The Tuileries

Scenic spots on the right bank of Seine River in Paris

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1559 King of France Henry II After his death, his widow Katerin de Medici Decided to move out of the deceased husband's house Louvre And build a new palace. In 1564, Katerin de Medici went down to build the Tuileries Palace about 250 meters west of the Louvre. The name "Duileries" comes from a lime kiln (tuileries) there.

The Tuileries Palace (French: Palais des Tuileries) was once the palace of France, located in Paris Seine River The right bank was burned down in 1871.

Chinese name: The Tuileries
Foreign name: Palais des Tuileries

geographical position: Meeting National Museums Grand Palais, Quai des Tuileries, 75001 Paris, France^[1]
Establishment time: 1564

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1559

Hall on the first floor of Tuileries Palace

The designer of the Tuileries Palace is Philibert de l'Orme, who referred to Italy The Renaissance The palace building of the era is designed as a long north-south palace, and all the main rooms on the west side face the Tuileries Garden in the west. The main building of the palace has two floors, and the first floor is for ceremonial activities Common space On the second floor, the king's and queen's bedrooms and The living room And other private spaces. There is an attic roof above the second floor. The central part of the facade is a round dome, and the two wings are French square domes. The layout of Tuileries Garden is modeled on the hometown of Empress Dowager Medici—— Florence, Italy The garden is symmetrical and planted with Italian lemon Citrus And other plants. The palace was completed in the early 17th century Louvre to be connected.

since Henry III to Louis XIII ， King of France Both of them lived in the Tuileries and the Louvre. Valois Dynasty The king lived in the closed Louvre for more time.

1588

1588“ The Battle of Henry III ”Medium, Duke of Gith Henry I ordered his private soldiers and the citizens of Paris to besiege Louvre , Attack Henry III 。 bourbon dynasty The monarchs of Henry IV and Louis XIII I spent more time in the Tuileries Palace.

1624

Louis XIV (1 sheet)

In 1624, Louis XIII ordered to flip the lid Louvre The east facade was rebuilt, but the Tuileries Palace was not rebuilt. In 1664, Louis XIV command Landscape Designer Lenault (Andr é Le Notre) redesigned the flower beds and Orange orchard 。 In 1682, the French court moved to the newly built Palais de Versailles The Tuileries Palace was abandoned and left vacant for more than 100 years (only a few times did the French king use the royal theater in it), and its garden became a favorite resort for Parisians.

French Revolution After the outbreak, the women of Paris went to Versailles to petition in groups on October 6, 1789, and then Louis XVI He and his family were taken to Paris and placed in the Tuileries Palace. On June 20, 1791, Louis XVI and the Queen marie antoinette Escaped from the palace, but was intercepted at the border. On August 10, 1792, there was an anti monarchy riot in Paris. The mob attacked the court, and the king and queen had to flee to the Legislative Council to seek asylum. Established on September 21 National Association The throne of Louis XVI was abolished, and France was reformed into a republic. Shortly thereafter, due to the disclosure of a locksmith, the Republican government found a secret folder in the Tuileries Palace, and captured the king, queen and Austria A large number of secret letters sent by the British and other enemy countries. Since then, the Tuileries Palace has been successively Public Security Committee occupy.

1799

1799 Mist Moon Coup After, Napoleon Declare the Tuileries as First in power The official residence of. After Napoleon became emperor in 1804, the Tuileries Palace was renamed the Imperial Palace. Napoleon chose the Tuileries instead of Palais de Versailles As its own palace, it is because the name of Versailles has been bourbon dynasty The king's extravagance, extortion and autocracy are linked together, and he is afraid that moving into Versailles will irritate the people. In addition, the palace buildings in Versailles were too large. After the looting and destruction of the Great Revolution, it was impossible to restore their former magnificence in terms of financial and material resources.

However, during Napoleon's reign- Louvre The building complex was expanded, and the north wing building facing the Rivoli tree lined road was built, and the huge square enclosed by it was built Roman style The Arc de Triumph du Carrousel is the main entrance of the Tuileries Palace. 1806 Napoleon take Berlin Brandenburg Gate The bronze Si carriage at the top was transported back to France and was planned to be placed on the Arc de Triomphe.

napoleon i During the period, the interior of the Tuileries Palace was also renovated on a large scale. Napoleon employed a large number of architects and artists to make things better. He added many new furniture, furnishings, oil paintings and murals to the palace, especially the big bedroom of Queen Josephina Deborarne. The Tuileries Palace in this period became a model of the "imperial" decorative style of Napoleon's period.

1814

1814 Napoleon After the first abdication,^{[2 ]} The Tuileries became restored bourbon dynasty louis xviii The palace of. Louis XVIII did not recover from the same considerations as Napoleon Palais de Versailles The status of the royal palace. 1830 July Revolution During this period, the Tuileries were besieged by the citizens of Paris for the third time, Charles X Escape to Versailles. Later established July Monarchy The Tuileries Palace is still the royal palace. 1848 European Revolution During this period, the citizens of Paris besieged the Tuileries for the fourth time on February 28, killing a large number of people guarding the palace Swiss Guard rank-and-file soldiers.

