Du Shu (197-252), styled Wu Bo, Jingzhao Du Ling (todayShaanxi ProvinceXi'an）People.Minister of the State of Wei during the Three Kingdoms PeriodDu Ji's son.
birthJingzhao Du。the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodTaiheServed as a cavalry duringYellow Gate Waiter, getWaiterSimpiregard highly.Successively served as the Grand Guard of HongnongZhao Xiang, Hedong Taishou, HuaibeiDudu Escort、Imperial Minister , served as envoy, general Jianwei, captain of HuwumaruYouzhouThe governor was killed by Cheng Xi, the general of the Northern Expedition.Attach to General Cao Shuang.
the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodJiapingIn the first year (249), he was demoted to common people and exiled in Zhangwu County.Writing《Body theory》Eight, one in Xingxing Theory《Benedict comments》Four volumes.In the fourth year of Jiaping (252 years), Du Shu died of illness at the age of 56.
Du Shu was a free rider during the Taihe period (227-232)Yellow Gate Waiter。Du Shu is sincere and simple, and is not good at expressing himself, so he has no reputation since childhood.When I was an official in the central government, I did not form a clique or engage in private affairs.Whenever there is a mistake in the policy, he always quotes the rules and regulations to remonstrate, so he is very popularSimpiThe esteem of others.At that time, from Gongqing down, officials were talking about the increase or decrease of the system. Du Shu thought that "the ancient provincial governors, who followed the six rules of the imperial court, had a reputation of being clean and unobtrusive, had a prominent prestige and were praised by people. Now they can concentrate on managing civil affairs without letting the provincial governors master the military power".[1]
Submit a letter of advice
Soon,Zhenbei GeneralLv ZhaoAgainJizhouAssassinDu Shu wrote: "There is no royal way more noble than to pacify the people. The way to pacify the people lies in the accumulation of wealth, and the accumulation of wealth is the basis of professionalism and cost saving. Today, the Wu and Shu bandits have not been eliminated, and the chariots are in urgent need of control. This is the time for heroes to strive hard.But the Confucian officials and officials in the court also unexpectedly admired and admired the force, and they argued with each othergrandsonWu QiFirst.With each passing year, the national treasury became more empty and the people's strength weakened.Now Wu and Shu are arrogating the throne to oppose us. The Hu people in the north have not been persuaded. The border of the three places is in turmoil, and the whole country will not be peaceful.Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Youzhou, BingzhouYongzhouLiangzhou, YanzhouYuzhou、Si ZhouAnd Jizhou.[2]A country is like a person's body. With a full bosom, even if the limbs get sick, there will be no great harm after all.Now Yanzhou, Yuzhou, Sizhou and Jizhou are also the confidants of the country, so the foolish officials hope that the officials of the four states will concentrate on the fundamental cause and shoulder the heavy task of limbs with sincere and respectful feelings.However, it is difficult to insist on the solitary theory, to achieve results by offending everyone's desire, to accumulate their dissatisfaction together, and to distinguish right from wrong, so the wise monarch did not notice it year after year.All those who say such words are alienated or lowly people, and what such people say is really not easy to be adopted.If we let good policies come out of the mouths of trusted nobles, trusted nobles need not offend the four difficulties I said to seek loyalty, which is what people have always worried about. "[3-4]
At that time, the imperial court launched a large-scale discussion on the assessment system of officials, and officials both inside and outside the court should be assessed.Du Shu believes that even talented people are of little use if he is not allowed to exert his talents as much as possible.[5]What is preserved is not what we are committed to, and what we are committed to is not the most important thing at present.Du Shu, who had been in the central government for eight years, was vigorous and straightforward in his discussions.[6]
Take office
Du Shu takes the postHongnong Countyprefect, transferred to King Zhao several years laterCao GanOfassist, leaving due to illness.And worked from homeHedong CountyAfter more than a year, the prefect changed his post to HuaibeiDudu Escort, and left his post due to illness.In the place where he served, he was committed to maintaining the general principles of the country and establishing grace and benevolence, so he was more loved by the people, but not as good asDu Ji。Soon, the imperial court appointed him as the Imperial Historian Zhongcheng.Du Shu served in the imperial court for many times because he was not in harmony with the officials in the court.Later, he served as governor of YouzhouGeneral Jian WeiThe imperial court asked him tohold the imperial insignia —serve as a diplomatic envoy, Huwuwan Xiaowei.At that time,Northern Expedition GeneralCheng XiTunza in Jixian County,ShangshuYuan KanThey warned Du Shu: "Cheng Xi once served in the former emperor's dynasty, but he was excluded in QingzhouTian Guorang。Now take the staff of the imperial court and let you stay together in a city. You should carefully consider the countermeasures. "But Du Shu didn't care.[7]
Be framed miserably
He has been in office for less than a monthxianbei The son of the leader led dozens of people to the state capital without passing the pass. He killed one of the Xianbei people in the state, but did not write a badge to report it.So Cheng Xi wrote to impeach Du Shu, and Du Shu was sent to prison, which was tried by the Ting Wei and should be executed according to law.Because his father Du Ji died in the water because of his hard work for national affairs, his sentence was commuted and he was dismissed as a civilian.He movedZhangwujunThat year was the first year of Jiaping (249).Previously, Du Shu gave Sima to Cheng XiSong QuanThe reply said that Du Shu was 52 years old, that is, born in 197.
