Li Yu (1611-1680), formerly known as Xianlv, was named after Xianfan, Tiantu, and later renamed Yu, Li Hong, Li Weng, Jueshi officials, Li Taoren, Sui'an masters, Lake Li Weng, etc.[1]JinhuaLanxi(now Zhejiang), born inSouthern ZhiliPheasant(Today's JiangsuRugao）。[2]A litterateur, dramatist, drama theorist, and aesthetician in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.Known as a talented person, he is known as "Li Shilang".[3-4]
Li Yu has been smart since childhood and good at ancient Chinese.brightChongzhenTen years (1637), admittedJinhuaFuxiang, is a government student.After entering the Qing Dynasty, he had no intention of being an official and was engaged in writing and directing drama performances.In the eighth year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1651), he movedHangzhou。Move back homeJinling(now Nanjing, Jiangsu)“Mustard orchard”He also set up bookstores, compiled and engraved pictures and books, and made friends with dignitaries and literary celebrities.In the 16th year of Kangxi's reign (1677), he returned to HangzhouYunju MountainA "layer garden" was built at the east foot.He died of illness in 1680, the 19th year of Kangxi's reign.[1]
Li Yu once set up a theatrical troupe to perform in various places, thus accumulating rich experience in opera creation and performance, creating a relatively complete theoretical system of drama, and becoming an advocate of leisure culture and a pioneer of cultural industry.He wrote more than five million words in his life.His works on opera《Occasionally sent for leisure》It has greatly enriched and developed the theory of ancient Chinese opera by discussing the literature of opera from six aspects: structure, diction, rhythm, speech, gag and pattern, and by discussing the performance of opera from five aspects: drama selection, tone sandhi, drama teaching, dialogue teaching and off set.Other《Ten Kinds of Songs of Liweng》(including《Kite error》）、《Silent play》(also known as Liancheng Bi)《12th floor》、《Li Weng's Family》And other works.In addition, he also reviewed《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》, modified《The Plum in the Golden Vase》, Advocate《Painting Biography of Mustard Garden》Etc.
Alias
Li Xianduo、Jueshi barnyard officials、Taoist Li、Liweng on the Lake、Master of Sui Nunnery
word
To be exiled to the public(Later changed to Li Hong)
brightWanliOn the seventh day of August in the thirty ninth year (1611), Li Yu was born on the north bank of the Yangtze River estuaryRugao。Li Yu's father, Li Rusong, and uncle, Li Ruchun, are both merchants of Chinese herbal medicine in Rugao.Li Yu said in his book "Shang Jingzhou Tai Shou with Li Yu": "Although Yu is of Zhejiang origin, he was born in Zhigao, and he has the same surname as Sangzi."[7-8]
Li Yu has been smart since childhood and can read when he was a baby“Four Books”“Five meridians”Never forget,Total angleI can compose poems and write thousands of words in this year.Every year, he carves a poem on the Chinese parasol tree in his backyard to warn himself not to waste time.Li Yu's mother, in order to let her son study in peace of mind, glorifies his ancestors and learns“mencius ' mother moves her home three times to better her son 's education”, arrange Li Yu toLibao TownRead in a "Stork Tower" on the.[9]
ChongzhenIn the second year (1629), Li Yu's father died of illness in Rugao. At the age of 19, Li Yu stayed in Rugao for three years.[9]
In the sixth year of Chongzhen's reign (1633), Li Yu, 23, helped his father's coffin back to his hometown Lanxi and entered his ancestral tomb.In the same year, he married Xu's daughter, who was born in Tangxu Village (now Shuiting Township), and grew old together.Li Yu has traveled many times, relying on her to take charge of domestic affairs, so she has no worries about the future.Li Yu affectionately calls her "mountain wife" in his works.[29-30]
Failure in examination
Genealogy of Xia and Li
In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Li Yu went to Jinhua to participateChild test, become a Five Classics Boy.The victory in the first battle made Li Yu feel the sweetness of becoming famous through reading. He was more confident and studied harder.
In the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639), Li Yu went to Hangzhou, the provincial capital, to participateLocal examinationHe thought he was sure of winning, but he fell behind.Due to his failure in the examination, he wrote a letter to his friends who failed in the examination.On the first day of the next year, he wrote the poem "Remembering the Blowing flute on the Phoenix Platform".
In the 15th year of Chongzhen's reign (1642), the Ming Dynasty held the last provincial examination, and Li Yu went to Hangzhou to take the examination. Due to the unrest, Li Yu heard of the police returning to Lanxi on his way.