After 1848

The Tuileries Palace was robbed and destroyed in the revolution of 1848. The Second Republic established after the revolution will Elysee Palace It was designated as the Presidential Palace, but in 1851 Louis Bonaparte Launched a coup, changed the republic into a monarchy and claimed napoleon iii Later, the Tuileries Palace became a royal palace again.

The period of Napoleon III was the golden age of the Tuileries Palace. Napoleon III carried out large-scale maintenance, reconstruction and renovation of the palace buildings. The palace was magnificent, luxurious and spectacular, and often held various grand celebrations, ceremonies, banquets and garden parties. 1855 Queen Victoria During his visit to France, he stayed in the Tuileries Palace.

The former Tuileries Palace (5 sheets)

During the period of Napoleon III, the Tuileries Palace, which lasted for half a century, was also completed- Louvre The building group expansion project has built a huge "Napoleon Square" in front of the palace. stay Baron Osman Paris Urban reconstruction In the project, the facade shape of the Tuileries Palace became the main new buildings along the main roads in Paris Public buildings , restaurants and apartments, which are called "Second Empire" architectural style It even spread to England and America.

Burning and demolition

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Witness the burning

July 19, 1870 The Franco Prussian War broke out ， napoleon iii Go on an expedition with illness Color dang Defeated and captured, Second Empire Destruction. The Third Republic, which was subsequently founded, faced internal and external problems. On March 18, 1871, the citizens of Paris held an uprising and founded paris commune 。

Tuileries Palace burned down (1 sheet)

On May 23, 1871, French government When the army invaded Paris, the commune authorities saw that they were facing failure and ordered to burn down major buildings in Paris, including Louvre , Luxembourg Palace The Paris Opera House 、 hotel de ville , Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice, Royal Palace（ Palais Royal ）, and Champs Elysees Luxury hotels and high-grade apartment buildings on both sides "would rather see them die than leave them to the enemy". Encouraged by this slogan, 12 commune members carried tar asphalt and turpentine , and set fire in the Tuileries Palace. The fire burned for two days, and on May 25, it was attacked by government troops and Paris Fire Brigade Extinguish, but palace The building has been completely burned down, leaving only the shell. Connected to the Tuileries Palace Louvre The Flower Gallery and Marzan Gallery were also burned down by commune members, but the main building of the Louvre, the Kali Courtyard, with a large number of art treasures, miraculously survived.

For the next 11 years, the ruins of the Tuileries have been standing on the original site. Although the interior was completely burned Facade It is still intact and can be rebuilt. In fact, completely burned hotel de ville And the flanks of the Louvre have been rebuilt in the 1870s. However, after repeated weighing, the government of the Third Republic decided not to repair the Tuileries Palace, because this palace has become a French palace monarchy And imperial symbols.

dismantle

In 1882, the French National Assembly decided to demolish the ruins of the Tuileries Palace, and Gold franc (about 130000 US dollars in 2005) contractor 。 Baron Osman And some other French architects and artists strongly opposed the government's decision, saying it was a crime against French art and history. Despite this, the ruins of the Tuileries Palace were demolished on September 30, 1883. Some marble ornaments were sold to collectors as souvenirs.

After the demolition of the Tuileries Palace, it was originally closed in the square Louvre The courtyard was exposed for the first time Urban landscape And became the starting point of the east-west historical axis of Paris. This axis starts from Suli Courtyard, passes through Tuileries Garden Place de la Concorde 、 Champs Elysees To the Arc de Triomphe. Duileries Garden still keeps the original style designed by Leno.

Reconstruction possible

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Tuileries Garden (formerly Tuileries Palace) (1 sheet)

In 2003, some French groups and individuals proposed the idea of rebuilding the Tuileries Palace. One of the reasons for reconstruction is Louvre The square in front is too large, and the Tuileries Garden connected with it makes the perspective space facing the east of Champs Elysees Avenue disappear in the messy square. Before 1883, the spectacular facade of Tuileries Palace was the perfect end of this perspective space. Another reason is that the Louvre Central axis And Champs Elysees They are not in the same straight line, but form an included angle, resulting in visual asymmetry (in front of the Louvre glass pyramid To the left), destroying the overall aesthetic feeling. The third and most practical reason is that the huge space in the reconstructed Tuileries can be used as Louvre Museum New exhibition space.

Due to the existence of a large number of pictures about the structure, furnishings and layout of the interior rooms of the Tuileries Palace, the reconstruction work faces very little technical difficulties. At the same time, the original furniture, oil paintings and other furnishings in the palace are also well preserved. These items were made in 1870 Franco-Prussian War It was transported out of the palace shortly after the start to avoid war damage, and is still stacked in Louvre In the underground warehouse of.

The cost of rebuilding the Tuileries Palace is initially estimated to be 300 million euros, which can be raised by the public. The construction work can be designated by the French government Private foundations Undertake. Since 2003, the French media have carried out a lot of reports on this idea. If the project is approved, it will be the largest public in Paris since the beginning of the 21st century Construction project one of.

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