Du Shu is heroic and headstrong. He didn't expect to guard against others, which finally led to this setback.When Du Shu returned from Zhao County,Chenliu CountyOfRuan WuThey were also recruited from the position of Qinghe Prefecture Chief, and both of them were contemptuousa military rank。Ruan Wu said to Du Shu, "I think your talent and temperament can go through the path of justice, but you don't work hard enough. Your quality and ability can serve as a high-ranking official, but your pursuit is not smooth enough. Your talent can describe the past and present, but not specific enough. This is what people call talent without proper appointment. Recently, when you have leisure, you can think deeply about this issue and write your own independent opinions."Du Shu wrote in Zhangwu County《Body theory》In the eighth section, I wrote another article, Xing Xing Lun, to discuss personal cultivation.In the fourth year of Jiaping's reign (252 years), he died in the relocated residence.
In the second year of Ganlu (266), Le Xiang, who was over 90 years old in Hedong County, wrote a letter praising Du Ji's legacy. The court was moved and issued an edict to grant Du Shu the sonDu YuIt is the Marquis of Fengle Pavilion and has 100 households in the city of food.Du Shu's memorial papers are very impressive, and he selected several important events closely related to politics at that time to write in his biography.[8]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Du Shu is sincere and pragmatic, and does not modify his behavior, so he has no reputation since he was young. Although he does not make friends, he focuses on business, and is appreciated by Simpi because of his political integrity, but he is uninhibited and does not take precautions against others. Finally, he ignores Yuan Kan's advice, and is hurt by Cheng Xi, making himself almost killed.[9]
Key achievements
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During the reign of Emperor Wei Ming, Du Shu wrote: "If the law can be used as a full-time post, then the Tang and Yu can dispense with the assistance of Ji and Qi, and the Yin, Zhou, Wugui, Yi and Lu can be supplemented." Du Shu actually brought out historical evidence to show the necessity of ruling by virtue.
In view of the social trend of thought of "taking Confucianism as the broadest" at that time, Confucian scholars also criticized the idea of emphasizing law.In his book "On Body", Du Shu criticized the drawbacks of narrow focus of law lovers. "Today, people who are law lovers are not equal to public and private, but argue about the importance of the text; they are not based on the hearts of the people, but carefully read the book."[10]That is, people who value law do not balance public and private interests, and only pay attention to the weight of usage;It does not take the people's hearts as the starting point, but only focuses on the provisions of legal documents.Du Shu also emphatically refuted the fallacy of those who value the law about Confucianism: "It is because they think that the law refers to human feelings... The secular officials who are stupid and harsh think that love is the same, those who take goods and bribe people, those who love and hate people, and those who treat relatives as well as those who fall in love with enemies. The feelings of the secular petty officials are far from those of the ancients."[10]That is, those who value the law unilaterally conclude that, as long as human feelings are considered, it must be related to corruption, personal preference, nepotism, and revenge.Obviously, these are the manifestations of the evil politics in the late Han Dynasty.It should be said that the Confucian emphasis on ethics and human relations has its own social rationality that cannot be ignored. Its malpractice in practice is another problem. Therefore, its rationality cannot be confused with its malpractice. Therefore, Du Shu believes that this is due to the poor understanding of the ancient ideas by secular petty officials.
Du Shu believes that the examination method is not conducive to officials to maximize their personal initiative, "andfriends in days of simple lifeIt is also true that those who are bound to swear and go through fire and water, feel their confidants and show courage, and establish integrity for reputation are worse than those who are bound to set up a court and send a letter to a minister. Those who are in charge are not the trust of Tepifu, and those who feel are not the benefits of their confidants. What's more, those who are favored are not just declarations! "In addition, it is actually a pragmatism and utilitarianism value orientation to manage and supervise officials only by examining their achievements and rewarding and punishing them. For the rule of the country, it is more fundamental to change customs. Du Shu believes that the method of examination is not conducive to "respecting the spirit of submission, promoting the rule of relief".
Du Shu regards propriety as the law and rule of all things, and endows propriety with the authority of moral and political values.Dushurule of liIt is advocated that the malpractice of the rule of the name and law of the Cao and Wei dynasties should be taken into accountWei-Jin periodAt that time, the product of the transformation of the strategy of governing the country from "taking punishment as the first" to "taking etiquette as the first", and the lack of philosophical argumentation left room for the development of the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in terms of "the distinction between the name and the nature" and "the debate between the body and the use".[9]
Chen Shou: "Forgive sincerity, not decoration, and less reputation", "Forgive elegance and arbitrariness, but think of no prevention, and finally this failure", "Forgive the repeated political changes, and treat the body by the way of governance, which is impressive."[9]
Ye Shi"Du Shu is precipitous, and has a special idea of being an elder. His words of self expression are rarely compared with those of Wei. Although two Han people, they are also difficult."[11]
Hao Jing: "StartSima LangIt was suggested that the state and county should take the lead. Du Shu thought it was wrong.The death of Jin's melon split is a long way to go. "[12]
