Compendium of Materia Medica, herbal works, 52 volumes.the Ming dynastyLi Shizhen(Dong Bi) wrote from the 31st year of Jiajing (1552) to the 6th year of Wanli (1578), and drafted three changes.Li Shizhen's eldest sonLi JianzhongDuring his tenure as the magistrate of Pengxi County, he helped Li Shizhen edit and revise the Compendium of Materia Medica, and helped the book to be published.[6]
First column of the booksuperorder、General rules. Attached drawings.Volume I and Volume II are preface examples, mainly introducing the basic theories of various herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicines in past dynasties.First list《Shennong's Herbal Classic》、《Other records of famous doctors》、《Lei Gong's Theory of Blasting》、《Tang Ben Cao》And 41 kinds of herbal works, together with brief comments, basically reflect that before the Ming DynastyMateria MedicaDevelopment overview;In addition, there are 277 kinds of medical books cited, and 440 kinds of books from 100 schools of classics and history, totaling 717 kinds.By quoting previous monographs, such as the famous examples of Shennong's scriptures, Tao's famous hermit doctors, the principles of combining prescriptions, and the collection of herbs in six seasonsSeven prescriptions and ten prescriptions. Five flavors should be avoided, five flavors should be preferred, specimens should be yin and yangLifting float. The medication of viscera deficiency and excess specimensCiting classics and reporting envoys, mutual need, mutual fear, mutual evil, opposite medicineAvoid taking medicine、Pregnancy contraindication, diet taboosLi DongyuanCommon Cases of Medication with Syndrome, Zhang Zi and SweatingLowerLawChen Zang wareThe theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been systemically sorted out by using ordinary examples of various deficiency drugs.The fourth volume of volume three is the main treatment of all diseases, roughly following the old example of "general medicine for all diseases" of herbal medicine before the Song Dynasty. It lists the main treatment drugs based on 113 kinds of diseases and syndromes, such as various wind, or several syndromes under the disease and syndrome. It lists the drug usage in categories, and sets the grass, vegetables, fruit trees, etc. as a sub category. Its main treatment is detailed and ordered for clinical reference.From Volume 5 to Volume 52 are the monographs on drugs. The total head was originally called 1892 drugs, and after verification, it was 1897 drugs.Each treatise takes "department" as the class and "category" as the order, and is divided into 16 parts, including water, fire, earth, stone, grass, grain, vegetable, fruit, wood, clothing, insect, scale, intermediary, bird, animal and human. Each part has a brief discussion before it.The grass is divided into several types below each part, such as mountain grass, fragrant grass, mountain grassPoisonous herb、Vine, water grass, stone grass, moss, weeds, etc.Each drug shall be marked with the source of the first published literature. If there is any change in classification or incorporation of a drug, it shall be corrected;It consists of name interpretation, collective solution, problem identification or correctionRepair, smell, main treatment, invention, attachment and other column explanations.The name "Shi Ming" is listed below, and the meaning of the name is explained;"Integrated solution" introduces the origin, variety, form, harvest, etc;"Discrimination of doubt, correctness and error" identifies and corrects those who have doubts and errors in the past dynasties;"Repair" describes the processing method;"Smell" describes the nature, taste, toxicity and innocuity of drugs;"Indications" include efficacy;"Invention" focuses on expounding drug property theory, key points of drug use and Li's academic opinions;"Supplementary Prescriptions" is a wide list of effective prescriptions mainly for various diseases and syndromes.
