Li Shangyin (from about 813 to about 858), who was named Yishan, Yuxisheng, Fan Nansheng, together with Du Mu as "Xiao Li Du" and Wen Tingyun as "Wen Li", was originally from Hanoi, Huaizhou (now Qinyang City, Henan Province), and later moved to Xingyang with his ancestors[50](now Zhengzhou, Henan Province), a poet in the late Tang Dynasty.[46]
Li Shangyin lost his father when he was young, and returned to his hometown with his mother to lead a poor life.At the age of 16, he was famous for his proficiency in ancient Chinese.In the third year of Dahe's reign (829 years), he moved to Luoyang and got to know Linghu Chu and other predecessors.Ling Huchu, the "Niu Dang", appreciated his literary talent, personally taught him the art of modern Zhang Zu, and gave him financial support. Later, he hired him to join the curtain. In the second year of its inauguration (837), he was admitted to the imperial examination, and later joined Ling Huchu's curtain. After his death, Ling Huchu joined Wang Maoyuan, the Jingyuan envoy of the "Li Dang", and soon married Wang's daughter.Since then, it has fallen into the vortex of "the struggle between the ox party and the plum party", which is regarded as "ingratitude" and "inaction" by the "ox party".In the next year, he was admitted to the "erudite Hongci" examination and was again rejected.In the second year of Huichang (842), he was awarded the title of secretary of the province.After Xuanzong ascended the throne, Niu Dang gained power, and immediately gave up his post in Beijing and went to Guihai with Zheng Ya of Li Dang.In the later ten years, they all drifted around and began to believe in Buddhism for local staff.In the 12th year of college and middle school (858), he left his post and returned to his hometown due to illness, and died in Zhengzhou.[47]
Li Shangyin is one of the most outstanding poets in the late Tang Dynasty. His poems are carefully conceived, using implicit and symbolic techniques, exquisite and rich diction, euphemistic and harmonious rhythm, and subtle twists and turns to express deep feelings.[48]Li Shangyin had the ambition of "going back to heaven and earth" to promote the rejuvenation of the Tang Dynasty, but it was impossible to realize his ambition in the late Tang Dynasty.Li Shangyin was also an outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty. His poems were excellent in all aspects, especially in the five and seven character verse. His accomplishments in seven character verse were even higher than those of Du Fu in the late Tang Dynasty.His main works include Yaochi, etc.[49]
In the 11th year of Tang Yuanhe (816), Li Shangyin was about three years old and followed his father[41]Li Si went to Zhejiang.Before he was ten years old, Li Si died.Li Shangyin had to return home with his mother and lead a hard and poor life.Li Shangyin is the eldest son at home, so he also bears the responsibility of supporting the portal.Li Shangyin mentioned in his article that when he was a teenager, he used to "help others to buy books", that is, to copy books for others to earn money to support their families.Li Shangyin "recites scriptures at the age of five, and gets brushes and inkstones at the age of seven". After returning to his hometown, he learned scriptures from a cousin who was proficient in the Five Classics and primary school. At the age of 16, he got the name because he was good at ancient Chinese.In addition, it has a beautiful regular script and good articles.
Tang DaheThree years (829 years), moved to Luoyang and metBai Juyi、Ling HuchuWait for seniors.Ling Huchu appreciated Li Shangyin's literary talent and attached great importance to him. He made Li Shangyin make friends with his son Ling Huxuan and others[1]He personally taught the modern style (Pian Li) of Zhang Zuo, and "gave gifts at the age of, and ordered Shangdu to follow the plan".Later, he hired him as a sergeant, who went with him successivelyYunzhou, Taiyuan, etc.In the past few years, Li Shangyin has been very exam oriented, and he has tried hard to learn literature. Although he failed repeatedly in the imperial examination, he has completed the transformation from scattered to parallel in writing. Since then, he rarely writes prose again.
In 833, the seventh year of Tang Dahe,Ling HuchuAfter being transferred to Beijing, Li Shangyin left Taiyuan and returned home. Since then, Li Shangyin has studied Taoism in Wangwushan for two or three years, which has a certain impact on his thought and creation.
KaichengIn the second year (837), after a long period of hard study and due to Linghu's reputation, Li Shangyin was awarded as a middle scholar.[2-3]
The way to be chosen
Portrait of Li Shangyin[4]
In the second year of Wenzong's inauguration (837), Li Shangyin was admitted as a Jinshi.Before that, he had failed many times.It is difficult to verify the year when Li Shangyin was first elected. Some people believe that even 10 years ago - the second year of Wenzong Taihe (828) - Li Shangyin began his long and hard road to be elected[5]。Like most candidates who lack a powerful background, Li Shangyin does not expect to succeed at one stroke.His poems and essays handed down did not mention the situation at that time, which more or less showed that he was not very concerned about the failure of the initial examination.However, as the number of failures increased, he gradually began to be dissatisfied.On《Send Cong Weng Cong, Dongchuan Hongnong, Shangshu Curtain》In the poem, he compares the examiner who failed to admit him (the seventh year of Taihe's reign) to the villain who obstructed his success: "When the emperor of Luan is in one move, the birds and swallows will not forgive each other."
The failure of the examination will not make Li Shangyin reflect on his lack of knowledge.As early as the fourth year of Taihe, I went on a study tour with himLinghuJust pass the entrance exam.This is obviously not because Linghu Xuan is better than Li Shangyin in knowledge and talent, but because of the influence of his father Linghu Chu.It was a common phenomenon in the imperial examination of the Tang Dynasty that powerful people helped each other to enroll a large number of examinees in the elite social network.Many candidates who lack support will deliberately make friends before the exam, or come up with various ways to attract the attention of examiners and celebrities.According to Li Shangyin, he is relatively low-key in this respect（《Book with Tao Jinshi》）However, if he did not place hopes on Linghu Chu, it is unlikely.From a letter written by Li Shangyin to Linghu in the first year of Kaicheng's reign, we can see that Li Shangyin is already quite upset.His mid rise in the second year of Kaicheng was also the result of Linghu's father and son's influence on the examiners on duty.[6]
Official career
Li Shangyin
In the spring of the third year of Kaicheng (838), Li Shangyin was appointed as an envoy by Ying Jingyuan, shortly after taking part in the funeral of Ling HuchuWang MaoyuanAnd went to Jingzhou (today's Gansu ProvinceJingchuan County）He became the king's aide.Wang Maoyuan admired Li Shangyin's talent and married his daughter Wang to him.[7]It can be seen from Li Shangyin's later experience that this marriage has dragged him intoThe Party Struggle between Niu and LiThe political vortex of.Li Shangyin's dilemma lies in: Wang Maoyuan andLi DeyuBe friendly and be regarded as a member of the "Li Party";Linghu Chu and his son belong to the "Bull Party".Therefore, Li Shangyin's behavior was easily interpreted as a betrayal of the teacher and benefactor who had just died, and he soon paid the price for it.[8-9]In the Tang Dynasty, obtaining the qualification of Jinshi did not immediately confer an official position, but also needed to pass the examination held by the Ministry of Officials.
In the spring of the third year of Kaicheng (838), Li Shangyin participated in the examination for conferring officials, and was expelled from the reexamination.The most direct impact of this event on Li Shangyin was that it delayed him from obtaining the official position of the imperial court for one year.
