang Law
The laws of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were cruel and chaotic.After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, in the first year of Emperor Kaihuang (581), Yang Jian orderedGao JiongThey formulated it with reference to the old laws of the Wei and Jin Dynasties《Open imperial law》。
In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang (583), Yang Jian was appointedSolvay 、Niu HongRevise the new law and delete harsh provisions.Kaihuang Law changed the originalPalace execution、Car crack、beheadAnd other cruel criminal laws.There is no need for genocide.Subtract 81 capital crimes, 154 misdeeds, and more than 1000 crimes such as apostles and staffs, and retain 500 laws and decrees.There are five kinds of punishment: death, death, death, death, death, death, death, death, death, death and death.Basically completed selfThe Reform of the Criminal System of Emperor Wen of Han DynastyThe reform process of the penal system sinceFive feudal punishmentsSystem.《Reading Comprehensive Lessons》He praised and commented: "The ancient corporal punishment is not reused, and the Han language is also benevolent. However, the punishment of the Han Dynasty is mostly made by this system, so since the Wu Hu era, the cannibals of beasts have also been able to indulge their anger. As for the Tuoba, Yuwen, and Gao families, the death penalty was five: Qing, Hang, Chop, Xiao, Zhe, and the gatekeeper's punishment. All of them are not necessarily inspired by the Han law.Governance is the law of the Sui Dynasty, and the system of death penalty is based on two things: that is, twisting and cutting, changing the whip into a staff, and changing the staff into a whip. It is not a rebellious and rebellious crime, and there is no clan punishment. Up to now, all the people who inherit it are also the system of governance. "
Death penalty repertory systemIt was customized from the 15th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (595). Yang Jian stipulated that all cases sentenced to death should be executed after "three readings".《Sui Shu·Criminal Law Annals: "(Kaihuang) is a fifteen year system, and those who commit capital crimes will be sentenced after three strikes." Yang Jian also issued an imperial edict: "If the world commits capital crimes, the states will not be able to make a decision, and Dali will be ordered to remedy them." The Kaihuang Law has a profound impact on the laws of later generations, and the laws revised by Yang Jian were basically inherited in the Tang Dynasty.
Rectify the administration of officials
In terms of clarifying the administration of officials, Yang Jian has worked hard to govern since he won the country, and his talent is mean. Corruption and perversion of the law are not allowed.Yang Jian ordered Liu Sheng to visit the fifty-two prefectures of Hebei Province, and told them to spare more than two hundred officials who were not known for their corruption. The prefectures and counties were awe inspiring.The rectification of the official administration was not only to enrich the state treasury, but also to relieve the people. This was also an important reason for the prosperity of the Emperor Gaozu of the Sui Dynasty during his reign.
Construction Daxing
Sui Daxing City
Sui YuhanChang'an CityA new city is built in the southeast, which is called Daxing City. It is located in today's Xi'an City, the east, south and west of the city.I.eChang'an City of Tang Dynasty。At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the capital was still in the old city of Chang'anWar, broken.Moreover, the palace is too small to meet the needs of the new unified national capital.In addition, urban sewage has settled for hundreds of years, which makes it difficult to discharge at the bottom. Drinking water supply has also become a problem.Therefore, Yang Jian gave upLongshouyuanThe old Chang'an City to the north is to the south of LongshouyuanHan Chang'an CitySelect a new site in the southeast.
The second year of Emperor Kaihuang (582[79]）First month, lifeYu WenkaiResponsible for the design and construction of the new city Daxing City, which will be completed in March of the next year.Yu Wenkai Refers to the Northern Wei DynastyLuoyangChenghe Eastern Wei DynastyBeiqiYechengNanchengThe six high slopes to the south of the original Longshou are regarded as six lines of dry lines, and this is the core of the overall planning of Chang'an CityGeographical Basis。"Liupo" is the skeleton of Daxing City. The imperial palace, political organs and temples are all high above, in sharp contrast to ordinary residential areas.In the lowlands between Gangyuan, except for residential areas, canals are opened for water diversion, lakes are excavated, and the water area of the city is enlarged.Daxing City makes full use of the advantages of the terrain to increase the three-dimensional space and become more magnificent.The plane layout of Daxing City is neat and uniform, and the shape is rectangular.The whole city consists of Palace CityImperial city、Outer CityIt is composed of three parts and completely adopts east-west symmetrical layout.The area of Outer City accounts for about 88.8% of the total area of the city. The substantial expansion of residential areas is a major feature of the overall design of Daxing City.
Until then, fromQin and Han DynastiesUp to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the urban pattern in the capital city had no rules, no layout, and the imperial palace, official offices, and folk houses were intertwined and very messy.todaxing After that, the balanced and symmetrical pattern of the capital began to form, with orderly streets, crisscross from north to south, symmetrical from east to west, and orderly streets and alleys.palaceThe three parts of the imperial city, the imperial city and the folk houses are relatively separated, with clear boundaries, which are both safe and practical.
