synonymBunsen(Robert William Bunsen) Generally refers to Robert William Bunsen
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) was born inGermanyOfGottingen。birtha family of scholar, there are four brothers, and he ranks fourth.He received a good education from childhood, and in 1830, he obtained a doctor's degree with a thesis on physics.The experiment he developedGas lamp, later called Bunsen burner, until now, manyChemical LaboratoryPeople also use this kind of lamp.In addition, he also made Bunsen battery, water calorimeterSteam calorimeter、Filter pumpandThermopileetc.Experimental instrument。
On March 30, 1811, Robert William Benson was born in Gottingen, Germany.His family is a scholarly family. His father, Charlene Bunsen, is the librarian and professor of linguistics of Gottingen University. His mother also has good cultural literacy and is the daughter of a knowledgeable senior staff member.Bensheng has four brothers. He ranks fourth.
He studied at Holzminden College, and soon entered the University of Gottingen to study chemistry. In 1830, he received a doctor's degree in philosophy.Then he traveled to Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland and other places for scientific research for three years.
Later, he taught in universities in Gettingen, Marburg and Breslau.
He was a professor of Heidelberg University in 1852 and retired in 1899.
In 1842, he was elected a member of the London Chemical Society.In 1853, he was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences.In 1858, he was elected a member of the Royal Society.
The Tomb of My Life
He died in Heidelberg on August 16, 1899.
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Good education
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
I received a good education when I was young. I studied in Gottingen in both primary and secondary schools with excellent grades. Later, I transferred to Hotzminden to study in the preparatory college. After graduating from the preparatory college in 1828, I returned to Gottingen to go to college.
He studied chemistry, physics, mineralogy and mathematics at university.His chemistry teacher is the famous chemist Stromel, who discovered the chemical element cadmium.In 1830, I received my doctor's degree with a thesis on physics.
After receiving the doctor's degree, my student received a subsidy for his excellent research work, which made it possible for him to travel to Europe on foot from 1830 to 1833. He had been to France, AustriaSwitzerlandAnd other countries, visited chemical plants, mineral sites and well-known laboratories, and met many well-known scientists.This study tour will be of great help to his future academic research.
Teaching career
In 1833, after finishing his study tour, he successively served as a teacher in Gottingen University and other schools. In 1843, he came to Bouleslaw as a professor of chemistry. Here, he met the physicist Kirchoff. Since then, the two people have worked together for a long time to study spectroscopy.
In 1852, I was born inHeidelberg Professor Ren has been engaged in chemistry teaching and research.In his long teaching career, I taught the course of General Experimental Chemistry and did many excellent demonstration experiments for students. In the class, on the gas lamp he developed, he could quickly make the necessary instruments with glass tubes. His superb skills made his students admire him very much.
Committed to research
My student has a wide interest in science. He studied organic chemistry early, but after a period of time, he specialized in inorganic chemistry.The most important work he did in his life was inorganic analysis. He had analyzed and identified thousands of inorganic substances and developed inorganic analysis and measurement technology.
Bunsen (right) and Kirchhoff (left)
In 1834, Bunsen systematically studiedArsenateAnd arsenite, he found that hydrationFerric oxideIt can be used as an antidote for arsenic poisoning. He believes that ferric oxide can combine with arsenic to form iron arsenite, which can form compounds that are neither soluble in water nor in body fluids. His discovery is still of use today.
From 1835 to 1836, Bunsen studied a series of cyanide and pointed out thatammonium ferrocyanide 、Potassium ferrocyanideIt is the same crystal form, and the double salt of ammonium ferrocyanide and ammonium chloride is also found.
In the field of organic chemistry, Bunsen has studied dimethyl arsenic compounds and pointed out that dimethylarsenic is an organic compound containing arsenic.From 1837 to 1842, he published five papers on this subject.But in 1843, when he was doing research on dimethyl arsenic cyanide, the experimental device exploded, blinding his right eye.
The first dimethyl arsenic based compound was first made by Cardy in 1760. He stirred and distilled the mixture of equal weight of potassium acetate and arsenic oxide to obtain a brown thick substance, which is easy to smoke and has a foul smell, but people did not know its composition at that time.In order to answer this question, Bunsen conducted an in-depth study on this substance. Through a series of experiments, he isolated dimethylarsenioxide (CfourHtwelveAstwoO）。In addition, he also studied the derivatives of dimethylarsenic in detail, and obtainedDimethylarsenic compoundsThe molecular weights of these substances were measured by vapor density method, and their chemical formulas were obtained.After research, he pointed out that we can find a constant component from these compounds by studying themfourHtwelveAstwoO.The elements constituting this component combine with each other with strong affinity. When they combine or decompose with other elements, they remain unchanged. This is the base of an organic compound.
