Li Wenmao (? - 1858),GuangdongHeshan County (now GuangdongHeshan City）People, famous generals in the late Qing DynastyGuangdong operaFamous actors.
His father was a Cantonese opera actor, and Li Wenmao played Erjing（Erhualian）Zhang Fei, who is good at playing the role of "Luhuadang", and Wang Yanzhang, who is good at playing the role of "Wang Yanzhang", are famous.He is proficient in martial arts, and is generous and generous. Everywhere he goes, he is respected by local Cantonese opera actors and the masses.
Li Wenmao (?~1858), native of Heshan County, Guangdong, during the Taiping Heavenly KingdomHeaven Earth Society UprisingOne of the main leaders.Formerly a famous artist of Cantonese Opera, it is famous in Guangzhou, Foshan and other places.
In July of the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Li Wenmao raised an uprising in the northern suburbs of Guangzhou and joined forces withCrow LakeInsurrectionalGanxian, set up camps in Fuling City (now the east of the new city in the northern suburb of Guangzhou), and set up camps in Shijing, Jiangcun and other places to gather people.Shengping social school volunteers also responded and joined the Rebellion.The Heaven and Earth Society calls itself "Hongmen", and the Rebels call themselves "Hongbing". They are also called "Hongbing" because they are still red, wrapped in red scarves and tied with red belts.
Li Wenmao and Gan Xian led the army, soldiers and horses as well as food and salariesGrand Marshal, the construction number is "Sitong".It mainly worships the Five Ancestors in the camp of Fuling City, and sets up the Commander's Office asLeading organ；At eachcommunity schoolEstablish rural political power to maintain order and collect food and salaries for military supplies.
When Li Wenmao and Gan Xianyi's army first started, the Qing army in Guangzhou launched a campaign against cities and towns.The Rebels twice ambushedCowshed hillockVolunteer Temple, using the dense forests to hit the Qing army, killing the deputy general Cui Datong, guerrilla Hong Dashun, garrison Qu ChaoqunPut the totalMore than, the military prestige is greatly enhanced.The uprising masses hundreds of miles away came to meet.Thousands of rebel camps and camps,Number of connectionsTen li.Li and Gan Yijun attacked northwardHuaxian County, contact Chen Kai in Foshan to the west, and contact Sanbao Ruins and Yantang to the eastHe LiuChen Xianliang, all the rebel armies will attack Guangzhou, andland routeThe main force attacking Guangzhou.The vanguard of the siege rebel army arrivesSifang Fortressas well asXiguanUnder Qinglong Bridge.The Qing army was trapped in a dangerous city in panic.
Besiege Guangzhou
The Rebels besieged Guangzhou for about half a year. During this period, the orders of the Guangdong authorities in the Qing Dynasty did not leave Guangzhou.The whole province has responded to the uprisings and successively conqueredFuzhouThere are more than 40 county seats.At the beginning of the year,Insurgent armyDue to a long attack on Guangzhou, the encirclement was divided and transferred.In 1855, Li Wenmao joined forces with Chen KaijunXijiang RiverGo west and march into Guangxi.In February, besiege Sanshui and move inZhaoqing, take a break.In late May, the allied forces of Chen and Li set out from Zhaoqing to Guangxi, blocked Sichuan and broke through the Qing army'sWuzhouAnd enter GuangxiTengxian, soldiers arriveGuipingchinese rhubarbestuary。On June 5, the siegeXunzhouFucheng.In mid September, it was a big defeatGuangxi ProcuratorateZhang JingxiutoPingnanIn Shizui, the Qing army in Xunzhou was cut off from foreign aid.On September 27, Chen Kai and Li Wenmao conqueredXunzhou Prefecture, renamedXiujing, establishDacheng, Jianyuan Hongde.Ordering to release and change clothes,coin“Hongde Tongbao”, set up officials at all levels, set up bureaus to collect taxes, and joined forces with the local uprising armies in Guangxi to allow farmers in the areas occupied by the uprising army to take part of the land leased by them and pay "flood rent" to the uprising army.From the sixth year of Xianfeng to the seventh year of Xianfeng, when the country was at its peak, there were Xunzhou, Wuzhoucity in Guangxi, Qingyuan, GuilinPingle, Nanning, Sien, Yulin and other nine prefectures belong to more than ten prefectures and counties.