Economics
"Look for the appearance" and "Import and determine the sample"
At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the phenomenon that farmers concealed their household registration and cheated the old and the small was extremely serious, which directly affected the national financial revenue and the control of labor force.In order to verify the people who should pay taxes and bear corvee, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty implemented“Look at the big picture”The officials were required to check the population frequently and check the household registration according to their appearance, which greatly increased the number of households.And implementation“Transporting and sampling”On the basis of the first one, determine the number of registered permanent residence and prepare a "fixed book" to collect taxes.
In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (583), the leakage was eliminatedmale adult443000 people, 1641500 in total."The Emperor Gaozu ordered the prefectures and counties to read the appearance of their accounts. Those whose accounts were untrue were in the long-term arrangement and were also involved in the rectification. After great contributions had been made, he also ordered them to analyze their registration and each account was an account to prevent concealment. So the account was counted into 443000, with 1.641500 new accounts added." These measures prevented local tyrants and bureaucrats from colluding with each other and engaging in malpractices for selfish ends.It liberated the population from the hands of the powerful and powerful, increased the country's labor force, and mobilized the poor farmers' enthusiasm for production.This has greatly increased the number of taxpayers under the control of the state.
Set up granary
In the Sui Dynasty, the government built many granaries everywhere, including Xingluo granary and Huiluocang granary,ever-normal granary, Liyangcang, Guangtongcang, etc.The stored grain is more than one million stones.In the 11th year of Zhenguan, he supervised the imperial historianMa ZhouTo Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he said: "The Sui family stores Luokou, and Li Mi uses it. The Xijing treasury is also used by the state, and has not been used up yet." The Sui Dynasty has been destroyed for 20 years, and Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty has died for 33 years, but the grain and cloth at that time have not been used up.In 1969, a granary of the Sui Dynasty was found in Luoyang——Hanjiacang Site。With an area of more than 450000 square meters, 259 grain cellars have been dug out.There is also a grain cellar with 500000 jin of charred millet left.This shows the prosperity and prosperity of the Sui Dynasty.
Reform currency
Sui Wuzhu
Yang Jian unified the currency system, abolished other chaotic ancient coins and privately minted coins, and minted five baht coins, known as "five baht coins of the Sui Dynasty".Back of "Sui Wu Zhu"Good meatThey all have Zhou Guo, who is as heavy as his words, weighing four jin and two liang per 1000 yuan."The car and the book are mixed together, and the armour soldiers can rest."Weights and measuresIt was reunified under Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty."The Sui people mixed together in the north and south, the old officials of Fan Qi and Zhou, the old officials of Liang and Chen, and the old officials of Liang and Chen, who gathered together the essence of the Tang Dynasty." In addition, Yang Jian also issued benevolent policy measures such as "at the age of 50, people should be exempt from service and accept mediocrity", and "at the age of war, families should be given one year after another".
Advocate frugality
Yang Jian is thrifty and loves the people.Yang Jian grew up in a temple when he was young. He was vegetarian and lived frugally, which made him develop a frugal character.Although he was the Son of Heaven, he didn't eat much meat, didn't use gold and jade ornaments, and the concubines in the palace didn't wear beautiful ornaments. He was very frugal. He knew the importance of frugality, educated the Prince to be frugal, and said that the country could not live in peace because of luxury and corruption.He also advocated thrifty officials.Because of thrift and less exploitation, the people can live and work in peace and contentment, and the household registration and property have increased sharply, combined with other measures to promote production, in a very short period of time, all businesses will prosper and the economic prosperity will emerge.
military
Change the military system
In terms of military affairs, Yang Jian changed the separation of soldiers and peasants when the Fubing system was first established.In peacetime, the government troops cultivated land and cultivated land, and carried out daily training under the leadership of the general of Chong Chong;When the war broke out, the imperial court sent other generals to gather soldiers from different prefectures for the war, which was a "military peasant integration" system.
Unify the whole country
(1) Combine the west beam
The Western Liang Dynasty was Emperor Wu of the Southern Liang DynastyXiao YanGrandchildXiao XuanIt was built in Xiangyang at the beginning, and later moved to Jiangling. There were three emperors before and after it, a total of 33 years.Rear sillActually, it was the Northern DynastyWestern Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui DynastyVassal。The Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty all set up a general manager in Jiangling to supervise and unify their country.
In the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang (587), Yang Jian recruited the Emperor of the Later Liang DynastyXiao CongGo to Chang'an, send troops to Jiangling, and abolish itliang 。
(2) Kill Southern Chen
On October 17th, 588[78]）, Yang Jian set up Huainan Xingtai Province inShouchun, King of the Jin DynastyYang GuangbyShangshu Decree, fully responsible for the campaign against Chen.Soon, Yang Guang and the King of QinYang JunQinghegongYang SuHe is a marching marshal.Yang Guang, Liu He, Yang Jun, Xiangyang, Yang Su, Yong'an, Jingzhou GovernorLiu RenenOut of Jiangling, the governor of QizhouWang ShijiChu Qichun, Director of LuzhouHan QiuhuGoing out of the Lujiang River,Vugiu mainHe RuobiOut of Guangling,QingzhoumainYan RongOut of the East China Sea.All the Sui armies had a total of 90 officers and 518000 soldiers, all of whom were controlled by Yang Guangjie.From the sea in the east to Bashu in the west, Chen was attacked comprehensively.