In 1853, I pointed out in my lecture that the base of dimethylarsenic should be written as As (CH3)twoBecause there are two methyl groups in it, this writing is close to the modern form.He even pointed out that the structural formula of free dimethyl arsenic group should be Astwo(CH3)four。By 1858, Bunsen had correctly put forward almost all the dimethyl arsenic based compounds. His research provided a solid experimental basis for the development of organic structure theory.
Bunsen also produced metal sodium and aluminum from molten chloride, and produced lithium, barium, calcium and radium by electrolysis.He even refined cerium, lanthanum, etcrare earth elementThe specific heats of these metals were measured accurately with a self-made instrument.
From 1852 to 1862, about 10 years later, he worked with Ross on photochemistry.He used equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine to react under light.It has been found that the reaction of chemical substances caused by light irradiation is related to the wavelength of light.If the individual irradiation is put into the reactor in advancechlorine。The induction period of the reaction will not be changed. When the temperature is 18 ℃ - 26 ℃, the reaction has only minimal progress, but if there is oxygen.Then oxygen shows obvious catalysis.
Through research, Bunsen and Ross also estimated the radiation energy of the sun, pointing out that the light energy radiated by the sun in one minute is equal to 25 × 10twenty-oneEnergy required for mixing cubic meters of hydrogen and chlorine to convert into hydrogen chloride.
He also visited the KRYSUVIK – SELTUN geothermal area in Iceland in 1845. On the basis of studying the local sulfur hot springs, he proposed the hypothesis of the formation of sulfuric acid in nature.[1]
On August 16, 1899, I died at the age of 88.Bunsen is one of the few chemists with epoch-making significance in the history of chemistry. He and Kirchhoff inventedSpectral analysis, known as "chemist's magic eye".
Key achievements
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Bunsen battery
Robert William Bunsen's old age
Bunsen battery was invented by Bunsen in 1841 when he was 30 years old.Since then, a series of great discoveries and important research have begun.Bunsen battery just put the pastGrove batteryThe platinum anode is changed to carbon (the cathode is made of zinc), which has the advantage that the power will not be weakened for a long time, and it is economically cheap.
Bunsen used this battery to electrolyze water, measured the chemical equivalent of zinc and water, and confirmed thatFaraday law , and invented a coulometer based on the electrolysis of water.
Bunsen burner Bunsen connected many batteries together to form a high-voltage current, and when the arc lamp was connected, it generated a dazzling strong light (1843).In fact, this is where the experiment of applying electricity to lighting has a real effect.
According to the need to check the brightness of the arc lamp, Bunsen has createdPhotometer(1844).In fact, it is a very simple instrument that just drops some oil on the paper. But when Prince Friedrich looked at it, he exclaimed, "This is really surprising. Oil has become something remarkable."
Bunsen burner
The Bunsen burner invented by Robert William Bunsen
The famous Bunsen burner was invented in 1853, and it has no color. Because of this, he discovered the color reaction of various chemicals.When the chemical substances with different components burn on the Bunsen burner, they appear different flame colors, which attracted his great attention and became an opportunity for him to establish spectral analysis in the future.
Bensheng burned various chemical substances on the lamp successfully improved by his assistant Peter Didega. He found that when potassium salt was burned, it was purple, sodium salt was yellow, and strontium salt was magenta,Barium salt yellow green, copper salt is blue-green.At first, he thought that his discovery would make chemical analysis extremely simple. As long as you identify the flame color when they are burning, you can qualitatively know their chemical composition.But later research found that things are not that simple, because in complex substances, various colors cover each other, making it impossible to distinguish, especially the yellow of sodium, which covers up almost all the flame colors of substances.I tried to separate different colors with a filter. The effect was better than that observed with the naked eye, but it was still not ideal.
Spectrum analyzer
Spectral analyzer made by Bunsen and Kirchhoff[2]
In 1859, Bunsen and physicist Kirchhoff began to explore the method of chemical analysis by distinguishing the flame color.They decided to build an instrument capable of distinguishing spectra.They connected a telescope with a prism and tried to let light enter the prism through a slit to split the light.This is the first oneSpectrum analyzer。
After the "spectrometer" was installed, they cooperated to systematically analyze various substances. Bunsen burned various chemicals at the side of the eyepiece, and Kirchhoff observed, identified and recorded at the side of the eyepiece.They found that this method can accurately identify the components of various substances.The most amazing thing is that Bunsen andKirchhoffThe creative method can study the sun and otherfixed starThe chemical composition of, has laid a solid foundation for the future study of astrochemistry.
Cesium and rubidium found
On May 10, 1860, Bunsen and Kirchhoff used theSpectral analysis method, onDikheim mineral waterThe new element caesium was found in;On February 23, 1861, they discovered a new element, rubidium, when analyzing mica ores.Since then, spectral analysis has been widely used.In 1861, British chemist Crookes discovered thallium by spectral method;In 1863, German chemists Reich and Lichter also discovered the new element indium by spectral method, and later discovered gallium, scandium, germanium, etc.