This book is inTang Shenwei《Prepare emergency herbs for classics and history》On the basis of the above, a large number of arrangements and supplements were carried out, and Li's inventions and academic opinions were described.Its main achievements include:Traditional Chinese MedicineThe book first introduces the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the medicine contained in the herbal medicine of all previous dynasties, and it is also first recorded in the folk andExternal medication374 kinds, such as 37Lobelia、Drunken Fish Grass、HyacinthAnd attached 1100096 articles.It shows that the most advanced drug classification at that time, in addition to listing "16 parts as the class and 60 categories as the order", also includes "naming as the class and listing as the order" in each drug, that is, each drug has the following terms, such as "labeling dragon as the class, while teeth, horns, bones, brains, fetuses, and saliva are all listed as the order";Another takes one thing as the class and different parts as the order.Especially in terms of classification, from inorganic to organic, from low to high, basically conforms totheory of evolutionViews.Comprehensively describe the drug knowledge, set up a number of special projects for various drugs, respectively introducing the drug name, history, morphology, identification, collection, processing, as well as drug properties, efficacy, indications, prescription application, etc;Also quoted from《This Sutra》Up to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, various theories had rich and systematic contents.
He invented the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and emphasized the application of traditional Chinese medicine based on syndrome differentiation, such asVeratrum veraIt is also called "Spitting medicine is different. Spitting malaria and melon seeds in ChangshanHot phlegm, Aconitum monkshood vomitsWet phlegm，Semen RaphanispitQi phlegm, Veratrum vomitWind phlegmThey are also ".There are also famous sayings and brilliant theories that have not been mentioned by predecessors, such as "brain isYuanshen Mansion”In other words, orange peel strips are hereinafter referred to as "the spleen is the mother of vitality, and the lung is the Yue for absorbing qi".In the book, those who mistook two medicines for one thing in the past herbal books, such as verdure andFemale atrophy；One thing is mistaken for two drugs, such asArisaemaAndTiger paw；Those with unclear varieties, such as lily andRolling Pill；Those whose medicinal parts are distorted, such as Chinese nutgall mistaken for fruit;Improper classification of drugs, such asDioscorea zingiberensisIt is classified as grass, and shall be clarified and corrected.The book criticizes the phenomenon of seeking immortality and taking pills and stonesAlisma orientalisThe theory that clothes can become immortals and grass seeds can become fish is also refuted.
Inside page of Compendium of Materia Medica
Although this book isTraditional Chinese MedicineSpecial book, but it covers a wide range of subjects, such as botany, zoologymineralogyThere are also many records on physics, chemistry and agronomy.For example, in mineralogy, the origin and properties of oil are described in detail;In the aspect of chemistry, the methods to test the authenticity of stone gallbladder are expounded;In physics, we can infer the size of rainfall from the change of humidity in the air;In agronomy, the introduction ofGrafting techniqueTo improve the variety of fruit trees.This book is based onDrug nameThe exploration and textual research of some Chinese characters to clarify the shape, pronunciation;Someethnic minorityAnd the pronunciation and meaning of other countries' drug names.Also recordedKhitan nationalityWith sheepskinSheep boneDivination and writing, for spitting peopleSwallow fatMake up and other customs,MongolianWrapping in cow skin to treat trauma.This book has preserved a large number of documents and materials before the 16th century, some of which have been lost, and relevant materials can be seen from this book.
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Volume I Preface
Volume II Preface
Volume III Main Treatment Drugs for Various Diseases
Volume IV Main Treatment Drugs for Various Diseases
There are many versions of Compendium of Materia Medica. In addition to various foreign full or abridged versions, there are about 72 existing versions in China, which can be roughly divided into "one ancestor and three systems", that isthe first edition or the first rubbing(Jinling version, Sheyuan Tang version) and Jiangxi version, Qian version and Zhang version.
the first edition or the first rubbing
The original edition (Jinling edition, Sheyuantang edition), also known as the "Jinling edition" by Hu Chenglong in Jinling in the 21st year of Wanli (1593) of the Ming Dynasty, is the earliest edition of the book, and also the original edition revised by the Li family itself. It is the ancestor of many editions in later generations, which is extremely rare[5]。In 1590, Hu Chenglong, a book collector and engraver in Nanjing, agreed to print Compendium of Materia Medica.In 1593, Li Shizhen died at the age of 76.Compendium of Materia Medica was carved in 1596[4]。
Jiangxi local system
The system in Jiangxi is mainly in the 31st year of Wanli (1603) of the Ming DynastyXia Xiaoxin, Zhang Dingsi engraving, etc.