Situation of the War of Sui Dynasty Destroying Chen Dynasty
Faced with the large-scale southward movement of the Sui army,Chen ShubaoHe was indecisive and did not make any preparations for the battle. Instead, he comforted himself and said, "Wang Qi is here. The Qi troops come three times, and the Zhou division comes again, and all will be defeated." Duguan ShangshuKong FanHe also agreed: "In the long river, there is a natural chasm. In ancient times, it was thought that there was a gap between the north and the south. How can the captured army fly across the evil today?" And he slandered "the border generals want to make contributions, and they talk in a hurry".So, the Sui army passed through smoothlyYangtze River。
Han Qiuhu
In the first month of the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589),He Ruobi、Han QiuhuHe crossed the river successively.At that time, there were still more than 100000 Chen troops in Jiankang, but because Chen Shubao was cowardly and incompetent, and did not understand military affairs, he cried every day and night, and handed over all the power to Shi Wenqing, who was jealous of talents. The talented civil officials and military generals could not play a role, so the Sui army quickly attacked Jiankang.Chen Shubao and his concubines Zhang Lihua and Kong Guibin jumped into the dry well and were later captured by the Sui army.Chen Jun in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River knew that the situation was over, and they all surrendered.So far, the demise of the Chen Dynasty and the reunification of the country have been achieved.
(3) Pingjiangnan, Lingnan
From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Chen Dynasty, criminal law was always lax, and high families suppressed poor families,gentryThe people invading the mausoleum are typical of the scholar regime.After the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen Dynasty, local officials in the Sui Dynasty made great changes according to the Sui system.
In the 10th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (590 years), the old territory was from the south bank of the Yangtze River to Quanzhou(Jinjiang County, Fujian Province)Further south to Lingnan, the gentry and local tyrants revolted everywhere.There were tens of thousands or thousands of people gathered to capture the states and counties.Yang Jian sent Yang Su, a senior general, to lead his troops in a crusade. He went all the way into the mountains and all the way along the coast to defeat the rebels in various places. Finally, he conquered Quanzhou, and the military chaos in the south of the Yangtze River was quickly eliminated.One after another, the powerful chieftains of Lingnan ethnic minorities rose up and besieged Guangzhou,Pei JuLead three thousand soldiersGaoliang County(Zhianning, Yangjiang County, Guangdong Province)Madam XianAnd pacify the princes in the south of the Five Ridges.The Sui Dynasty used troops for only a few months, and the old situation was completely settled, apparently because the Sui system won the sympathy of the majority of the people.The use of troops hit the southgentryThe evil forces accumulated for a long time have further stabilized the unification of the North and the South.
nation
Turkic
Turks, another branch of the Huns, rose in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.When Mugan Khan arrived, his power was very strong, "breaking west"Hephthalites , going east to Qidan, and north to Qigu, to conquer the countries beyond the Great Wall "[41]And become a powerful military regime in the north.During the confrontation between the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, they fought for a good marriage with Turks and lost money to ask for help.At the end of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen, the king of Zhao, recruited a daughter princess to marry Shaboluo Khan.When Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty seized the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Shabole Khan conspired with Gao Baoning, the governor of Yingzhou Prefecture, to move into the border area and capture Linyu Town (today's Shanguan Customs).The Qianjin Princess tried to persuade Sha Boluo to avenge her family in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, so the Turks attacked on a large scale.Wuwei, Tianshui, Anding (now Jingchuan North of Gansu Province), Jincheng (now Lanzhou of Gansu Province), Shangjun (now Fuxian County of Shaanxi Province), Honghua (now Qingyang of Gansu Province), Yan'an and other places were seriously looted and killed, making the "six livestock salty"[42]。
The War between Sui Dynasty and Turk
In the face of Turkic aggression, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty resolutely fought back.He sent Hejian Wang Yang Hong, Shangzhu Guodou Lu Ji, Dou Rongding, Zupo Shegao Ji, and Zupo Sheyu Qingze as the marching marshals to meet the Turks and defeat Shaboluo's attack.So Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty strengthened the fortifications, built the Great Wall and the castles along the border, and at the same time, he adopted the policy of Chang Sun Sheng "to attack from afar, and combine the weak from the strong"[43]The proposal of the Turkic leader Shaboluo Khan, Datou Khan, Abo Khan and other people to use the contradictions between them to alienate them and make them attack each other.As a result, the Awa Khan returned to Datou Khan in Qianquan, west of Jianya Congling.Since then, Datou Khan has officially split from Shabole Khan and become an independent force, so the Turks are divided into two parts: east and west.Under the threat of the West Turks and Khitan from both sides, Shaboluo became a vassal in the fourth year of his reign and was willing to "always be a vassal".Since then, peace has been maintained on the border.