In the fourth year of its inauguration (839), Li Shangyin once again took part in the examination for conferring officials, and successfully passed the examinationSchoolmasterWas transferred to the position ofHongnong(Today's Henan ProvinceLingbao City）County lieutenant.Although the rank of the county captain is similar to that of the school scholar, being far away from the center of power will obviously affect the future development.Li Shangyin was not successful during his tenure in Hongnong. He was observed by his boss, Shan Guo, because he commuted the sentence of death row prisonersSun JianLi Shangyin felt humiliated and unbearable, and finally resigned by asking for a long leave（《Ren Hongnong, Lieutenant Xianzhou, Governor of the State, Begs to Leave for Beijing》）。Coincidentally, around this time, Sun Jian was transferred to take overYao HeHe managed to ease the tense situation, and Li Shangyin reluctantly stayed under his advice.But now he is obviously in no mood to continue working.After five years (840 years), he resigned again and was approved.
Leisure period
After resigning as the captain of Hongnong County,HuichangIn the second year (842), Li Shangyin took the written judgment of being selected and re admitted to the secretary province as the official character, and Xuan Ding's mother worried about living at home.Li Shangyin must leave his job and go homeobserve mourning for one 's parentthree years.This means that Li Shangyin, who was founded in, had to give up the best opportunity to join the power class.This incident was fatal to Li Shangyin's political career.Li Shangyin lived at home for three years (from the end of the second year of Huichang to the end of the fourth year of Huichang)Li DeyuThe most glorious period of governance.After missing this period, with the death of Wuzong soon after, Li Deyu's political group suddenly lost power, and Li Shangyin had difficulty finding political confidants.[3]
In the third year of Huichang (843), Li Shangyin's father-in-lawWang Maoyuan, died of illness while representing the government to crusade against Liu Zhen's rebellion.Wang Maoyuan did not use his influence to help Li Shangyin's promotion, but his death undoubtedly made Li Shangyin's situation more difficult.[10]
Li Shangyin
In the late spring of the fourth year of Huichang (844), he moved from Guanzhong to Yongle.In the winter of the fifth year (845 years), the service of Que entered Beijing, and it was still the official script of the secret province.This time, his position ("Zhengzi") is better than that before（“Schoolmaster”）It is still low.Even so, Li Shangyin has a new starting point for development.In the Tang Dynasty, it was generally believed that a position in the capital would have more opportunities for promotion than an official sent abroad, and Li Shangyin's secretary province was more vulnerable to high-level attention.Another good news for Li Shangyin is that the Prime MinisterLi DeyuHaving gained the full trust of Wuzong, this capable politician was almost granted full authority to handle the government affairs.Li Shangyin actively supported Li Deyu's political ideas. He was full of ambition and had reason to expect the opportunity to be put in an important position.[11]
Li Shangyin handled some family affairs during his years of idleness. One of the most important tasks was to move some relatives' tombs back to the family cemetery in his hometown.This effort to maintain the family honor more or less satisfied him psychologically.It can be seen from some of the existing poems that Li Shangyin tried to adjust his mentality and weaken his interest and expectation in political career.He sometimes engaged in farming, claiming that he was "eager to have the farmer's ambition to look forward to the age", and wrote pastoral poems in the style of Tao Yuanming.However, Li Shangyin's attention has always been attracted by the chaotic situation.He has a very clear political orientation, which is almost impossible to hide.
Shogunate travel
Li Shangyin, the 36th Poetic Immortal of the Qing Dynasty
HuichangIn October of 845, Li Shangyin ended his filial piety and returned to the Secretariat Province.At this time, the efficient cooperative relationship between Wuzong and Prime Minister Li Deyu had reached the late stage.In March of the next year, Wuzong died. It is said that he died of poisoning due to taking the long-lived medicine offered by Taoist priests for a long time.After a series of court struggles, XuanzongLi ChenHe ascended the throne and opposed most of Wuzong's policies, especially Li Deyu.Therefore, almost the whole six years of Huichang (846), a new round of political cleansing continued, and the once powerful Prime Minister Li Deyu and his supporters were quickly excluded from the power center.With the support of Xuanzong himselfBai MinzhongThe new forces led by the Bull Party gradually occupy an important position in the government.
In the sixth year of Huichang (846), Li Shangyin was appointed as Zhengzi in the Secretary Province.Li Shangyin, 35, finally has a son（Master Li Gun）, hisyounger brotherLi Xisuo[52]He also became a Jinshi in this year, and these two good news probably only made him excited for a while.Because of supportLi DeyuThe political platform of the Bull Party was regarded as betrayal by Ling Huxuan and others before, and he is unlikely to share the victory of the Bull Party.At this time, Li Shangyin's position was almost too low to be excluded in the power struggle, and he was still depressed because he did not succeed in his official career.
Large and mediumIn the first year (847), Guiguan Observation EnvoyZheng YaLi Shangyin was invited to work in Guilin.In May, Li ShangyintongZheng YaCome to the south, about 5000 miles away from the capital.Zheng Ya's move to the south is part of the Bull Party's purge plan.Li Shangyin's willingness to follow a relegated official on his own initiative shows that he sympathizes with Li Deyu and his party.On the other hand, it also shows that they no longer have confidence in their promotion.Less than a year after his stay in Guilin, Zheng Ya was demoted to be governor of Xunzhou again, and Li Shangyin lost his job.
In the autumn of the second year of Dazhong University (848), Li Shangyin returned to Chang'an.[12]It is said that when he was down and out, he wrote to his old friend Ling Huxuan (he had entered the core of power) to ask for help, but was refused, so he could only get a small position as a county captain through his own exam.Ironically, 10 years ago, he was also a quite good position (Hongnong County Lieutenant).[6]Li Shangyin was transferred back to the capital after serving as a county captain for a short time.At this time, it was very similar to the situation he had in the Secretary Province in the first year of Dazhong University: a low official position, a bleak future, lonely and looking forward to change.
In September of the third year of Dazhong era (849), Li Shangyin was appointed as the envoy of Wuning ArmyLu HongzhengAt the invitation of, he went to work in Xuzhou.Lu Hong is a competent official who also appreciates Li Shangyin very much.If his career goes well, Li Shangyin may have a last chance.Unfortunately, Li Shangyin followed Lu Hongzheng just over a year later, and the latter died of illness in the spring of the fifth year of his life.In this way, Li Shangyin had to find another way to live.[13]
Sunset
Heaven loves the grass, and the world loves the sunny night
Large and mediumIn 851, Li Shangyin's wife, Wang Shi, died of illness in the spring and summer.Judging from Li Shangyin's poems and articles, he has a very good relationship with Wang Shi.This woman from a rich family has been caring for her family and supporting her husband for many years.Because Li Shangyin has traveled for many years, and the couple have been together for a long time, Li Shangyin is sorry for his wife;Li Shangyin's frustrations in his official career undoubtedly strengthened his feelings of guilt.
Year 851autumn, appointed as the envoy of XichuanLiu ZhongyingHe sent an invitation to Li Shangyin, hoping that he could go to the southwest border with himSichuanAppointment.Li Shangyin accepted the position of joining the army. After simply arranging his family affairs, Li Shangyin went to work in Sichuan in November.In SichuanZizhouDuring the four years of the shogunate, Li Shangyin was depressed most of the time.He once had a great interest in Buddhism, associating with local monks, donating money to publish Buddhist scriptures, and even thought of becoming a monk.Zimu life was the most calm and stable period in Li Shangyin's official travel career, and Li Shangyin was no longer willing to pursue success in his official career.