In the last years of Chongzhen, the social situation changed fundamentally. The Qing Dynasty's cavalry swept across the south of the Yangtze River, and the Ming Dynasty has become unstable.When the country was in danger, Li Yu's quest for fame ended in vain. At this time, Li Yu became discouraged and accepted his new postWuzhouSima Xu was the curtain raiser when he was invited to the scene.Later, he got to know Zhu Meixi, the new prefect. They had similar interests and kept close contact.Once, Zhu Meixi invited Li Yu to the east and south corner of the cityBayong buildingAppreciate the scenery and ask him to write couplets for the building to make up for the lack of poetry and couplets in the building.Li Yu immediately wrote a couplet, "Shen Lang is difficult to say when he leaves, and Wu women should not pick the stars", which was very impressive.Zhu Meixi ordered someone to make a plaque and hang it on the pillar.
clearShunzhiIn the second year (1645), when the Qing army invaded Jinhua, the Bayong Tower was damaged and the Louzhong Union was destroyed. Li Yu was forced to leave Jinhua and return to Lanxi.[29-30]
Returning to Yi Garden
Portrait of Li Yu
In August of 1646, the third year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing army captured Jinhua and massacred it.Li Yu, who failed in his official career and experienced war, returned to his hometown and lived in Xiali Village. He changed his name to "exiled to ordinary people".The court of the Qing Dynasty issued a shaving order. Although Li Yu was strongly dissatisfied with this outrage that hurt the national pride, he shaved his head in order to save his life and called himself "crazy slave".
Li Yu praised himself as a "literate farmer"YishanThe "Tomb of Ancestors' Ruins" at the head and the "New Thatched Cottage" have built their own paradise - Yishan Bieye (i.e. Yiyuan), and wrote poems such as "Ten Conveniences of Yiyuan" and "Twelve Benefits of Yiyuan"."I don't do itWang MojieHe decided to learn from poets of the Tang DynastyWang Wei, lived in seclusion and died of old age in Yishan Bieye.Before that, he also wrote the "Homecoming Ode", deeply felt the difficulty of walking, and between the lines showed the meaning of retirement.[29]
In the eighth year of Shunzhi's reign (1651), Li Yu was promoted as the premier of the ancestral hall. He signed the "About Thirteen Ancestrals" of the Li clan ancestral hall and presided over the revision of the "Longmen Li clan genealogy", which was deeply respected by the villagers.In the same year, Li Yu was involved in a lawsuit with Shengtang Hu Village in the process of building water conservancy. Later, the lawsuit was suspended due to the "craftiness of Hu's family name, and things didn't work as expected".This made Li Yumeng think of developing his own career in Hangzhou.So he wrote down "Selling Mountain Coupons", sold the Yi Garden that he built with great care and played in all day, and moved his family to Hangzhou to find a new way to start a business.[29-30]
Ping sent to Wulin
Statue of Li Yu
Li Yu named his residence in Hangzhou as "Wulin Xiaozhu" and settled down here for the time being. He began to "sell Fu to paste his mouth", chose a road of "selling words" that had never been seen before and was regarded as "humble business" by people at that time, and began his creative career as the first professional writer of "selling Fu to make a living" in Chinese history.[29]
In the 10th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1653), Li Yu returned to Rugao, where he had been born for 20 yearsTongzhouIt took nine months to meet friends in poetry and prose,[9]I wrote a poem about my elder brother (Li Mao's grave is in Rugao).[10]
After Li Yu lived in Hangzhou for several years, with the continuous publication of his works, "Li Weng on the Lake" has become a well-known literary newcomer.His works spread at an astonishing speed. Some illegal booksellers in Hangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing and other places tried their best to make huge profits by private engraving and reprinting. When there was a lack of transportation, Li Weng's new works could also be seen thousands of miles away within a few days.Some simply take the work of an unknown author and publish it under the name of "Liweng on the Lake" to deceive the readers.The illegal bookseller's unscrupulous act of profiteering not only infringed his copyright, but also greatly affected his reputation and economic income.In order to defend copyright, he bravely stood up and fought against it.At the same time, he asked the government to do justice for him and send a notice;At the same time, he ran around with his son-in-law, Shen, to negotiate.However, due to the lack of legal protection of intellectual property rights in the society at that time, the phenomenon of piracy was still impossible to prevent. It happened repeatedly, which made Li Yu busy negotiating and sighed.Among them, Jinling (today's Nanjing) has the most pirates. In order to facilitate negotiations, Li Yu simplyKangxiAround the first year (1662), he left Hangzhou and moved to Jinling with his family.[11][30]
Around the first year of Kangxi (1662) in the Qing Dynasty, Li Yu left Hangzhou and came to Nanjing, starting a new era in his cultural career.Li Yu lived in the Jinling Gate temporarily, and later bought a house near the Xiaohou Terrace. It was named because "the ground stops at a hill"Mustard orchard"The mustard seed is small, but it can meet the needs".At this time, Li Yu's family and servants at least had dozens of people. In order to maintain the family's food and clothing needs, he had to deal with officials and often went out“Beat off the abundance”To seek protection and gifts.Of course, Li Yu also has his own principle of "taking advantage of wealth", and will never compromise and humiliate himself.Once, a classmate wrote that a senior official asked him to meet him, but he declined.[29]