Money based system
The money based system mainly includes the engraving of Qian Weiqi's Hangzhou Liuyoutang in the 13th year of Chongzhen's reign in the Ming Dynasty (1640) and the painting of medicine, and Wu Yuchang in the 12th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1655)Taihe HallBen,QianlongRoom《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》This is hereby copied.
Zhangben system
The Zhangben system is mainly the engraved version of Zhang Shaotang's Nanjing Weiguzhai in the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1885), with the characters of Jiangxi version and Qian version, and more than ten pieces of medicine drawings have been added after the revision, and attached《Supplement to Compendium of Materia Medica》。1957People's Health Publishing HouseZhang BenphotocopyThe latest popular edition was Liu Hengru's proof book published by the People's Health Publishing House in 1977, 1993Shanghai Science and Technology PressJinling editionphotocopy。[2]
Impact assessment
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The publication of this book has promoted the further development of herbalism,Ni ZhumoOf《Summary of this draft》、Zhao XueminOf《Supplement to Compendium of Materia Medica》、Huanggong EmbroideryOf《Seeking truth from primitive script》All of them were written under the enlightenment of his theory.In his works, Chrles Robert Darwin also quoted the information in this book for many times, and called it“Ancient Chinaencyclopedia”。britainJoseph Needham(Joseph Needham) PraiseLi ShizhenHe is the "prince of pharmacy".This book is a masterpiece of the science of materia medica.After publication, it soon spread to Korea, Japan and other countries, and later was translated into Japanese, Korean, Latin, English, French, German, Russian and other languages.[2]
About the author
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Cover of Li Shizhen and Pengxi
Li Shizhen(about 1518-1593), an outstanding medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty.The word "Dongbi" is used to describe people living near the lake in the evening.Qizhou(Present HubeiQichun）People.Shiye doctor, whose father heard, has a medical name.As a young scholar, he failed three times in the local examination.Gu Riyan, a teacher, has studied for ten years.Influenced by his family, he is good at both medical books and medicine.A thousand miles away from the door for medical treatment, the value is not taken immediately.King of ChuAfter hearing this, I was hiredFengci TempleHe is in charge of the affairs of a good doctor.A descendantFulminant syncopeAnd governance is Su.Upon recommendation, he went to Beijing Shitai Hospital to work for one year, or Yunshan gave him the post of hospital judge.In his later years, he became an official in Jianzhong and was granted the titleWen Linlang、SichuanThe county magistrate of Pengxi, the province.There are also many mistakes in the annotation of the book of Materia Medica. Therefore, archaeologists have verified the present, identified doubts and mistakes, collected books extensively, and worked hard to edit them.
From the 31st year of Jiajing (1552) to the 6th year of Wanli (1578), it took 27 years to change the manuscript three times, and wrote 52 volumes of Compendium of Materia Medica, first published in Jinling.Zi Jianzhong, Jianyuan, Jianmu and their grandchildren all participated in the drawing of medicine, and Sun Shuzong and Shusheng did itProofread。As soon as it is carved, the time is fleeting.yesPulse scienceAlso has deep research《Lakeside venology》(1564) It was able to integrate the essence of the ancient pulse theory, eliminate the complexity, and emphasize practicality. The discussion was relatively simple and popular. It was written in rhyme style for easy memorization.There are 27 pulse states in this book, each of which is composed of style poems, similar poems and poems about main diseases.Other works《Research on the Eight Meridians of Qi Jing》(1572), especially in elucidating the route of Qi meridian and the law of syndrome and treatment.The lost medical works include Sanjiao Ke Nan and Mingmen Kao（Or thinkShi is a book), "Five Zang Organs Graph Theory", "Binhu Medical Records", "Binhu Collection Simple Recipe", etc.The second son Jianyuan, a doctor from his father, has a name.My father died and presented Compendium of Materia Medica to the imperial court.Sizi Jianfang, excellent doctor, middle-aged selectedTaihu HospitalDoctors.disciplePanglu Gate, spread its medicine;Qu Jiusi, spread his Confucianism.[1]