Large and mediumIn the ninth year (855), Liu Zhongying was transferred back to the capital.Out of care, he assigned Li Shangyin a position as a salt and iron promotion officer. Although the rank was low, the salary was relatively generous.Li Shangyin worked in this position for two to three years, and returned to his hometown to live leisurely after leaving his post.
About 600 of Li Shangyin's poems have been handed down, of which the ones that directly touch the current political themes account for a considerable proportion.Li Shangyin has made great achievements in his epic poems.They are by no means the groans of "thinking about the past", nor are they different from the previous poems that used the past to express their feelings. Instead, they focus on referring to the experience and lessons of history to point out political affairs and ridicule the current world to complement and play, making history chanting a special form of political poetry.Untitled poetry is Li Shangyin's unique creation.Most of them are about love and lovesickness between men and women. The artistic conception is small, the feelings are vivid, the words are exquisite, the tone is beautiful and can be interspersed, which makes people nostalgic.The environment of his childhood and the education he received made Li Shangyin's world outlook basically belong to the Confucian system, and his attitude towards life was to actively enter the world and aspire to make a difference.At the same time, he was quite able to think independently. He had long been unconvinced of the preaching that "learning Tao must seek the past, and learning from literature must have", and even had the bold idea of "what does Kong have beyond moral benevolence and righteousness".In poetry creation, he was at first fascinated by Li Heqi's rising and secluded style and the light and beautiful poetic style of the Southern Dynasty, and wrote many poems singing love, such as Yantai, Heyang and Hanoi.When he was repeatedly beaten down and destroyed by others, his life was rough, and his poems began to show resentment and some criticism of society.DaiwaFinally,Change of nectarThe bloody reality opened his eyes and made him make great progress in both thought and creation.At that time, he wrote poems such as "Two Senses" and "Chong Yougan", which were very profound and powerful in criticizing corrupt politics.
Types of poetry
Epics
As an intellectual who cares about politics, Li Shangyin wrote a large number of poems in this field, and about 100 poems have survived.Including《Han Bei》《Go to the western suburbs and make a hundred rhymes》《Follow the Division East》《Two Feelings》And so on are the more important works among them.Li Shangyin's early political poems pointed out the current situation in a stern, indignant tone, and also had the meaning of self expectation, which could reflect his mentality at that time.In his poems about political and social content, the use of historical themes to reflect his views on contemporary society is a feature of such poems by Li Shangyin.《Fuping Shaohou》《Two Songs of the Northern Qi Dynasty》Maoling and others are the representatives.
Li Shangyin's poetry creation, at the beginning, was fascinated by Li He's unique and secluded style and the elegant poetic style of the Southern Dynasty. He deliberately imitated it and wrote many poems about love.However, the "Ganlu Change" in the ninth year of Dahe (835) made him witness the bloody dark political situation in which a large number of court officials were killed and eunuchs were excelling in power. His thoughts and creation changed, and he wrote many political poems criticizing the dark reality.[15]For example, he expressed his views on the current situation, angrily denounced the crimes of the eunuch, praised the generals who dared to oppose the eunuch dictatorship, and eagerly hoped to eradicate the eunuch and restore the power of the emperor《Heavy feeling》。Another example is intentionally imitating Du Fu《Northern Expedition》His long political poem "A Hundred Rhymes in the Western Suburbs".[15]
Li Shangyin's political poems mostly appear in historical poems, which satirize the past and the present.Such as《sing of or versify historic events》He criticized the immorality, ignorance and incompetence of the rulers.One of the two Sui Palace Songs is intended to remind the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty to learn from the past.Another example《Mawei 2》Second, he satirized and mocked the sad ending of Emperor Xuanzong's betrayal of his relatives and his beloved concubine.It is implicit and profound.《Jia Sheng》It deeply embodies the author's satire on the late Tang Dynasty rulers' desire for longevity, but not for national affairs, and his regret about his lack of talent.Another example《The Jade Pool》King Mu of Zhou satirized the emperors of the Tang Dynasty for seeking immortality《Follow the Division East》The ancient events allude to the imperial court's eastward expedition against Li Tongjie.
The success of Li Shangyin's poems on history lies in paying attention to the conciseness of ideas, the refinement of materials, the ingenious integration of history and reality, or the creation of fictional scenes with imaginary words, breaking through the limitations of historical facts, and more profoundly revealing the nature of the satirical object;Or grasp the details or micro objects with typical significance and dig deeply to make them more general and typical.At the same time, his feelings and comments are naturally contained in a distinctive image, which has a strong lyric color and profound charm, achieving the profound meaning, the vivid image, and the meaningful and harmonious unity of feelings, enhancing the artistic expression of epic poetry.[15]
poems describing objects
Li Shangyin had a rough career and his ambition could not be realized, so he used poetry to relieve his depression and anxiety.《Anding Tower》《Spring thoughts》《Leyouyuan》《Dugong Department leaves Shuzhong》They are popular songs.It is worth noting that many seven character poems in such works are considered as important inheritors of Du Fu's poetic style.
Li Shangyin's love poems with no title are most popular, but his poems with no title have the characteristics of "obscurity" and the purpose is secret.These love poems with no title include《Untitled》Fifteen poems with the title of "Quasi Untitled" and nearly thirty poems with the title of "First Two Words".Some of these poems have sustenance, but most of them are pure love poems.Li Shangyin's "quasi untitled" poems are also excellent.Such as《The Richly Painted Zither》This poem seems to chant things, but actually it chants thoughts.It conceals the specific things that it has experienced in its life, makes use of the brocade, and makes full use of metaphor, symbol, allusion and other techniques to express its sadness and indignation vividly and euphemistically.[16]
Li Shangyin is famous for his untitled poems.According to the statistics of poems collected in Li Shangyin's Poetry Anthology, it can be basically confirmed that there are 15 poems named after Untitled when the poet wrote, and another 5 poems are often marked as "Untitled" in the popular poetry collections（Five laws"The Untired Appreciation of Youren", "The Painting of Long Eyebrows", "Princess Shouyang", "Waiting for a Lang", "Outdoor Heavy Yin"), after the examination of Feng Hao, Ji Yun and others, think that most of the loss of the original title is due to the version problem, not the real titleless poem.