After living in Jinling for 20 years, Li Yu made friends through literature and drama, and had extensive and frequent contacts with the whole society.Among the more than 800 people with written records who communicated with Li Yu, the most powerful prime ministerShangshu、Bachelor, down to the top three, craftsmen, covering 17 provinces, more than 200 prefectures and counties.He used to beJiangning WeavingCao XiWrite couplets, andCao Xueqin's grandfatherCao YinTo forget old friends;And《Strange Tales from a Liaozhai》AuthorPu SonglingGive poems to each other.Early QingWu Weiye、Qian Qianyi、Gong DingjiEtc“Jiangzuo Three Masters”，Wang Shizhen、Shi Runzhang, Song LishangZhou LianggongYan HaotingYou Dong、Du Jun、Yu HuaiSuch as the "eight domestic enterprises" and“Yantai Seven Sons”“Xiling Shizi”Most of them have had contact with him.The numerous friends enabled Li Yu to freely travel between the literati in the imperial and the wild, and also increased his knowledge and understanding of the world, which provided rich and vivid literary materials for his creation.[11][29-30]
During Li Yu's stay in Jinling, on the one hand, in order to make a living, he had to travel around and make friends with officials and friends to obtain their gifts and subsidies;On the other hand, he would visit scenic spots everywhere he went.He took his family class to travel a long distance and traveled all over Yan, Qin, Min, Chu, Henan, Guangzhou, Shaanxi and other provinces and regions. "Three times the world is divided into two", "famous mountains and rivers, six times the ten classics", "three times the four seas travel, three rivers and five rivers are not left behind", and his footprints are left everywhere in the wonderful mountains and rivers of China.During his long-term roaming, he made in-depth observation and research on nature, and made a detailed survey of local customs, which not only further nurtured his interest in all aspects of art, but also obtained a large number of first-hand creative materials. Through his refined and subtle artistic processing, he created a large number of poems, words, songs, and fu.He also transplanted these materials obtained from his travels to novels, opera creation and gardening art, leaving behind a number of rich and precious cultural heritage for future generations.[30]
Old Residence Garden
In his later years, Li Yu felt homesick day by day.At the age of 60, he had a sexual experienceThe Fuchun RiverGo upstream and return to the hometown of Lanxi.After passingTonglu CountyYan Ziling's Fishing PlatformAt that time, Li Yu wrote a poem, "Dolly · Fishing Platform in Ziling", which deeply analyzed his life.Li Yu returned to his hometown of Lanxi and wrote down the Sense of Returning to His Hometown after Twenty Years.Zhao Gun, the magistrate of Lanxi County at that time, respected Li Yu's virtue and talent very much. After hearing the news, he sent the plaque of "Cai Ming Zhen Shi" and hung it in the Li Clan Ancestral Temple in Xiali Village.
In the 16th year of Kangxi's reign (1677), Li Yu, 67, moved back to Hangzhou in order to make it easier for his son to return to his hometown to take an exam.With the help of local officials, Li Yu boughtWushanThe old house of bodyguard Zhang at the northeast foot began to build a "layer garden".Due to the tiredness of moving, Li Yu fell down the stairs and hurt his bones and muscles. Since then, Li Yu has been poor and ill, and even is revising《Li Weng's Family》It is also difficult to continue.To this end, he wrote an open letter to an old friend of the capital, "The Old Man of Shangdu Gate Tells the Old Testimony", asking for assistance.Xu is that this open letter played a role, and Li Yu, with the help of friends and officials, completed the construction of the Garden the next year.Li Yu seeks happiness in poverty and is ready to enjoy his old age.
Li Yu fell ill again due to his long journey.In the 19th year of Kangxi's reign (1680), on the 13th day of the first lunar month, Li Yu died at the age of 70 in the morning of heavy snow.After his death, he was buried in Fangjiayu, HangzhouJiuyao MountainAbove, Qiantang County MagistrateLiang YunzhiThe inscription: "The tomb of Liweng on the lake."
Main impacts
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Drama theory
Li Yu has made outstanding achievements in opera.In the history of ancient Chinese operas, Li Yu of the Qing Dynasty should absolutely occupy a pivotal position.In addition to creating many popular plays, Li Yu also has great theoretical works that are famous in history《Occasionally sent for leisure》。Although many of the theoretical propositions in "Occasionally Sending Leisure" were not his initiative, Li Yu can be called "the giant of theory" because he can systematically sum up all previous scattered ideas into an unprecedented masterpiece.[1][12]
Around the age of 60, Li Yu began to systematically summarize his experience and make it a theory.In addition to some fragmentary quhua, Li Yu's opera theory is mainly reflected in his "Leisure and Occasional Mail".[12]
In the 10th year of Kangxi's reign (1671), the first kind of Li Weng secretary, namely, "Leisure Couple" (also called "Li Weng Couple Collection"), was published, which is the crystallization of Li Yu's life art and life experience.With 234 subtopics, Leisure Encyclopedia is the first monograph advocating leisure culture in China, which can be called the art of life and leisure encyclopedia.[12]
Still photo of Kite Mistake
The Ci Qu Department of "Leisure Occasionally" talks about the structure, Ci Cai, melodyVerbal、Gag, pattern;"Exercise Department" talks about drama selection, tone change, music teaching, white teaching and off set;"Learning Skills" in "Sheng Rong Bu" details the methods of teaching women to read, write poems, learn singing and dancing, and play musical instruments, which are all related to drama.The first two "Ci Opera Department" and "Exercises Department" are the concentrated embodiment of Li Yu's opera ideology and theory, which can be simply summarized as two aspects: scriptwriting theory and acting theory.The essence of Li Yu's playwriting theory lies in "structure first".In the history of ancient Chinese opera, Li Yu first put forward the idea of "structure first".Li Yu made a systematic, rich and incisive exposition on the skill of screenwriting.He attached great importance to the characteristics of opera as a stage performance art, emphasizing that "the words should be filled for the stage", and asked that when writing a script, "the hand should hold the pen, the mouth should be on the stage, and the whole body should replace the pear garden, followed by the spirit, the eyes should be examined, and the voice should be tested. If good, the book should be straight, otherwise the pen should be put aside"."Ci Opera Department" and "Exercise Department" of "Leisure Occasionally Sending" are actually monographs on opera theory.Later generations have taken out these two works and printed them into one book, called Li Liweng's Quhua or Li Weng's Drama Theory.From creation, director, performance, teaching, to language, music, clothing, all of them are discussed one by one.[12]