Capture Xunzhou
After the Rebels captured Xunzhou Prefecture, Li Wenmao and other soldiers were ordered to divide the army and expand their achievements.First of all, the sameLiang PeiyouTens of thousands of soldiers with equal command, JinkeGuixian County。Local Rebellion LeaderHuang Dingfeng, Wang Quanyi, etc.In October, Li Wenmao attacked Pingnan from the east and failed.In February 1856, SikeWu Xuan, behead the Taoist of YoujiangYellow complementary phase, change Wu Xuan to WenXingxian County, withdraw immediately.In April, he defeated Wuxuan again and killed Vice General Fogg of the Qing Army.May, gXiangzhou。In August, he joined forces with Liang Peiyou and others to conquer Pingnan and changed it toWucheng County, appoint the county magistrate, show Anmin, and order the release.In October, Xiangzhou was replaced by Xiangzhou, and the governor of Xiangzhou was appointed.At the same time, the soldiers attacked Liuzhou, but failed.
In October 1856, Chen Kai and Li Wenmao met with various generals near Wuzhou and agreed on a major plan.Chen Kai was called the King of Zhennan and stationed in Xiujing;Li Wenmao, known as the King of Peace, enteredcity in Guangxi；followingEnfeoffment of kings, duke, marquis, marshal, etc.At the same time, it was agreed that Chen and Li were divided into Wu and Liu, and joined hands with Huang Jinliang on Dongbei 3rd RoadattackGuilin, the provincial capital.In November, Li Wenmao organized his troops to attack Liuzhou;In March of the next year, Keliu Prefecture was changed to Longcheng Mansion.There are prime minister, governor, general and other official posts, and coins are minted“Pingjing Tongbao”；And divide the army to captureLiuzhou MansionGenus andQingyuan MansionSome states and counties are governed by officials.In the territory, "the politics are new and the people's customs have changed".
Encounter setbacks
At the beginning of 1858, Li Wenmao called an army to the north and attacked Guilin.In March, the soldiers arrived at Su Bridge, which is only a few tens of miles away from Guilin.Later, Chen Kaiyi went toYangshuoLuyu Pond at the junction of Pingle.However, the plan of besieging Guilin failed to come true because Chen and Li failed to join forces and the Golden Liang Army did not meet as planned.In May, Li Wenmao was wounded in battle with Xiang Yong.In June, withdraw from LiuzhouRong County, march into Guizhoubrocade screen、LipingIt is planned to meet with Huangjinliang and transfer to Sichuan.Later, Li Wenmao returned to Guangxi for activities inLiucheng, Rongxian County, Huaiyuan (includingSanjiang）One Belt.In November 1858, he died in Huaiyuan Mountain.Most of the rest returned to Chen Kai's jurisdiction.[1]
Military characteristics
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1854（XianfengFour years), Li Wenmaobest-known leader of the Taiping RebellionHe andChen KaiWait atFoshanAn equal uprising, andTaiping Heavenly KingdomTogether, split up and fightManchuAt that time, he organized the martial arts masters in the Cantonese opera class into three armies:Xiao WuJi Wusheng is the Wenhu Army, Erhualian and Liufen are the Tigers, the Five Army Tigers and Wubata are the Flying Tigers, Li Qin is the commander of the three armies, and he leads the Cantonese OperaSoldiers, brave and good at fighting, they used the leaping skills of tumbling in the theatrical troupe to climb the city wall and make contributions repeatedly. Soon after the uprising, they were overwhelming and capturedGuangzhou Mansion，Zhaoqing Prefecture，Huizhou PrefectureAnd more than ten counties under the jurisdiction of.
In 1855 (the fifth year of Xianfeng), the Qing and Manchu governments ordered that the performance of Cantonese opera be bannedGovernor of GuangdongYe Mingchen, he isGuangzhouHe was besieged many times by Li Wenmao's children and soldiers of Cantonese opera. He hated Cantonese opera artists very much. Therefore, he not only banned the performance of Cantonese opera, but also ordered the dissolution of all Cantonese opera troupes, and also burned Foshan and Guangzhou opera troupes“Qionghua Guild Hall”(a club organized by a Cantonese opera troupe), tracking down and arresting thousands of Cantonese opera artists and people involved in Li Wenmao's uprising.After entering Guangxi with Chen Kai, Li Wenmao established the Dacheng State in Guiping, called the King of Pingjing.Attack in 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng)GuangxiGuilinBuke, retreated to the border of Guizhou and Guangxi and died of illness in the mountains of Huaiyuan.
Li Wenmao was the first actor who held high the banner of righteousness for the country and the people and made brilliant achievements,History of DramaEspecially in the history of Cantonese opera, he wrote a glorious page. His glorious deeds were also written into a Cantonese opera script, Li Wenmao Uprising, and performed on the stage.Foshan Youth Cantonese Opera TroupeHe also performed "The Red Star of Iron", which was a debut at that timeLi ShuqinIn it, he plays Zhang Zifang, Li Wenmao's younger martial sister and the special envoy of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