Yang Jian's attack on Turks in the north hit the arrogance of the nomadic empire and stabilized the situation in East Asia.It has laid a solid foundation for the development of the Sui Dynasty and even for the stable development of later generations of China.Yang Jian provoked the division and military attack to split the Turks into two parts. The Eastern Turkic Qimin Khan was attached to the throne. Emperor Wen of the Upper Sui Dynasty honored him as "sage Moyuan Khan",Yang Jian, the emperor of the Sui Dynasty and the nominal monarch of Turks, is the first example of a Chinese emperor and a foreign monarch.
Tuyuhun and Northeast Nationalities
Tuyuhun, originally a Qiang nationality, is located in present-day Qinghai and southern Xinjiang.Its leader was the Xianbei people, who began to be called Khan at the time of Wei and Zhou, both in Fuyi City, 15 miles west of Qinghai.At the beginning of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Lv Kua, the ruler of Tuyuhun, also took the opportunity to harass. As a result, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abandoned Hongzhou, posing a great threat to the Sui Dynasty.Emperor Wen ordered Shangzhu Yuanxie to lead tens of thousands of horses to attack. Lv Kua was defeated and fled.But soon he came to Koubian again.In the first three years of the reign, Liang Yuan, the governor of Wenzhou, defeated Tuyuhun again.After the Sui Dynasty unified the north and south, Lu Kuacai was so powerful that he dared not harass again.In the 11th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Lv Kua died and his son Fu Li married Princess Guanghua to him.Shifu was killed by his subordinates. His younger brother, Fu Yunli, still took Princess Guanghua as his wife[44]The two sides have maintained good relations.
In addition, the Qidan, Mohe and other ethnic groups in the northeast were either attached by the emperor or sent envoys to make contributions. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty dealt with them properly.
Culture
Emperor Wen Restores Han Dynasty
Portrait of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty
BeiqiAnd the upper class nobles in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, who were once keen on Xianbei and XibeiHuhua。althoughEmperor Wu of the Northern Zhou DynastyAfter being close to the government, he began to advocate Chinese culture.
In the sixth year of Jiande (577), the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified the north.However, due to the untimely death of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the process of sinicization of the Northern Zhou Dynasty once ran aground.Yang Zhong, the father of Yang Jian, was given the surname Hu because he helped Yu WentaiPuliuruYang Jian restored his Han surname immediately after he came to powerSinicization。
Yang Jian played an important role in the development and inheritance of Han culture, because most of the cultural books and records of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han Dynasty were burned and lost due to the war for hundreds of years. In 583, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict to ask for a letter, offering a scroll of books and a piece of silk."Different folk books are often produced from time to time", "in one or two years, the articles and titles are slightly prepared".The Sui Dynasty had the largest collection of books in China's history. The Sui Dynasty had the largest collection of 370000 volumes and more than 77000 types of books.But most of the books were destroyed by the war. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty collected up to 80000 volumes of books, Tang scholars wrote 28467 volumes by themselves. Before the Tang Dynasty, there were only 28469 volumes of books left, and most of these books could not escape the war.[45]《Northern History》He said, "Since all the states and counties in the world have doctors, Xi Liyan will be there."
Revival of Buddhism
At the beginning of the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen began a series of large-scale measures to revive Buddhism, including Buddhist monks, temples, statues, and scriptures.Yang Jian's comprehensive revival of Buddhism is due to both personal beliefs and social and historical reasons.Emperor Wu of Zhou used administrative means to forcibly suppress Buddhism, which inevitably led to dissatisfaction of the majority of believers. On the contrary, it often led to more intense religious feelings of believers.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty popularized the imperial edict, fully supported and revived Buddhism, and summoned refugees to return to the land for cultivation, which was very beneficial for the Sui Dynasty to win the hearts of the people and consolidate its rule.The development of Buddhism in the Sui Dynasty was mainly manifested in the following aspects: the integration of the styles of the north and the south, the development of Buddhist righteousness, the establishment of Chinese Buddhism sects, the translation and compilation of Buddhist scriptures, the prosperity of folk Buddhism, the development of Buddhist culture and art, and the spread of Buddhism to neighboring countries with China as the center.