Li Yu is learning from his predecessors (such asWang Jide《Curvilinear law》）On the basis of the theoretical achievements of, and combined with my own artistic practice experience, I made a comprehensive summary of the theory of ancient Chinese opera, thus forming a set of drama theory system with rich content, self-contained system, and national characteristics.It is better than the famous French writerDiderotHis drama theory system appeared a hundred years earlier;As the first systematic work of drama theory in Chinese history, his "Leisure and Occasional Postage" is a comprehensive work of Chinese classical drama theoryDrama aestheticsA milestone in history.His "opera theory language is fresh, the writing is smooth, unconventional, the context is clear, the system is rigorous, and the insights are incisive", breaking away from the single situation that the previous generation of opera theorists only studied the form of opera language. His theory involves opera editing, directing, performance and other aspects, especially paying attention to the audience's feedback, and paying attention to the stage effect,Make opera a stage art different from desk literature.AboutdirectorCompared with Soviet dramatistsStanislavskyTwo centuries earlierHistory of World DramaThe first real work on directing.Based on the actual performance effect of operas, Li Yu put forward many new views on the structure of operas and the characterization of characters, which have important guiding significance for the creation and performance of operas in the Qing Dynasty and later generations.[1][12]
The last six parts of "Leisure Occasionally" mainly talk about the ways of entertainment and life beautification. They are rich in content and practical. At the same time, they also provide panoramic images of Chinese people's daily life and secular customs in the 17th century: from the layout of pavilions and towers, pool doors and windows, the separation of boundary walls, to the decoration of flowers, plants, insects, fish, tripods and jade;From women's makeup pavilion, face repair, jewelry, and powder spotting to the ways for the poor and the rich to take care of themselves, etc., all of them are involved, which shows the author's extensive artistic understanding and infinite interest in life.The writing method of these six books is different from that of general life knowledge books, which is often combined with lyricism and reasoning.He hopes that after reading his book, people will have a new understanding of beautifying life and make life more colorful.He also hoped that by discussing the knowledge of vegetation, insects, fish and nutritionMusic analogyIt helps to regulate customs and alert people.Such as“Drink and dine”Li Yu, who comprehensively reflects Li Yu's diet view and diet aesthetics, and puts forward his own unique opinions on the way of diet and health care, can be called an accomplished gourmet.[13]
Although Li Yu's works are of low ideological value because they are far away from major historical and social themes, as far as literature itself is concerned, it should be adapted to the diversity of different receiving groups. Li Yu's dramatic works can be regarded as a kind of relieved literature style with "humanistic care" that makes the lower class temporarily "numb" the pain of social life.His original opera theory also serves for his creation purpose.Li Yu's new theories, which have built a complete theoretical system of drama, have been tested for three hundred years and still play an important guiding role in today's drama creation. He is worthy of the title of "theoretical giant".[12]
By drawing on the theoretical achievements of predecessors and combining his own artistic practical experience, Li Yu's opera theory embodied in "Leisure and Occasionally Sending" not only comprehensively summarized the ancient Chinese opera theory, but also further deepened and expanded the Chinese opera theory.Li Yu integrated the theory of ancient Chinese opera with other artistic theories, so that Li Yu's theory of ancient Chinese opera was not only improved in aesthetic connotation and theoretical scientificity, but also formed a drama theoretical system with rich content, self-contained system and national characteristics.Li Yu's opera theoretical system is unique and has made positive contributions to the development and prosperity of ancient Chinese opera art.However, due to the influence of the times and the author's own factors, Li Yu's opera theory in "Leisure Occasionally" inevitably has limitations, but his shortcomings do not hide the merits. His page presentation and achievements exceed its shortcomings, which is worthy of serious and in-depth excavation and research.[14]
literature
Ten Kinds of Songs of Liweng
There are 18 kinds of scripts written by Li Yu, and the common ones are《Ten Kinds of Songs of Liweng》In addition, he also wrote two collections of vernacular short stories, Silent Drama and Twelve Towers.Although these popular literary works were despised by the orthodox literati at that time and regarded as the last skill, they were popular and easy to understand, close to the life of the citizens, educational and entertaining, and suitable for the appreciation of the audience and readers. As soon as they came out, they sold well in the market and were sold out.In particular, his collection of short stories has been welcomed by readers and become a hot commodity.[15]