Some researchers (such as willows[17]）It is believed that some poems with titles in Li Shangyin's poetry collection should also belong to the category of untitled poems, because the title of these poems is often the first few words from the first sentence of the poem (such as Yesterday)《Sunlight》Or the poem title has no connection with the content itself (such as Weiyou, Yipian, etc.).However, by such standards, there are nearly 100 poems that can be classified as untitled poems in Li Shangyin's poetry collection.So this statement did not get the support of the majority[18]。
Feng Hao summarized the previous annotation work on untitled poems in Notes to Yuxisheng's Poems Collection, from which we can see the great difference in the views of various schools: "Those who have come to solve untitled poems are either allegories, or they do their best to endow themselves with skills. Each has his own prejudice, and each holds his own opinion. I read the whole collection carefully, and even there are many people who actually have sustenance, and there are few people who have straight eroticism, which is confusing."[19]
Among Li Shangyin's poems used for communication, several poems written to Linghu (Pay Farewell to Linghu to Repair His Lack)《To Linghu Doctor》"Remuneration to Linghu Doctor", "To Linghu Scholar", "Dreaming Linghu Scholar", "Linghu Sheren Says Last Night's Xiye Play for the Moon") are particularly noteworthy, providing direct evidence to explain his relationship with Linghu.Li Shi assimilated the strengths of previous generations, inherited the frustrations of Du Fu's seven rhythms, combined the magnificence and splendor of Liang's poems, and learned from the ghost fantasy of Li He's poems, forming his affectionate, lingering, beautiful and exquisite style.Li Shi is also good at using allusions and making use of appropriate historical analogies to express hidden meanings.Li Shangyin's poem "Returning to the East" is very popular. After appreciating the poem, we can see that Li Shangyin revealed that returning to seek teachers and learn from immortals was just an excuse. It was said that learning Taoism was just to ease his own internal grievances and lament his own fate, but also to face all kinds of immoral indignation in the face of the government and lament the decline of the Tang Dynasty step by step.[17]
Parallel prose
Li Shangyin's writing achievements other than poetry are rarely discussed.In fact, he was one of the most important parallel prose writers in the late Tang Dynasty.This style pays attention to the duality of diction, and uses a lot of allusions, which is widely used in official documents of the Tang Dynasty.Under the cultivation of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin became an expert in parallel prose and drafted memorials, letters and other documents for many officials.《Old Tang Script·The Biography of Wenyuan said that Li Shangyin was "especially good at eulogy".Because the parallel prose used in the chapter music at that time required flowery diction and accurate expression, so it had high requirements for allusions.Li Shangyin, who is good at writing parallel prose, has developed the habit of using allusions, which is considered to be the reason why he likes to use allusions in his poems.[21]
Li Shangyin once compiled his parallel prose works into "Collection of Fan Nanjia" and "Collection of Fan Nanyi", 20 volumes each, totaling 832 pieces, which have no existence today.According to the records in the New History of the Tang Dynasty · Art and Literature Annals and the History of the Song Dynasty · Art and Literature Annals, Li Shangyin's collection of essays, in addition to two self edited collections, has some others.However, none of the aforementioned anthologies has survived.
historianIn the Compendium of General History of China, Li Shangyin's parallel prose was highly evaluated, and it was considered that as long as Fan Nan's Collected Works remained, it would not be a pity if all the parallel prose of the Tang Dynasty were lost.
Poetic characteristics
Li Shangyin's poems were unique in the late Tang Dynasty because of his sentimentality and deep feelings. He used many works to express the sad and bitter feelings of scholars in the late Tang Dynasty and his persistence in love, creating a new style and realm of poetry.His poems are novel in conception and gaudy in style, especially some love poems anduntitled poemIt is very sentimental and is widely read.In addition, Li Shangyin used the implicit and obscure expression technique to the extreme, but some of his poems were too obscure and confusing to explain, so there was a saying that "poets always love Xikun and hate no one to write Zheng notes".[4]
Li Shangyin inherits the characteristics of Du Fu's seven laws, which are refined, cautious and depressed. He also combines the rich colors of Qi Liang's poems and the fantasy symbolism of Li He's poems, forming a unique style of deep affection, beauty and precision.Such as《Over the shrine》Through love, we can combine the metaphor in the painting to express the sense of hardship and frustration;《soft spring rain》The strange beauty of Li He's ancient style poetry is transferred into the regular poetry. The language is beautiful and the antithesis is neat, the rhythm is round and graceful, and the image is extremely beautiful.But because of his love for using obscure allusions in his poems, the overall meaning of his poems is often obscure.Secondly, Li Shangyin developed the description of life sigh into a deeper, subtle and obscure aspect, and was good at expressing melancholy and lonely emotions with gorgeous and exquisite art forms. His poems were full of confused and sad experiences. His works were deep, graceful, exquisite, beautiful, and profound in charm. "Near but not floating, far but not exhaustive", full of symbolic hints, and had a hazy beauty.Such as《The Richly Painted Zither》There have always been different opinions about its poetic flavor: there are many explanations, such as mourning, sustenance, love, listening to Sequ, compiling self preface, and self injuring life experience. The expression is subtle and profound, with hazy beauty.Thirdly, his poetry is the symbol of his soul in a sense, and is a purely subjective expression of life experience.Li Shangyin's Seven Wonders《Stay at Luoshi Pavilion for Cui Yong and Cui Gun》《Sent north in the rain at night》《Sunset Tower》They mostly describe the feeling of life experience, with exquisite feelings and graceful artistic conception. The poetry is permeated with the sense of sadness of life and the current world, with deep and sad depression and sad beauty. In art, they are more delicate and beautiful, with profound beauty. In exquisite and rich words, they express their feelings vaguely and implicitly, becoming a typical example of sad and aesthetic literature.
Li Shangyin's poetry has a wide range of teachers.His sorrowful and sorrowful feelings and the way of reposing vanilla beauty originated from Qu Yuan. The remote and deep meaning of his poetry and the difficult to find style of returning to interest have something in common with Ruan Ji.Li Shangyin was influenced by Du Fu's spirit of worrying about the country and the people, his depressed style, the exquisite and gorgeous Qi Liang poetry, and the elegant and wonderful symbolic techniques and styles of Li He's poetry.Some of Li Shangyin's long ancient styles are bold and strange, and close to Han Yu;He also has a small number of poems that are fresh and beautiful, pure line drawing, and originated from folk songs of the Six Dynasties.Li Shangyin is good at melting hundreds of families in one furnace, so he can build his own family.[22]
personal works
Announce
edit
Among the 300 Tang Poems, Li Shangyin's poems account for 22, ranking fourth in number.According to《New Tang Dynasty Book》There are twenty volumes of Fan Nan Jia Ji, twenty volumes of Fan Nan Yi Ji, three volumes of Yu Xi Sheng Shi, one volume of Fu and one volume of Wen. Some of the works have been lost.Yes《Li Yishan's Poetry Collection》。[11]
Selected Works of Li Shangyin, written by Li Shangyin, is a book published by Jiangsu Education Press on February 1, 2006.This book includes many works about Li Shangyin's poems and notes, which are annotated and commented.
Notes to Li Yishan's Poetry Collection Notes to Li Yishan's Essays Collection is a book published by Lin Publishing Group in 2005. The author is Li Shangyin.
Life is a Love Idiot: Selected Love Poems for Thousands of Years is a book published by Shantou University Press on September 1, 2004. The author is Li Shangyin.
The Collection of Li Shangyin, an anthology of Chinese family's basic book collectors, was published by Shanxi Guji Publishing House in 2008. The author is Li Shangyin.
Chinese Folktales is a book published by Jilin Literature and History Publishing House in 2000. The authors are Li Shangyin and Liu Qi (selected notes).
Classic Series of Chinese Classics - Selected Poems of Li Shangyin is a book published by Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House in 2011. The author is Li Shangyin.