Beginning to conduct imperial examinations
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in order to select useful talents, the imperial examination system such as "Ju Ming Jing" had sprouted, but since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the nine grade system has continued to be implemented.In the Sui Dynasty, in the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang (587), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty officially set up a separate examination system to replace the nine grade system. Since then, officials were chosen regardless of their family status.In the early days of the imperial examination system, the Sui Tribute of each state was set up, stipulating that each state should send three people to the central government every year to participate in the examinations of scholar and Ming classics. In 606, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty added the Jinshi section.At that time, a complete national talent selection system was formed by the strategy of scholar testing, the policy of Jinshi testing, and the technique of Ming Jing testing.[46]
① The Emperor Gaozu was virtuous in the field, and his strange appearance was different. He hid it in obscurity, so he knew that we were hopeful.At the beginning, I was entrusted with the responsibility of being an orphan by the respect of my external relatives, and I didn't agree with them at that time. It was an old official of the Zhou Dynasty who felt indignant and regretful.Even if Wang Qian fixed the resistance of the three Shu states and did not exceed the time limit of the month, Wei Jue selected all the people of Qi and died in the first battle. Si Naifei stopped people's planning, which was also praised by heaven.With good luck, we moved to Zhouding.At that time, people were very crafty in summer. Jingwei and Yangwei were all together. They were working hard in the day and operating everywhere.If the building boat moves southward, Jinling will be in danger, and the cavalry will point north. Then it will be solely in the territory of Qiansai, which is contained in Zhifang, and incorporated into Xinjiang Li, which is shown in Yugong.Although Jin Wu defeated Wu Hui and Han Xuan pushed the country from subjugation to extinction, they could not be respected.The seven virtues have been applied, the nine songs have been negotiated, and we want to be desolate and salty, and there is no police waiting for the captain.So he was thrifty, flat taxes, solid granaries, and laws. The gentleman was happy to live, and the villains were happy to work. The strong were not weak, and the people were not violent. Yin Fu was a character, and the court and the countryside were happy.In the past 20 years, nothing happened in the world, and Yan Ruya was in the district.Before the exam, Wang was enough to follow Sheng Lie.However, he has no skills, can't do it well, has no leniency, and has the ability to be mean.It is also elegant and good at Furui. It is dark in the main road. It is the same as the imperial system, and it is invincible.Listen to the words of the philosopher's wife and confuse the evil minister, spoil the emperor and abandon him, and entrust him with his lost place.Kill the father and son, open the gap between Kun and his younger brother, and let him find an axe to cut his own branch.When the grave soil was not dry, the descendants slaughtered again, and the money was only listed. The world was not the same in the Sui Dynasty.What a pity!It traces the source of its decline and the omen of its disorderly demise. It originated from Emperor Gaozu and became Emperor Yang. It has a long history, not overnight.It is not unfortunate that it does not sacrifice to others.[47]
② It is natural to speculate. There is no academic knowledge. Good is a small number, but not a big one. Therefore, loyal officials and righteous people should not exhaust themselves.It is rare to find those who have made contributions to the founding fathers and generals, who have condemned the barbarians.
③ Gao Zu compiled the calendar in accordance with the schedule, leveled the whole world, stopped the sky net to cover it, held the banners and silk in order to salute it, and set up the nobility in order to win it. Therefore, people from all over the world were eager to learn and ask questions.The Son of Heaven is ten thousand people, leading hundreds of officials, observing the ceremony of asking questions and observing the ceremony of offering libations.There are too many doctors debating, too many waiters pondering over the mystery of the seats, studying the differences and similarities, accumulating doubts among the masses, and releasing the ice.Therefore, the city has become more beautiful and generous to all the Confucians. Beijing has reached all directions, and all the schools have opened.Qi, Lu, Zhao, Wei, especially many scholars, have pursued their teachers with negative experience and traveled thousands of miles. The road of recitation is endless.The prosperity of gentleness in Zhongzhou has only lasted for a while since Han and Wei dynasties.(Sui Shu, Biographies of the Scholars)
《Northern History》: Beautiful beard, seven foot eight inch long, magnificent appearance, superb martial arts;He has a deep sense of quantity and a simple command.[48]
Evaluation of past dynasties
Yu Wenxian: Pu Liuru Jian is very good-looking and cunning.
Liuzhuang: The generals and prime ministers of the Zhou Dynasty were mostly schemers, and the competition festival was held in the Yang family.According to the official's expectation, Jiong should be destroyed eventually, and Zhou Zuo will be moved with the public.[49]
Yuwen Chan: Sage and sagacity stand out from the sky. The criminal law and etiquette are carried together, and the culture, morality and martial arts are far from each other.Love everything as yourself, and let Zhaoshu worry about it.With Jiheng in hand, you can kill the soldiers, eliminate the evils, sweep the Kun, transform the crown belt, and create a majestic and secluded atmosphere.Yu Shun's twenty great achievements are not comparable,Ji FaIt is not enough to talk about the combination of three and five.
Yami Qaghan : The sage Khan of the Great Sui Dynasty took pity on the common people, as if the sky never stopped and the earth never stopped.Dyeing dry is like withered wood turning into more leaves, withered bones turning into more flesh for thousands of generations. It is often used as an ancient sheep and horse in the Sui Dynasty.[50]
Li Delin: The emperor has a strange appearance. His face has the sun, the moon, the river and the sea. The red dragon is self connected. The corners of the sky are huge. He has two powerful bones. He bends back and embraces his eyes. His mouth is like four words, his voice is like a drum, and his hand has Wang Wen. He is the recipient of Jiuxi.Haotian is destined, so he seems to be here.He looks forward to leisure and elegance as if he were a god. He is an air regulating spirit, including the universe. His prestige is also respectable, and his kindness is also amiable. He has long served as a minister, and his reputation is respected.[51]
Yang Guang: Emperor Gaozuwen was ordered by the dawn of heaven to live in the area of Xia. He saved the people from destitution and destitution. He sent a sentence to the hundreds of kings. All the people followed his nature, paid less taxes, and safeguarded their careers.To expand the universe, mix a car of books.