Li Yu called his works "the book of new ears and eyes", and he was determined to seek new things, not to lean on others, and not to repeat himself.He tried to find "things that have not been seen before", "feelings that have not been described, and the state of incomplete description". The story is fresh, the plot is strange, the layout is ingenious, and the language is vivid.His novels focus on encouraging good and punishing evil, sympathizing with the poor lower class, eulogizing the love and marriage autonomy of young men and women, condemning the orders of parents and matchmakers, and criticizing hypocrisy as the theme, which has certain anti feudal and progressive significance.When commenting on his novel achievements, later generations said that his two collections of short stories, Silent Drama and Twelve Towers, were the followingFeng Menglong、Ling MengchuOf“Three words”“Second beat”The rare excellent works after that are the best ones in the vernacular short stories of the Qing Dynasty.[15]
Li Yu's legendary writing is the biggest "addiction" in his life, claiming to be "the old slave in the song" and "the crafty slave in the song".He discovered the shortcomings of the Ming Dynasty playwrights who kept away from the stage and made the script a desk work. He began to pay attention to the connection between the audience and the stage effect, and paid attention to the study of opera exercises.Therefore, Li Yu has made great development and innovation in the art form and singing skills of opera.His unique dramatic style made him famous in the ci circle at that time.Li Yu's works are popular because they are both refined and popular, and many of them have been translated into Japan and European countries.From the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651) to the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Li Yu created《A sweet companion》《Kite error》Flounder《Yuqifeng》And so on.He published ten plays, including "Kite Mistake", as "Ten Kinds of Songs of Li Weng". Once this book was published, it was expensive in Luoyang and sold out. At that time, it was promoted by the theater as "the first poem and song made in this dynasty (Qing Dynasty)".The release of Ten Kinds of Songs by Li Weng has reversed Li Yu's previous emphasis on "opera" rather than "drama", and on lyrics rather than wordsVerbalThe atmosphere of.In order to enhance the effect of the stage performance, Li Yu attaches great importance to the creation and application of the narration. He is the first dramatist in the history of Chinese opera to attach importance to the narration, and is also the playwright with the highest achievement in the creation of the narration.He advocated that "words should be filled in for the purpose of entering the stage", "legends should not be compared with articles, and articles should be read by readers, so it is not surprising that they are deep. Drama should be read by readers and non readers, and viewed with women and children who do not read, so it is more shallow than deep".[15]
The theme of "Ten Kinds of Songs of Li Weng" is all the love stories of talented people and beautiful women, andcomedyThe color is very rich, which is the most prominent part of Li Yu's legend.He said: "The legend was originally designed to relieve worries. I spent all my time singing songs. Why buy money to cry? It will turn joy into sorrow. Only I fill in the words without selling my worries, and a man without laughing is my worry. The world is successfulMaitreya BuddhaIt's hard to stop people from writing. "Li Yu isHistory of Chinese DramaHe is the first and only writer who specializes in comedy creation, and has been promoted as the "world comedy master" by later generations.[15]
Li Yu is a genuine helper literati who knows some tricks of stage performance. As for the ideological content and creative tendency of drama, it is rarely advisable to discuss it.Kite Mistake, the most frequently performed script by Li Yu, is famous for Guan Mu's novelty and fine stitches;But the plot is too coincidental and the taste is vulgar. It is the Ming DynastyRuan DachengThe continuation of one faction."Naihe Tian" more openly defends the ugly rich.It is preferable to write the love tragedy "Flounder" of Tan Chuyu, a poor scholar, and Liu Jingu, an underclass artist, and according to the dramas of the Yuan Dynasty《Liu Yi's biography》《Zhang Sheng Boils the Sea》Adapted《Mirage Tower》。[15]
Aesthetic thought
Li Yu is an esthetician."Leisure Love Occasionally Sending" involves various fields of ancient Chinese cultural life. It is an exquisite Ukiyo-e painting of leisure and leisure in ancient Chinese cultural lifeChinese nationThe pursuit of aesthetic and applicable living environment reflects the author's aesthetic thoughts.[16-17]
The book "Leisure and Casual Love · Residence Department" extensively discusses the taste and feeling of ancient Chinese residence aesthetics, which focuses on the author's spirit, speculative ability and mind.The condensation and sublimation of this characteristic literary consciousness has bred and formed the traditional Chinese aesthetic theory with "character" and "artistic conception" as the main body, which is clearly for leisure, but actually for love.[16-17]
Li Yu's life aesthetics is based on the core of daily clothing, food and housing behavior for aesthetic design, including clothing (sound and appearance, far more than clothing);Food (drink);Living (living, playing, planting);Entertainment (lyrics, exercises);He put forward the methods and requirements of aesthetic design, and ran through the concept of "happiness" in the content of taking care of oneself (entertainment, relieving anxiety, and preventing illness).[16-17]
First, women's aesthetic design.
Whether ancient or contemporary, China or foreign countries, women are the main objects of human aesthetic design.Li Yu regards the beauty of women as the primary content of life aesthetics, which is related to the important position of women in family life.In his view, the beauty of women includes form, clothing, temperament and other contents, and its purpose is to appreciate the beauty of life.
Second, the aesthetic design of the home environment.
Li Yu's idea of aesthetic design of the home environment is mainly found in the book "Leisure Couple · Home Department", including houses, window bars, walls, plaques, rocks and other contents.In terms of the aesthetic design of the home environment, Li Yu advocates the principle of moderation and suitability, and the purpose of the design is to enjoy life.
Third, the aesthetic design of home life.