Poems of Famous Poets in Tang and Song Dynasties: Li Shangyin's Poems is a special selection of Li Shangyin's poems, which are annotated and commented by famous contemporary scholars, with a view to leading everyone into this timeless art world.Li Shangyin, the poet, is the last brilliant reflection of the late Tang Dynasty.His handsome and elegant appearance hides a sentimental and romantic heart of poetry.His life is full of suspense, especially his love. His poem Untitled is complicated, beautiful and moving, hiding a lot
The poetry of the late Tang Dynasty has a trend of declining under the light of the predecessors, while Li Shangyin has pushed the poetry of the Tang Dynasty to another peak, and is a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty,Du MuThey are equally famous with him“Xiao Li Du”。Li Shangyin andLi HeLi Bai is collectively called "Three Lis".Andwen tingyunCollectively referred to as“Wen Li”Because the style of poetry and prose is similar to that of Duan Chengshi and Wen Tingyun in the same period, and the three are ranked 16th in the family, they are also called“36 body”。[4]
Celebrity evaluation
Poets of Tang DynastyBai JuyiI admired Li Shangyin's article very much. He once said, "When I die, it's enough to be my son."[25]
Later Jin Dynasty,Liu XuEtc《Old Tang Script·Volume 190, Biography 140: "Shang Yin can be an ancient writer, and he doesn't like to be paired up occasionally. He is engaged in Linghu Chumu. Chu Neng taught Shang Yin how to play Zhang Zuo, and he has been a modern Zhang Zuo since the beginning. He is erudite and can't stop writing, especially good at eulogizing. He is as famous as Taiyuan Wen Tingyun and Nanjun Duan Chengshi, and the time number is" 36 ".The literature is clear and beautiful, and Tingjun has passed it.However, they are not able to hold on to their work and rely on their talents to be provocative, which is thin for those who are in charge of painting.If officials do not make progress, they will be able to work hard for life. "
Jin Yuan litterateurYuan Haowen: Poets always love Xi Kun, but hate no one to write Zheng notes.[26]
Yuan dynastyXin Wenfang: The Shang Dynasty's poetry of concealment and work is a masterpiece of literature. It is difficult to say goodbye and hide things.As well as the study of Chu, we should pay attention to the length of the couple, but it is too complicated.For each decoration, review more books, with the scale of left and right, and the number of 'otter offering fish'.The purpose can move people, and people call it before and afterLater critics said that his poem was' like a hundred jewels tassel, a thousand wires of iron mesh, and beautiful, not suitable '.I believe my wordsThe hidden writings of the Shang Dynasty have their own style, which later scholars attach great importance to‘a style of Chinese poetry’Also.[25]
clearWu Qiao: Li Yishan is the only one who can make his own way after Li and Du.
clearJi Xiaolan《Summary of general items of the fourth library》: In Untitled, there are some trustors, such as' near famous Ah Hou '.There are those who are really evil, such as' the stars last night and the wind last night '.There are people who have lost the topic, such as' a boat with ten thousand miles of wind and waves'.There are those connected with Untitled and mistakenly combined into one, such as' Youren tireless appreciation '.The first two words are taken as the title, such as the chapters of Green City and Jinse.All of them are interpreted with vanilla, which is very meaningful.
clearCostume《Poetry of Zaiyuan》: Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the style of multi work fu still exists in Yishan.
Contemporary classical poetry writersTassel tasselMao Xiaowen wrote "Affective but Heartless Anger: Biography of Li Shangyin's Poems": "Affective but Heartless Anger". If viewed in isolation, Dongpo's phrase can be used as a summary of Li Shangyin's life.Affectionate people are already prone to self injury. They want to find love in the ruthless world, but finally have nowhere to use their love. They just feel that the world has failed them.For Li Shangyin, this is not half hypocritical. After all, all his wrongs are deserved, because the world really let him down[26]。
Anecdotes and allusions
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One School, Three Scholars
Li Shangyin once claimed to be of the same lineage as the royal family of the Tang Dynasty. Through textual research, it was confirmed that Li Shangyin was a distant lineage of the royal family of the Tang Dynasty.But there is no historical document to prove this, so we can think that the blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the royal family of the Tang Dynasty is quite far away.Li Shangyin affirmed his royal clan status several times in his poems and articles, but this did not bring him any practical benefits.[27]
Li Shangyin's family history can be traced back to his ancestorLi Shi。Li She once held the most senior administrative position as the magistrate of Meiyuan (governing the northwest of Fuping County, Shaanxi Province today);Li Shuheng, the great ancestor (Shuhong), once served as a county captain in Anyang (now Henan Province);grandfatherLi Xuan, formerXingzhou(now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) enlisted in the army;fatherLi Si, who once served as the imperial assistant in the palace. When Li Shangyin was born, Li SirenBe commendedCounty magistrate (now in Henan Province).
Li Shangyin is a three Jinshi, and the first Jinshi of the Li family is Anyang Jun Li Shuhong.Li Shuhong is Li Shangyin's grandfather. He was 19 years old and won the first place in the imperial examination. He is as famous as Liu Changqing in Pengcheng and Zhang Chujin in Qinghe.He was first appointed in Anyang, died in 29, and was buried in the east of Yongdian in Huaizhou, the second place in the original order of the former doctor Jumei.Li Shuhong's deeds are rarely recorded in historical records.
Wangti is envied
Five Dynasties·Sun GuangxianIt is recorded in "Northern Dream Trivia" that Li Shangyin visited Linghu on a Double Ninth Festival many years after the death of Linghu Chu, and it happened that Linghu was not at home.Before that, Li Shangyin had told Linghu Xuan, who was in a high position, about his old feelings for many times. He hoped to be promoted, but he was treated coldly by the other side.After sighing with emotion, I wrote a poem in the hall of Linghu's home: "When I was drinking with a mountain man, white chrysanthemums were circling the steps. There was no news under the spring for ten years, and I thought about it in front of the bottle for nine days. I didn't learn how to plant alfalfa from Han officials, but taught Chu guests to sing about gracilaria in the air. Lang Jun, an official, valued horses, and there was no reason to see the East Pavilion again." I gently satirized Linghu's forgetting the old friendship.Linghu Xuan came back and saw this poem. She was ashamed and melancholy, so she locked this room for life.Later, someone said that the poem made Ling Hu angry and wanted to remove the wall of the poem. But because his father's name ("Chu") appeared in the poem, according to the custom at that time, he could not destroy the poem, so he had to lock the door.He also became more jealous of Li Shangyin.
Hearing poems and knowing Li
Song Dynasty, Yao Kuan《Xixicong language》It records a story spread in the late Tang Dynasty: a group of literatiDongting LakeDuring the boating trip, someone proposed to write a poem on Mulan.So they took turns to compose poems while drinking.At this time, a poor scholar suddenly appeared and said: "Dongting is full of cold waves and clouds. Every day we sail to send people far away. Several times when we look up from the magnolia boat, we don't know that Yuan is the flower body." Yinba went away stealthily.Everyone was surprised to learn that this man was the ghost of Li Shangyin.In another version (Song Li Qi《Ancient and Modern Poetry》）No ghost appeared in the poem. It was when a group of poets gathered in Chang'an and someone recited the poem that they found out that he was Li Shangyin.