Xue Daoheng: The earth is based on the Chen pole, the sky dominates the divine power, the good fortune grasps the picture, the business is established, and the virtue is holy;Rectify the chaos, help the country and people, six in eight, and share the same culture and magic skills;Xuan wine pottery Pao, cloud and bamboo, Sacrifice God, respect heaven, great filial piety;Yanbo has taken the lead in fighting against the enemy. He has established propriety and cut music. He has accepted the people's longevity, dispelled the vulgar and blessed forests, and has become the supreme administrator.
Fang Yanqian: The dominant nature is more taboo and does not accept remonstrance.[52]
Yang Dong: Emperor Gaozuwen's Holy Gracious Skill was created in Xia.Zhang Siwei came to Wanyu, and the Three Emperors merged with the Five Emperors.
Li Shimin: This person's nature is too subtle.If a man's heart is dark, he will be unconscionable, and if he observes, he will be suspicious of things.He also bullied orphans and widows to win the world. He was always afraid that the officials would not accept him and would not trust Baisi. He made decisions on everything by himself. Although he tried hard, he failed to be reasonable.The courtiers knew their intentions, but they did not dare to speak frankly. Under the prime minister, they only accepted them.I don't think so. The world is wide and the people around the world are in a myriad of ways. We must work together and make adaptations. We should all appoint a hundred companies to discuss. The prime minister should make plans. Only when things are stable and convenient can we act.How can we take advantage of every opportunity in a day and make arbitrary decisions about one person's concerns.And ten things are broken every day, and five things are not right. The one who is right believes in good. What is the one who is not right?With the sun following the moon, and even years after years, there are many fallacies. Why not die?Is it like being widely appointed to be virtuous and virtuous, being highly respected, and having serious laws and regulations? Who dares to do wrong? "Because of the order of all the officials, if there is any unsettled order issued by the imperial edict, it must be carried out. If it is not allowed to follow the order, it should be carried out immediately.
Yu Shinan: Sui Wen, due to the importance of his external relatives and the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, had a negative image of being a butcher, so he was appointed as a treasurer. He kept an eye on politics and followed the benevolence. Therefore, he was able to appease the old and the new, and was famous for arresting the old. His civil and military systems were impressive.And Keding Jianghuai River, together with the book track, led the people and the common people, and looked up to the peace.Since the demise of Jinling, the king's heart has been extravagant. Although Weijia is everywhere, the situation falls into ten thousand opportunities. Jingbi is filled in the inner palace, and Wu Ji is full of chili. She is carved with benevolence and longevity. Things lie in the palace. Thousands of people are exhausted.With suspicion, witchcraft and witchcraft prosper, kill the concubine who loves her son, the mother who leaves the prime minister, the discipline is turbulent, the etiquette is dead, the hens ring in the morning, the emperor's branches are destroyed, the misfortune is deposed, a large number of places are established, the meritorious officials are good, and the practice is not cut off. The loss of seasons is more than that of the Jin Dynasty, and the divination of the world will not last forever. Is it heaven's death?[53]
Xiao Yu: Self disciplined, industrious and thoughtful, every time you sit in court, or at the end of the day, you will be at the top of the five grades. You will sit down and talk about things, and those who stay at home and defend will pass on dinner to eat. Although you are not benevolent, you are also the master of spirit.
Fang Xuanling: The Lord has no merit, so he can cheat the world.[54]
Wei Zheng: At the beginning of the emperor's birthday, the room was full of divine light, with the appearance of a king and the power of a great saint.Or air or cloud, shade in Langmiao;As the sky and the sun shine on the crown.It is wise inside and obedient outside, and it is safe from danger. Is it not the support of all blessings and the collection of Bailu.
Zhu Jingze: The Son of Heaven ascends the Yuntai and visits the Taoist Temple. He does nothing but hang on the arch;Gongqing looks at the sun and believes in sincerity. He is willing to rise to the middle and become exhausted.It can be said that it is perfect, but not perfect.However, the nature of both guess, no academic, not far, but now.It is because of the morning of the hen that slander is careless.
author of the history Zizhi Tongjian: The ancestor is serious, orders and prohibitions, and is diligent in political affairs.Every day when you listen to the morning, you forget to get tired.Although stingy with money, as for reward, that is, no love;When the soldiers and soldiers have lost the battle, they will be rewarded. They still send messengers to ask their families.Love raising people, persuade farmers to teach mulberry, light corvee.He is self-supporting, frugal and simple, and takes advantage of the public opinion to control things, so those who have shortcomings will be supplemented by orders;If you don't enjoy a feast, you can't eat a single piece of meat;The imperial palace is clothed in Huanzhuo clothes.Between Kaihuang and Renshou, the husband was wearing silk cloth instead of silk, which could not be worn with copper and iron bone horn, and there was no jewelry.Therefore, food and clothing breed and the warehouse overflows.At the beginning of Zen, the number of households was less than 4 million. At the end of the year, it was more than 8.9 million, and there were 1 million households in Jizhou alone.However, there is no one who is always jealous and scrupulous, believes in slander, and is a meritorious official;Even children are like enemies, which is short.[55]
Li Gang: Have great talent and great intelligence.It was founded by some outstanding people from later generations.[56]
Ye Shi: Rely on the power of the female queen, and take advantage of the despicable scoundrel. You can take them as if they were in the middle of your defence.He was only half a year old and killed Yuwen Wuxing, so his ministers and generals paid homage to him with a parallel head. Don't dare disobey him.Seeing Wang Mang is not enough?[57]
Chen Pu: The Northern Qi Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty are still in a corner, and the Sui Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty are mixed together.