The home environment is an outdoor living environment, while the home life is an indoor one, including home furnishings, supplies, food and daily living, etc.Li Yu still adheres to the principle of appropriateness in design, so that practical objects have aesthetic value and bring fun to life.[16-17]
The last chapter of "Occasionally Sending Leisure" is "Home Care Department". Li Yu comprehensively demonstrates the ways of wealth, poverty, family, road and happiness in spring, summer, autumn and winter,He put forward the idea of doing things and having fun on the spot: "having fun sleeping, sitting, doing, standing, eating, eating, and washing your hands, that is, being naked, defecating in the toilet, and all kinds of obscene things, when they are appropriate, they also have their own fun. If you can see the scenery and play on the spot, you can be sad or sad, and also become happy." Here,Li Yu perfectly combines the pleasure of sense with the pleasure of spirit, which shows the purpose of life aesthetics: pleasure.Xingle is the highest principle of Li Yu's life aesthetics. It is based on perceptual pleasure, but it is not the pursuit of simple sensory pleasure, but the integration of rational principles, which is the "joy" of the unity of sensibility and rationality.[16-17]
Li Yu's aesthetics is an aesthetic presentation of the trend of thought that emphasizes the human physics of daily life and exalts sensibility since the late Ming Dynasty, and is also a logical extension of the new literary form that focuses on secular life.By Li Yu, the perceptual pursuit of philosophy since the late Ming Dynasty had evolved into a comprehensive aesthetic appreciation of life through a new literary form, opening up a gorgeous flower of life aesthetics.This gorgeous flower starts from life, makes an argument from human feelings, refines the fresh life style, and makes a systematic summary of the new fields in the cultural transformation since the Song Dynasty.[16-17]
Historical evaluation
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Yu Huai: "The Baixiang Mountain is elegant and soft, so thank youChen Jie, purple, and water chestnut, when the music and punishment department attendants broke through the neon clothes and feather clothes, they could be pointed out by those who learned orchestral singing.Su Wenzhong is upright in heart, does not innovate, does not follow craftily, but plays zither, Chaoyun, Lidou, and Weihe.Shi Changli is a good example of the imperial court by opening clouds to drive away the enemy, and whenever the match is held, two women gather together to play the Zhipa...... Today, Li Zi uses elegant and simple ideas, skillfully thinks, manages to repair light, and creates a comprehensive, that is, the great cause of running the country. What's the speed? How can we break the small words of the Tao? "[18]
Guangxu reign periodThe Annals of Lanxi County: "The most famous author of lyrics and music, its meaning doesn't matterGao Zecheng、Wang ShifuAlso.Ten Kinds of Songs is popular in the world.at that timeLi ZhuowuChen Zhongchun is the most famous, and Li Weng is the third. "[18]
Yu Weixuanzhou's family: "Seeing that his wife wants to be harmonious, they are lucky to have a royal husband. Although they are poor, they do not complain.Not to write "Baitou Yin", but also to have a red eye, is that the two sages not only pity each other, but also directly pity Li Zhao. "（《A sweet companion·Preface)[19]
Lin Yutang"In Li Liweng's works, an important part is devoted to the study of fun in life, which is a pocket guide to the art of life for Chinese people, from living rooms and courtyards, interior decoration, boundary wall separation to the guidance of women's art and food of dressing, beauty, cooking. The rich and the poor seek ways of fun, ways of relieving depression throughout the year, moderation of sexual life, prevention and treatment of diseases...""He is a playwright, musician, hedonist, fashion designer, beauty expert and amateur inventor, which is really called versatile."（《The Art of Living》）[19]
Li Yu is not only a prolific and versatile writer, but also an accomplished writerpublisher。As early as in Hangzhou, he edited and published his own operas, novels, etcPopular literatureWorks.After living in Jinling, he founded theMustard orchardbookstoreHis editing and publishing career has thus entered a new stage of development.Most of his books are printed here.At the same time, the bookstore also prints and sells various notes and stickers carefully designed by himself, as well as other cultural goods.As a publisher, Li Yu's flexible business strategy and philosophy enable him to firmly grasp the business opportunities, start from left to right, and make the Jiziyuan Bookstore prosperous.