Yishan Xiangfo
Li Shangyin, a poet whose true color is beautiful language, has a pious belief in Buddhism.Li Shangyin has been in close contact with Buddhism since he was young. His monks include Master Che, Master Zhen, Master Huixiang, Master Rong, etc. He is even willing to cut and dye intoKnow MysteriesDisciple, retreat into the void.Li Shangyin turned to Buddhism because of the sense of urgency caused by the conflict between his own ideal and ambition, personal feelings and the outside world.With his unique emotional experience, Li Shangyin realized the true meaning of Buddhism, such as the impermanence of all kinds of behaviors, the selflessness of all kinds of methods, and the bitterness of all things, and achieved a certain degree of liberation from the "one way" of Zen Buddhism, where the heart is in itself.Buddhism has greatly influenced Li Shangyin's extraordinary personality, emotion, thinking and aesthetics, and has also cast his unique charm poems.[42]
Lotte Tou'er
Song Dynasty, Cai Juhou《Cai Kuanfu's Poetry》In his later years, Bai Juyi loved Li Shangyin's poems very much. He once jokingly said, "I hope I can be reincarnated as your son after my death.".Later, Li Shangyin's eldest son was born and named Bai Lao, but this son was very stupid.Until the birth of the youngest son, the youngest son was very intelligent. Everyone laughed and said that if Bai Juyi was reincarnated, the youngest son would be.
Swallow Li Shi alive
Li Qi, Song Dynasty《Ancient and Modern Poetry》In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Yi, Liu Jun and others sang with each other in poetry and created the "Western Kun Style", which was famous for learning from Li Shangyin's poetic style.At that time, a professional actor played Li Shangyin, wearing ragged clothes, and said to others: Yang Yi, they tore my clothes alive.It caused everyone's laughter.Some people use this story to satirize the inheritance of Li Shangyin by the "Western Kunti" poetry party.[28]
good teachers and helpful friends
Li Shangyin's enlightenment education probably came from his father. The teacher who had the greatest impact on him was an uncle of the same clan he met after returning to his hometown.The cousin uncle once went to imperial college, but did not work as an official. He lived in seclusion all his life.According to Li Shangyin's memory, this uncle has great attainments in classics, primary school, ancient Chinese and calligraphy, and he has a high regard for Li Shangyin.Influenced by him, Li Shangyin "can write ancient Chinese, but he doesn't like occasional pairs".When he was about 16 years old, he wrote two excellent articles (Cai Lun and Sheng Lun, which do not exist today) and won the praise of some literati.Among these literati and officialsTianping ArmyThe governor's Linghu Chu.
Ling HuchuHe is another important figure in Li Shangyin's career of seeking students. He is an expert in parallel prose and appreciates Li Shangyin's talent. He not only teaches him the writing skills of parallel prose, but also supports his family life and encourages him to make friends with his children.With the help of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin's parallel prose writing has made rapid progress, so he has gained great confidence and hopes to start his career with this ability.During this period (the fourth year of Dahe, AD 830)Thank YouLi Shangyin expressed his gratitude to Ling Huchu and his complacency: "How could I ever have a little meaningLong Tao。I didn't envy Wang Xiang for his sabre since I passed on a letter in the middle of the night. "[29]
Born in 846 or 847 AD (the sixth year of Huichang in Tang Dynasty/the first year of Dazhong Dynasty), the year of death is unknown
Personal life
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Original name
Li Shangyin, the word Yishan.At the end of the Shang Dynasty, when King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty attacked Zhou, Boyi and Shuqi thought that "killing the king with his officials", and kowtowed to the emperor. Tai Gong called him "a righteous man", and he gave up rather than kill him.After the founding of the State of Zhou, "Boyi and Shuqi were ashamed of it, and their righteousness did not feed on every grain. They hid in Shouyang Mountain".See Historical Records Biographies of Boyi.Therefore, "Yishan" should be "Shangyin".In addition, at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, there were four Haos hiding in Shangshan, or taking righteousness here[45]。
Emotional life
Bust of Li Shangyin[30]
Li ShangyinportraitLi Shangyin's love life has attracted many researchers' attention, partly because Li Shangyin's poems represented by Untitled show a complicated and delicate emotion, which is easy to be regarded as the expression of rich love experience.
About Li Shangyin's love, the part of speculation is far more than the actual evidence, but this does not prevent people from talking about it with relish, even pondering and analyzing his poems like reading detective stories, hoping to find practical evidence.The following women are believed to have had emotional disputes with Li Shangyin:
Wang's
The Wang family is Li Shangyin's wife.However, some people infer that the Wang family is Li Shangyin's remarried wife from Li Shangyin's "Message to My Little Nephew" ("Kuang Wu has come to marry another woman, but Yin Xu has not yet set up").If this view is true, Li Shangyin should still have a first wife, but there is almost no information about this.Li Shangyin has a very good relationship with the Wang family. After the death of the Wang family, he wrote poems of mourning, such as "Song in the House", with sincere feelings and deep meaning.The most famous one was on his official trip to Shu when he left home《After mourning, he went to the east of Sichuan to go to Sanguan to meet snow》: "The sword is far away from the army, and there is no home or clothes to send. Three feet of snow is scattered around the pass to return to the old dreaman embroidery kit。” It is also speculated that the "Jinse" was also written to commemorate the death of his wife. The broken strings are used to describe the death of his wife.
For the study of Li Shangyin's love life, Su Xuelin's "A Study of Li Yishan's Love Story" (1927) is the most famous.This book was republished in 1947 and renamed Yuxi Poem Mystery.Su XuelinThe research ofCheng MengxingThe achievements of Feng Hao and others have broadened and enriched the content of this field.For example, through her research, most people accepted Li Shangyin's love experience with a female Taoist.However, Su Xuelin's speculation and reasoning were almost unrestrained, which led to the construction of several strange relationships, including his relationship withPalace maidCheating.
willow branch
Liu Zhi's name appears in Li Shangyin'sKaichengA group of poems in the first year (836)（《Five willow branches》）Medium.He also wrote a long preface to this series of poems, telling the story of Liuzhi: she was the daughter of a rich merchant in Luoyang, lively, lovely, cheerful and generous, and heard Li Shangyin's poems by chance（《Yantai Poems》）, he was in love, so he took the initiative to date him.But Li Shangyin broke his promise.He later learned that Liu Zhi was taken as a concubine by a powerful man.The two never met again. If Li Shangyin hadn't invented it, this unproductive relationship might have been his first love.
Song Huayang
Li Shangyin once practiced Taoism in Yuyang Mountain when he was young, so some people suspect that he had a relationship with a female Taoist during this period.Li Shangyin mentioned the name of "Song Huayang" in his poems, such as "Sending Song Huayang Sisters Again on a Moonlight Night", "To Immortal Song of Huayang and Sending Mr. Liu of Qingdu", so Song Huayang was considered to be Li Shangyin's lover.Another exaggeration is that Li Shangyin and Song Huayang were in love at the same time.Su XuelinIn "Yuxi Poem Mystery", he gave the story a full play of imagination.[31]
Lotus
It is said that before he married Wang, he had a lover with the nickname of "lotus", and they were very affectionate.One month before he went to Beijing for the exam, Lotus suddenly became seriously ill, and Li Shangyin spent the last time with Lotus.This tragedy caused him a great blow. In later poems, he often wrote about lotus, which was also his nostalgia for the old love.
Character relationship
Some people speculate that Li Shangyin is introverted according to the style of some of his poems（Yuan XingpeiEditor in Chief: History of Chinese Literature, Part IV, Chapter XI).This guess is somewhat arbitrary.If we look at Li Shangyin's other lively and humorous works, we can draw the opposite conclusion.The existing materials (mainly his own poems and articles) show that Li Shangyin has a wide range of social contacts, and he is a happy and popular person.