Zhu Yuanzhang: But Emperor Gaozu of the Sui Dynasty was diligent in his administration, paid tribute without stint, and saved money and reassured the people. At that time, he was called Mercedes Benz.He who has the virtue of ruling the world and has the power to secure the world.
Wang Fuzhi: Sui Wen's treatment of Wei was based on the appointment of ancient ministers;The reason why Wei sees himself is that he has also made contributions to leveling the world and improving customs.
Zhao Yi: In ancient times, it was not like Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, who, as a close relative of women and men, served Emperor Xuan of the Zhou Dynasty as an early governor and concluded Zheng's translation and other correctional edicts into the auxiliary politics, and then settled down to fight the throne.At that time, although Yuchi Jiong, Yu Wenzhou, Shi Gui, Xi Pi, Wang Qian, Sima Xiaonan and other troops were mobilized to recover, Sui Wen was still in the state of Zhou, and did not waste half of its time.So the great power was in hand, and the descendants of Yuwen killed them, leaving almost no seeds... Stealing the country of people, and killing their descendants to leave no seeds. This is cruel and vicious, which is not popular.[58]
Lv Simian: What is Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty like?A virtuous lord.In the life of Emperor Zong, the punishment was cruel;His diligence and love for the people were born out of his nature, and his frugality was unparalleled in ancient and modern times. Therefore, the wealth of the country at that time was also unparalleled in ancient and modern times.In the case of the Siyi people, they were determined to fight against them in order to reassure the people, rather than make them pay tribute to boast their merits.It is neither like the Chinese characters and scenery, nor like the laboring people of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.Although there is no outstanding achievement, we should pursue our ambition and make good friends with our neighbors.He is diligent in political affairs and able to practise frugality.When he was in power, he eliminated all the exorbitant taxes and levies of the Northern Dynasty, but the government treasury was abundant and the storage was abundant everywhere.[59]
historianThe main achievement of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty is that after unifying the whole country, he implemented various measures to consolidate unity, so that the three hundred years of war could be stopped, the whole country was peaceful, the people in the north and south got a rest, and the society presented unprecedented prosperity.Qin Shihuang created the Qin system, which was followed by all the dynasties after the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty created the Sui system, which was followed by all the dynasties after the Tang Dynasty. Both Qin and Sui dynasties have made great contributions. Their role in history cannot be ignored because the years are short.Under the policy of striving to consolidate national unity, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty made achievements in administration, system setting, and treatment of the enemy. The nearly three hundred years of turmoil since the Western Jin Dynasty had really stabilized by the time of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.He is a better politician because he is more or less aware of the wishes of working people.
TriedEtc《Cambridge History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China》: Yang Jian is apt to get angry, and sometimes he deeply regrets after his rage.This is obviously related to his personal sense of self danger. In his later years, it is related to the abnormal psychology of pursuing the highest power mentioned above.Once he whipped a man in the temple, and then affirmed that this was not the identity of the Son of Heaven, and advocated the abolition of flogging.But soon, when he was angry, he whipped another person to death with a horse whip.He often seemed to turn a deaf ear to the emperor's appeal that he should be merciful and lenient, and carried out the widespread torture at that time without restrictions.Despite these limitations and in this state of mind, Yang Jian is still a strong and successful ruler.He loved his work very much, and brought a large number of papers back to his residence from the Hall of Political Affairs for approval.He often seems to interfere in the affairs of governments at all levels: interfere (sometimes rudely) in the work of the judiciary;Retrial all felony sentences as their own responsibility;Meet with the Chaoji envoys and warn them to work hard and become virtuous people;Inspect the performance of the supplicants and officials;Praise the officials with achievements, and condemn fatigue and corruption;Presided over the early dynasties and discussed domestic and foreign policies with ministers;Tour the country.From his work style and his general attitude towards law, Confucianism and officials, we can see that he was strongly influenced by both the legalist tradition and the common personal belief in Buddhism at that time.[60]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Between two aunts
Before Yang Jian ascended the title of Yang Zhong, the powerful officials of the Northern Zhou DynastyYu WenhuTo win over Yang Jian as his confidant, Yang Jian asked his father Yang Zhong. Yang Zhong said, "It's hard to be a wife between two aunts, so don't go there!" It means that Yang is loyal to the emperor, and can't be between the emperor and powerful officials.So Yang Jian refused Yu Wenhu's request, and soon Yu Wenhu and his followers wereEmperor Wu of the Northern Zhou DynastyAfter the killing, Yang's family was protected from loss of wealth.[61]
Fear of the Emperor
According to historical records, Yang Jian and the empress had a very close relationship: "Every time when the emperor was in court, he would move forward with the chariot above and stop at the pavilion. He would make eunuchs wait on the court and make mistakes in politics. Then he would give advice and do many good things. When the emperor was in court, he would sleep with the anti Yan and look at each other happily."