According to the psychology and needs of readers, Li Yu not only published his own works, but also edited and published a large number of popular literature works, such as what he called the "Four Wonderful Books"《Romance of Three Kingdoms》《The Complete Story of the Marsh》《Journey to the West》《The Plum in the Golden Vase》Etc;He edited and published such books as A Brief History of Ancient and Modern Times, A Preliminary Collection of Zhidu, and A New Book of Zizhi《an unheard-of fantastic story》Wait for a large number of books that readers want to read but cannot buy;He initiated and wrote the preface in person, and his son-in-law Shen Yinbo collected and sorted it out. It has a wide influence in the Chinese art world and has always been known as a model for copying Chinese paintings《Painting Biography of Mustard Garden(Score) was also printed in the mustard garden.Due to its excellent and inexpensive publications, reputation and strong advertising awareness, the company has enjoyed a good market for many years and is welcomed by people.[20]
Later, Li Yu moved back to Hangzhou, and the owner of the Mustard Garden changed many times, but he always maintained his excellent business style and became one of the famous century old shops in the Qing Dynasty.Books are handed down by people, and stores are named after people. With the passage of time, though Jiziyuan changed its owners several times, the bookstores in Jiziyuan continued to operate. According to data, until the Qing DynastyXianfengSeven years (1857), the mustard garden also published《Sentiment, dream and observation》And other novels.It can be said that the Jiziyuan Bookstore was not only one of the few stores with a history of more than 200 years in the Qing Dynasty, but also one of the few "century old bookstores" with a long history in China's publishing history.[20]
Li Family Class
Li Yu has two wishes, one is to give birth to his son early, the other is to set up a family class.Fifty children enabled him to meet the previous wish, but the latter one still had no shadow, and it was not until the fifth year of Kangxi (1666) that he had a chance.This year, 56 year old Li Yu was invited by friends to travel from Beijing to Shaanxi and Gansu. First, he got a 13-year-old girl surnamed Qiao with artistic talent in Shaanxi, which was the most important person to promote the establishment of the family class.Qiao Ji is extremely intelligent and has a very high artistic talent. After teaching and singing exercises, she became a famous member of the Li Family Classfemale role in a play。When she first came to Li Yu, Qiao Ji overheard the performers《Yuqifeng》I never forget, "Since the audience, songs have flourished. Every time I go to no one's land, I often make sounds of nature to myself. When I see people, I stop and fear that they will make me laugh. Before long, I can't help myself, and it's hard to talk in front of people.".Qiao asks to learn music, and Li Yu hires an old excellent teacher from Suzhou, the former residence of King Su.Qiao Ji learns to sing. Her memory is amazing and her understanding is very fast. She can sing by herself after teaching three times.The teacher said that he had never seen such an intelligent person in his thirty years of teaching music.Just over a month later, Qiao Ji learned what her teacher had, and she was better than her teacher.Every time a guest comes to visit, Qiao Ji sings quietly across the screen, and the guests forget their taste when they eat meat.Li Yu once wrote a couplet on the stage of the Mustard Garden, saying, "Don't linger on mundane things to hasten the frost; and make a new song to pay Xueer." Xueer is Qiao Ji's nickname.A few months later, when Li Yu arrived in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, he was also presented by a 13-year-old girl surnamed Wang.Although the girl surnamed Wang is not outstanding in appearance, once she changes her makeup and clothes, she is just like a beautiful teenager, which is amazing.Li Yu asked Xiao Qiao of the same age to teach her how to playCornucopia。In this way, the two most important roles of Kunqu Opera, Sheng and Dan, have been created, forming the embryonic form of a family class.[21]
In fact, Li Yu got four girls in Shaanxi and Gansu, which are all members of Li Yu's family class.In the subsequent external performances, only four people were present.Qiao and Wang Erji's dance style and songs are extraordinary and refined. They are considerate and thoughtful. With the help of Li Yu, they can understand the script, understand it by analogy, and perform the script creatively, often "taking off the script in the morning and appearing in the evening", with high efficiency.The most important thing is that Li Yu's Kunqu Family Troupe, unlike other family troupes, is hidden at home, only for family members and close friends to watch. Instead, it holds concerts all over the country, which really surprises the secular world.[21]
Thanks to the excellent actors of Qiao and Wang, as well as good screenwriters and directors like Li Yu, Li Ji's family class soon became popular across the country, affecting most of China.They went with Li Yu to "travel to Yan, Shi Chu, Qin, Jin, Min, around the Pan River, and things in Zhejiang" (Biography of Qiao Fusheng, Wang Zai Er Ji He). The audience went from Gongqing to Buyi. Such a broad friendship was unique in the family classes of the Ming and Qing dynasties.Everywhere Li Yu went, he made friends with opera, which was very popular with opera celebrities.Even for real estate projects, Li Yu not only built a villa mustard garden in Nanjing, his headquarters, but also built his own apartment in Baihua Lane, Suzhou, where there was a lot of land and money. These places were once places for opera celebrities to exchange art.However, Qiao and Wang Erji died early after only seven years because of their long years of performance outside.Li Yu was full of tears and grief. He wrote poems such as Twenty Heartbreaking Poems Crying for the Death of Ji Qiaoshi, Crossing Jiangzhou to Mourn for Ji Chengjiang and Remembering Abbot Ju, Those who couldn't bear to listen to songs after the death of Qiao Ji, and those who had no attendants in the boat for half a year to clean up the old songs, and those who had quite Xiao Qisheng, looking back at the past and remembering the present, felt like four poems, and Ten Later Heartbreaking Poems, wept for Qiao and Wang Erji, and wrote an article for them with tears《Qiao Fusheng, the king, comes again to pass on two Ji》I hope that Er Ji can come back to life and come back again.Li Yu's grief is not only because Er Ji is an indispensable protagonist in the family class, but also because she is the inseparable companion of the old man who is over sixty years old. In art, she is the best confidant who can understand Li Yu's heart and can communicate with him.[21]
interpersonal relationship
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Li Yu's Kinship
relationship
full name
remarks
grandfather
Li Siyuan
Rugao Pharmaceutical Business Operator
father
Li Rusong
Rugao medicine business operator
uncle
Li Ruchun
Rugao famous doctor
Brother
Li Mao
wife
Xu
Lateral compartment
Ji, Wang, Wang
concubine
Cao Ji, Qiao Ji, Huang Ji, Wang Ji
Son
Li Jiangshu, Li Jiangkai, Li Jianghua, Li Jiangfang, Li Jiangpan, Li Jiangfen, Li Jiangrong
[10][19][23-24]
Main works
Announce
edit
Type of work
Title
Drama script
《What A Hell》Flounder, Mirage Tower, Beauty Fragrance, Kite Mistake, Deliberation, Phoenix Seeking《Delicate reunion》Yizhongyuan, Yuyuyutou《Wannian Huan》A Tale of Stealing Armor, A Tale of Four Elements, A Tale of Two Hammers《A Record of Fish Basket》Wanquan Ji, Ten Mistakes, Buda Ji, Shuangrui Ji
novel
Silent Drama, Twelfth Floor, Huiwen Biography of Hejin, Meat Putuan
Liancheng Bi, also known as Silent Drama, was written by Li Yu, a literary master in the Qing Dynasty. It is one of the novels that were repeatedly banned and destroyed in the Qing Dynasty.The complete collection of the novel is 12 volumes and 6 volumes.A story is played in the whole collection, and another story is edited and played outside.On the whole, it mainly describes the people in the market and the daily life of ordinary people, focusing on encouraging the good and punishing the evil, and has a strong tendency of people's feelings.