The characters in Li Shangyin's communication circle can be divided into four categories:
Official figures: Ling Huchu, Ling Huxuan, Cui Rong, Wang Maoyuan, Li Zhifang, Lu Hongzhi, Zheng Ya, Liu Zhongying, Li Hui, Du, Xiao Huan, Yang Yuqing, Yang Sifu, Zhou Chi, Yao He, Sun Jian, etc;
Rewarding poetry friends: Du Mu, Wen Tingyun, Bai Juyi, etc;
Like minded: Liu Xuan, Yongdao Shi, Cui Jue, Li Ying, etc;
Etiquette exchanges: Ling Huxu, Han Zhan and his colleagues at all stages.
In Li Shangyin's social life, he and“The Party Struggle between Niu and Li”Relationship.Scholars before the Qing Dynasty generally believed that Li Shangyin obtainedLing HuchuIt should be natural for Linghu Chu to become an ox party who appreciates Linghu Chu and has the opportunity to follow him to learn "four or six prose" (parallel prose).Scholars after the Republic of China have different opinions on which party Li Shangyin should belong to, but they also agree that Li Shangyin's experience with Ling Huchu has led him to be involved in the political vortex of the struggle between Niu and Li throughout his life.
Li Shangyin himself may have wanted to stay out of the political struggle between Niu and Li. His contacts range from Niu to Li. Both sides are affirmed and criticized in his poems and articles.However, it is obviously only wishful thinking to maintain neutrality in the political struggle.As a result, Li Shangyin was not flattered by both sides. Linghu Xuan especially hated him and thought he was ungrateful.Li Shangyin tried to remedy Linghu's situation many times after Linghu's official position, including writing some poems to Linghu (such as "Send Linghu Doctor"), hoping that he would remember the old feelings, but Linghu always ignored him.
Under such circumstances, Li Shangyin's official career was obviously not smoothKaichengFour years (839)Tang WuzongIn the fifth year of Huichang (845), he entered the Secretariat Province twice, but only served as a low-level official for a short time.Li Shangyin also served as a junior official in the grass-roots government (Hongnong County Captain in the fourth to fifth year of his inauguration; Wei Wei in the second to third year of his junior high school education), which was also short and rough.He spent most of his life working under the curtain of some expatriate officials.In fact, whether the "Bull Party" or the "Li Party" gained power, Li Shangyin never had a chance to be promoted.His political career ended in Tang XuanzongLarge and mediumIn the twelfth year (856), he followed Liu Zhongying, the salt and iron transport envoy, as a salt and iron pushing officer. When Liu was transferred to the Ministry of War, he lost his job immediately.He died soon after returning to his hometown.
Communication with Ling Huchu and his son
After his father died, Li Shangyin, a young boy, accompanied his mother back to his hometown in Henan Province. It was a completely strange and difficult environment for him. There was no family or family influence to help him naturally enter a social circle when he grew up.Li Shangyin built his social network by virtue of his talent, personality and personality.As early as 16 years old, he began to communicate with some local intellectuals, distributed his works to them for reading, and gained a certain reputation - perhaps because of thisLing HuchuAttention.
Understanding Ling Huchu is one of the most important events in Li Shangyin's life, and his later life state is largely related to this.Ling Huchu helped Li Shangyin enter the social class of literati and officialdom, and at the same time, he was involved in the vortex of party struggle.From 829 (the third year of Wenzong Taihe), when Ling Huchu hired him as a staff member, to 837 (the second year of Wenzong's inauguration), when Ling Huchu died, they have maintained a very close relationship.Li Shangyin won Ling Huchu's trust with his humble and sincere attitude. One thing can show the degree of trust: Ling Huchu summoned Li Shangyin to his side when he was in critical illness and asked him to write a memorial on his behalf - this is not an ordinary testament, but a political testament to the emperor.Ling Huchu himself is a master of this style, and he would rather let Li Shangyin help him finish the summary of his life.On the other hand, there is a very subtle sense of distance between them.Li Shangyin called Ling Huchu "Sizhang" in some occasions, which seemed very close, but he never relaxed to the point of forgetting to express gratitude all the time.Of course, rather than saying that Li Shangyin cautiously kept a distance, it was rather said that Ling Huchu's attitude set the boundaries for bilateral exchanges.
In the process of associating with Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin learned how to get along well with people who both have identity and appreciate their talent.Such people have multiple identities for him: Bole, teacher, elder, boss, sponsor... In short, they will have a great influence on his personal career and life.
Communication with Wang Maoyuan's Family
Wang Maoyuan is Li Shangyin's father-in-law.As a senior official in the border area, Wang Maoyuan is famous and wealthy.In some materials, he is believed to be“The Party Struggle between Niu and Li”A member of the Central Li Party.The authors of the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty and the New Book of the Tang Dynasty both believe that Li Shangyin married Wang Maoyuan's daughter, the Wang family, and betrayed Linghu Chu's Niudang after his death.However, some modern studies have shown that Wang Maoyuan's identity as the Li Party is not so conclusive, because there is no historical evidence to show that he really participated in the party struggle.On the other hand, Li Shangyin did not gain more political capital because of his marriage, except for serving as a staff member near Wang Maoyuan for a short time.Li Shangyin also revealed in his poems that he did not rely on his father-in-law's support in terms of economy and official career.Such an excuse seems reasonable.In the third year of Huichang, Wang Maoyuan died of illness in the war against Liu Zhen. At this time, Li Shangyin was living at home, and even did not arrive at his father-in-law in time.It can be seen that the relationship between the two sides is not very close.
Communication with Zheng Ya, Lu Hongzhi, Liu Zhongying and others
Zheng YaLu Hongzhi, Lu Hongzhi and Liu Zhongying were the three most important heads of the Li Shangyin shogunate.They all appreciated Li Shangyin's talent and helped him to gain benefits in a limited way.
Communication with Liu Xuan
Liu Gui was Li Shangyin's political idol. In his early countermeasures for the examination, he strongly criticized the abuse of eunuch interference in politics, which won the admiration of both the government and the public, but also ended his career.In Li Shangyin's existing poetry collection, five poems are inscribed to Liu Xuan.And probably met in the second year of the university.