When Empress Dugu arrived at her old age, Yang Jian wanted to find one or two beauties to adjust her lifePalace Man Wei Chi's Family, but I didn't expect that the Queen would kill this girl angrily under the pressure of grief and indignation.Yang Jian was so angry that he felt the dignity of the emperor had been hit. He was angry and ran away from home.
Although Yang Jian, a lonely old man, tried to find some happiness in life and forget his sorrows from young beauties like Chen and Cai Guiren, he could not extricate himself from the pain of losing his queen, and he also felt the hurt to his beloved wife.Just over a year after Empress Dugu's death, Yang Jian became ill. Before he died, he said to the Crown Prince and the official in charge of the mausoleum, "Let's discuss my funeral. Alas, what's the use of saying this? I can't forget the empress. If our souls are really conscious, we must reunite in the underground."
Phase odd table
There is a very interesting record in the Zizhi Tongjian: in November of the first year of Zhide of the Chen Dynasty (583), Chen Shubao, the leader of the Empress Chen, sent his cavalry to the Zhou Tombs and Yuan Yan to the Sui Dynasty.Chen Shubao heard that Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian had a strange appearance, so he asked Yuan Yan to return with a portrait.When Chen Shubao saw the portrait of Yang Jian, he was shocked and said, "I don't want to see this man!" He immediately ordered someone to throw the painting away.
What's so strange about Yang Jian's appearance that his sworn enemy Chen Shubao was so frightened when he saw the portrait?
According to the Sui Shu, Yang Jian "is a dragon chin. There are five pillars on his forehead, and his eyes shoot out. There is an article in his hand that says" king ". It is long, short and deep." From the above description, we can see that Yang Jian's appearance has five "strange" features: first, his forehead is prominent, and there are five protruding parts from his forehead straight into the top of his head;2、 The jaw is very long and prominent;3、 Sharp eyes, aggressive;4、 The palm print looks like the word "king";5、 The upper body is long and the lower body is short.
From the perspective of modern people, such a person must be a "strange and ugly" person, and even he would be ashamed of himself.However, in the ancient times when physiognomy was developed, this kind of appearance was "extremely expensive".Apart from that, his protruding forehead and the five meat "pillars" on his forehead are the symbols of the "dragon face".Yang Jian's forehead, called "dragon rhinoceros" in the terminology of the photo album, is the symbol of the emperor.Li Shan of the Tang Dynasty said, "There is a dragon rhinoceros in the forehead. The sun on the left corner, the moon on the right corner, and the world is king." That is to say, this kind of "dragon rhinoceros" with hidden bones under the fontanel and continuous nasal bridge, as well as the meat "horns" formed in the left and right sideburns due to the bulge on the forehead, are the precious faces of "king of the world".There is another saying in the photo book about this kind of appearance, which is called "Longyan Daigan". Longyan naturally refers to the appearance of the emperor, and Daigan means that there are fleshy protuberances on the fingers, such as fighting against each other.It is said that Emperor Zhuanxu was just like this.
Family members
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Father:Yang Zhong(After Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty became emperor, he was called Emperor Wuyuan)
Mother:Lvkutao(After Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty became emperor, he was honored as Queen of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.)
brothers and sisters
Second Brother Cai JingwangYang Zheng, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and his mother and brother
Third Brother King TengmuYang Zan, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and his mother and brother
Fourth younger brother Daoxuan KingYang Song, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty
The fifth brother, King Wei ZhaoYang Shuang, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty
Yang Jian Tai Mausoleum is located on the Sandangyuan, 75 kilometers west of Xianyang City. It is found that there are rectangular city walls around the cemetery site, 628.9 meters long from north to south, 592.7 meters long from east to west, and 4.4 meters wide at the base of the wall. The total area of the cemetery is 37274.03 square meters. There is one gate on each side of the cemetery, and the south gate site is well preserved. There are a pair of gate pavilions outside the gate. The gate pavilions are trapezoidal in plane.The cemetery is surrounded by ditches.In the southeast of the central part of the cemetery, there is a bucket shaped soil seal. The top of the soil seal is 33 meters from north to south, 42 meters from east to west, and the bottom is 153 meters from north to south, 155 meters from east to west.The foundation part is in an inverted "convex" shape, covering the tomb path.There are two graveways on the south side of Fengtu, 23.8 meters apart, both of which are 7 patios and 7 through holes. The western graveway (including patios and through holes) is 78.7 meters long from north to south, 3.4 to 5.6 meters wide, and the eastern one is slightly shorter and narrower.[62]