Twelve Towers is a collection of short stories.A total of 12 novels were collected, all using the title of the famous works of the building. The number of chapters of each novel is different, and the order of arrangement is different for each book.Most of the 12 novels focus on the love and marriage of talented people and beautiful women, and also relate to the market life in many aspects, or take notes of predecessors, or write about the author's experience, or narrate historical stories, or make up a fiction to describe the world.
Silent Drama, also known as Liancheng Bi, is a collection of worldly novels created by Li Yu in the Qing Dynasty.Two episodes and eighteen chapters.It was written in the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty.In terms of subject matter, the novels are all created by themselves. They mainly write about common people and common things, such as actors, prostitutes, merchants, soapmen, village women, rich people, beggars, rascals, scholars, and officials.Criticized the feudal morality, but seldom reflected the major social problems of the times.
Occasional Postings of Leisure, written by Li Yu in the Qing Dynasty, is a classic work on health preservation.It consists of eight parts, including Ci Qu Department, Exercise Department, Sound and Appearance Department, Living Room Department, Appliance Play Department, Drinking Food Department, Planting Department, and Home Care Department.
Six Chinese Classical Comedy Novels in Vernacular: Kite Mistake is a book published by Shanxi Ancient Books Publishing House in 1998. The author is Li Yu.
Li Yu, the author of "The Must Read Masterpiece Phonetic Picture Book: Li Weng Verses Rhyme (Full Color)", was named Li Weng, and wrote "The Must Read Masterpiece Phonetic Picture Book: Li Weng Verses Rhyme (Full Color)" imitating "The Enlightenment of Rhythm".
Secretary Li Weng
Author nameLi Yu
Secretary Liweng is a book published by Chongqing Publishing House in 1997 by Li Yu.
The bronze statue of Li Yu is located in Lanxi City, Zhejiang ProvinceMustard orchardInside, the statue is nearly 2m high and is taught by the China Academy of Fine ArtsChen Changgenga literary creation.On September 10, 2003, the 393rd anniversary of Li Yu's birth was unveiled.[25]
Rugao Li Yu Bronze Statue
Bronze statue of Li Yu in front of Rugao Grand Theater
The bronze statue of Li Yu in Rugao is located in Rugao City, Jiangsu ProvinceRugao Grand TheaterIn front of the square.This is a standing statue with a height of 2 meters and 5.58 meters.This is an integral part of the key cultural project construction in Rugao, the hometown of longevity.[26]
Li Yu Memorial Hall
Li Yu Memorial Hall
Li Yu Memorial HallLocated in Rugao, JiangsuYingchun BridgeSouth end of the East River.It was opened on September 29, 2009. Since its establishment, the museum has been open to the audience for free. It receives 40000 tourists annually, covering experts, scholars, ordinary citizens, students and other groups.[27-28]
Lanxi Liyuba
Li Yuba
Li YubaOriginally named Shipingba, it is located in Xiafan, Xiali Village, Menghu Township, Lanxi City.Li Yu was a "literate farmer" in Xiali Village, his hometown, for a while. He served as the "Prime Minister of Ancestral Hall". He proposed to build four stone dams, connect two nearby streams, and dig three weirs and pits with a total length of more than six hundred li, surrounding the whole village, so that tens of thousands of acres of fertile farmland around could be "self irrigated", greatly facilitating the villagers' drinking and water use.The Annals of Lanxi County in Guangxu County: "In the past, the fisherman tried to dig ditches to draw water from Xiali Village, surrounded the inner site, and has been able to obtain water conservancy." The genealogy of the Li family in Longmen also praised the "literary Li Weng Gong".Later generations called the most important "Shiping Dam" as "Liyu Dam" in memory.The dam is 9.7 meters long, 1.6 meters wide and 3 meters high. There is a stone hole at the bottom of the dam, which is ingenious in design.[32]
Liyu Cultural Cities Alliance
On November 28, 2023, Jinhua Lanxi City, Nantong Rugao City, Jinhua Wucheng District, Nanjing Qinhuai District, Hangzhou Xihu District and other five Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces related to the famous dramatist Li Yu signed a joint contractLi Yu Cultural City Innovation Alliance。[33]