Historical disputes
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The mystery of consanguinity
Li Shangyin once claimed thatthe tang dynastyLi Shangyin and the royal family of the Tang Dynasty are of the same lineage, but there is no official nationality document to prove this, so it can be considered that the blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the royal family of the Tang Dynasty is quite distant.Li Shangyin declared his royal clan status in his poems and articles several times, but this did not bring him any practical benefits.[32-33]
Examination of birth and death year
About Li Shangyin's birthday《New Tang Dynasty Book》、《Old Tang Script》There is no written record.Among some studies on Li Shangyin's age, one of the most influential ones is that Li Shangyin was born in the seventh year of Yuanhe (812 AD) and died in the twelfth year of Dazhong (858 AD). It is believed that Li Shangyin only lived to 47 years old.[43]
As for the year of Li Shangyin's death, the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty said: "At the end of the middle and large years, Zhongying killed the left migration, and returned to Zhengzhou after the Shang Yin was abolished. He died soon after his illness." The middle and large years were the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, starting in 847 of the Yuan Dynasty and starting in 859 AD.A total of 13 years.The "end" of Dazhong here should refer to the twelfth year of Dazhong (858 AD).According to《New Tang Dynasty Book》、《Old Tang Script》，PeitanIn the 11th year of the middle school, it was rounded off as the middle school secretary, and in the 13th year of the middle school, it was still the middle school secretary who gave up the right to know the responsibility.It was high time that Wen Tingyun was relegated as a county captain.Then, the so-called "previous year" is the twelfth year of Dazhong (858 AD), in which Li Shangyin died.[34]
A study on the burial place of the dead
There are also three explanations about the burial place of Li Shangyin.One atQinyang CitySouth of Miaohou Village, Qinhuai Office, on the south bank of Qinhe River, 1.5km east of the district[51], the other is located in Xingyang CityYulong TownSouth of Lvluwa Village.The former is Li Shangyin's place of origin, while the latter is his ancestral home.Due to the lack of information about Li Shangyin's life in his later years, the location of his death and burial has not been determined.The last one is located in Jianglingbao Village, Boai County.[35]
The documentary basis of the tomb of Li Shangyin in Qinyang is from the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty《Annals of Hanoi County》And the related contents in Hanoi Tongzhi Mausoleum during the reign of Qianlong.The location of "Li Yishan Tomb" is marked in the Annals of Hanoi County.The General Annals of Hanoi Mausoleum clearly records that: "Li Shangyin's tomb is in the east of the mansion cityHuaizhouThe eastern suburbs cannot be tested today. "[36-37]
Later influence
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Among the 300 Tang Poems compiled by Sun Zhu in the Qing Dynasty, there were 32 poems written by Li Shangyin, the number of which was second only toDu Fu(38), ranking second, while Wang Wei was selected as 29 and Li Bai as 27.This anthology of Tang poetry is widely known in China, which also shows Li Shangyin's great influence on ordinary people.
Works of Mr. Wang Jing, a calligrapher and painter, Li Shangyin's poems
Although the social significance of Li Shangyin's poems is inferior to that of Li Bai, Du FuBai JuyiHowever, Li Shangyin is the most influential poet for later generations, because more people like Li Shangyin's poems than those of Li, Du and Bai.Li Shangyin's poems, especially his love poems, had a great impact on later generations -- from the late Tang DynastyHan XuanEt al., early Song DynastyXikunPoets until the Qing DynastyHuang Jingren、Gong Zizhen, in the style of poetry are affected by it.In addition, the graceful poets of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and many love dramatists of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, also constantly learn from him.It is particularly noteworthy that Li Shangyin's poems that express sentimental feelings are mixed with the sense of life experience and the times in the midst of sadness, beauty and sadness, and pursue a kind of fine beauty and quiet beauty. The characteristics of poetry and poetry are relatively obvious, such as the refinement of subject matter, the deepening of feelings, and the elegance and gentleness of artistic conception.This has built a transitional bridge between poetry and ci.[22]
according toYe XieHe said, "There are seven unique people in the Song Dynasty. Maybe they will learn from Du Fu and Li Shangyin." ("Original Poem")Yang Yi、Liu Jun、Qian WeiyanLi Shangyin, the patriarchal clan leader, often sang with each other in pursuit of beautiful diction and neat antithesis, and published a Xikun Remuneration Anthology, known as the Xikun style.He had great influence at that time, but he did not learn the essence of Li Shangyin's poetry. His achievements were very limited, and his influence disappeared with Ouyang Xiu and others entering the literary world.In addition, Wang Anshi also spoke highly of Li Shangyin, thinking that some of his poems "can't be blamed even though they are old" (Cai Kuanfu's Poetry Notes).Wang Anshi's own poetic style was also obviously influenced by Li Shangyin.
The former and the latter seven poets of the Ming Dynasty cameChen Zilong、Qian Qianyi、Wu Weiye, were influenced by Li Shangyin.Those who liked to write erotic poems in the Ming and Qing dynasties especially learned from Li Shangyin's untitled poems, such as the collection of doubtful clouds by Wang Yanhong, a poet at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and《Doubtful rain gathering》(Note: There is a great dispute in the academic circles whether the Collection of Doubtful Clouds is a collection of Wang Yanhong's works).The fragrant poems in the novels of Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School in the Republic of China were also influenced by him.
Daoyuan Monk in the late Ming Dynasty wrote notes for Li Shi, and in the early Qing Dynasty,Zhu HelingOn the basis of Daoyuan's annotated version, a small part has been deleted and a lot of additions have been made to complete the three volumes of Li Yishan's Notes to Poetry.This is the earliest complete annotation of Li Shangyin's poetry that can be seen at present.Later, it passed by Lu Kunzeng ("Interpretation of Li Yishan's Poems")Yao Peiqian(Notes on Li Yishan's Poems), Qu Fu (Notes on Yuxi's Poems), Cheng Mengxing (Notes on Reshaping Li Yishan's Poems), Feng Hao (Detailed Notes on Yuxi's Poems) and many other people's annotations and textual research have been able to roughly understand the allusions in Li Shangyin's poems, but the meaning of many poems is still uncertain.For Li Shangyin's influence on later generations, please refer toWu Diao GongThe Influence of Li Shangyin on the Poetic Circles of the Northern Song Dynasty, The Afterglow of Li Shangyin in the Qing Dynasty, and Wang Yuxiang's The Influence of Li Shangyin on the Poetic Circles of the Northern Song DynastySu ManshuThe Influence of Poetry, Wang Zhaoyang, On the Influence of Li Shangyin's Poetry on the Formation of the Unique Style of Ci, Liu Xuekai, Li Shangyin's Poetry and the Tang and Song DynastiesEuphemistic words》And other papers.[38]
Commemoration for future generations
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Xingyang Cemetery
Xingyang Li Shangyin Cemetery
Li Shangyin Xingyang Cemetery is located in the farmland about 200 meters south of Luluwa Village, Yulong Town. It is now Li Shangyin Park.The tomb is 4.13 meters high, 10.4 meters long from east to west, 10.6 meters wide from south to north, low in the east and high in the west, in the shape of a coffin.There is a narrow hole at the base of the south side of the tomb, which can only be used for shelter. It looks like a tomb passage, but it is actually a hidden hole dug by the local people to avoid war in the middle of the last century.According to the local people, there was a small tomb 100 meters southwest of the original tomb, which was the tomb of Uncle Li Shangyin. Later, it was razed to the ground and turned into farmland.On January 7, 1987, the local government declared Li Shangyin Tomb as the second batch of cultural relics protection units.[39]
Bo'ai County Cemetery
Li Shangyin Cemetery in Boai County
Li Shangyin Cemetery in Boai County is located in Jianglingbao Village, which is located inQinyang CityTo the east of Xindian Village (formerly known as Yongdian), there has always been a tomb in the northwest of the village. The tomb of Li Shangyin, a national cultural relics protection unit, was written on the front of the tombstone. Later, the 4th National Li Shangyin Seminar was held in Boai County and expanded on the original site.The tomb area is surrounded by green stone walls, which are round, eight meters in diameter, and paved with green bricks.The front tree tombstone is carved with a coiled dragon on its head. The seal script "Tomb of Li Shangyin" is in the middle of the front of the tablet, and the life profile of Li Shangyin is engraved on the upper part of the shadow of the tablet. It was written by Liu Xuekai, the third president of the China Li Shangyin Research Association, and Dong Naibin, the fourth president of the China Li Shangyin Research Association, inscribed the plaque "Li Shangyin's hometown" for Boai County.[40]