Bunsen has made great achievements in chemistry.He has studied volcanoes, gases, made Bunsen batteries andMagnesium lighting materialsIn 1853, he invented the method of volumetric analysis of free iodine using sulfuric acid; in 1868, he created the method of separating palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium by leather extraction.In addition, in 1875, he made a unified study and description of rare earth element step spectra.In his later years, he also built a steam calorimeter to measure the specific heat of certain substances.
gas analysis
Bunsen became interested in gas due to his research on the gas of ore melting furnace. Since then, he has studied the method of gas analysis more and more painstakingly, almost without interruption all his life.
In his research, Bunsen included gas trapping method, storage method, density measurement method, absorptivity measurement method, diffusion rate measurement method, combustion method and explosion test method. He also further expanded the relationship between gas diffusion rate and density in the known Graham principle.Finally, these results were combined and the Gas Quantitative Method was published in 1857.This may be my monograph.
Examples of gas analysis using these gas test methods include the study of the gas generated during gunpowder explosion and the study of the gas from volcanic fumaroles.The former provides a basis for explaining the well-known explosion phenomenon since ancient times;The latter was completed after a trip to the Tuscany Volcano region in Italy in 1844 and an exploration trip to Iceland in 1846.During this period, we also carried out the analysis of volcanic rocks and the research on the causes of geysers, which are famous contributions in geochemistry.When receiving Strommel's guidance in college, he was trained in ore analysis such as cryolite, which was one of the factors that made him successful.The influence of pressure on the melting point of matter was a discovery that he associated with when he studied the causes of geysers.
Electrolytic method
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
Electrolysis Bunsen studies the electrolysis of metals.After many times of repetition, the method finally found is to melt the metal chloride before electrolysis.At the beginning, magnesium was made from magnesium chloride (1852), and then aluminum, sodium, calcium, barium, lithium, chromium and manganese were continuously made.Some of these metals were first separated by Bunsen (such as lithium), but most of them were made by David or Weiler in the past.However, the previous old methods, in terms of quantity, can not meet the needs of industry, even the amount of laboratory research is difficult to meet.Therefore, the new method proposed by Bunsen has epoch-making significance.At the same time, the precious properties of these metals have been mastered one by one.
What interests my students most is magnesium.It can emit beautiful strong light when burning.It can be applied to signal, lighting and other aspects.In addition, because this kind of light is rich in chemical action, it can also be used in photography or the study of chemical action of light.On this issue, my student cooperated with his student Roscoe to start the research of photochemistry.
He applied the method of electrolysis of metal compounds and later separated many precious metals, such as cesium, rubidium, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and indium.The simplest way to determine the atomic weight of these elements is to calculate from the specific heat value according to the Dulong Petty principle.However, because they are all rare metals, and the samples analyzed are extremely small, it would be difficult to measure their specific heat using the past methods, so Bunsen used the original calorimeter to solve the problem, which is known as the ice calorimeter (1870).This simple device can be used to measure the weight of ice when it is dissolved, and then calculate the heat according to the heat of ice dissolution.Later, Bunsen made a steam calorimeter (1887) to measure the specific heat of platinum, glass and water.This is the experiment of his manhood shown by the nearly 80 year old chemist.
In addition, when the current of the Bunsen battery is passed into the gas measuring tube, sparks can burst out.This experiment is often used in gas analysis, and later used in rare earthMetalloid elementAnd played a great role in the spectral analysis research.
Honors won
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Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
I have won many honors in my life.In 1842, he was elected as a foreign member of the London Chemical Society, and in 1853, he served as a communication academician of the German Academy of Sciences;In 1842French Academy of SciencesEngaged as a foreign member;In 1860, the British Royal Society awarded him the Medal of Honor;In 1877, Bunsen and Kirchhoff jointly obtainedDavid AwardIn 1890, Bunsen won the Holber Prize of the British Arts and Crafts Society.
I am indifferent to honors, medals and medals. He said to his students and friends, "The value of these honors and medals is that they can make my mother happy, but unfortunately, she is no longer alive,When Heidelberg University held the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the founding of the university, it invited many dignitaries to attend the commemorative conference. The president and dignitaries made speeches one after another. Many people praised my career, but I fell asleep. The student's activities woke him up. He said that he dreamed that a test tube fell on the ground.
Anecdotes of characters
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He never married for his career. Someone introduced him to his girlfriend, but he didn't take the initiative to pursue her once. When students asked him why he didn't marry, he said, "I always have no time." Robert William Benson was only devoted to research. On his wedding day, he forgot the time of the wedding and just ended it.
When I was 70 years old, I wrote a letter to his friend and said: "In the twilight of life, there is not much future. I recall the joy of the past, and what makes me most happy is our research work together."
Character evaluation
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When Roscoe mourned his life, he said: "As a scientist, my life is great; as a teacher, he is even greater; as a person and a friend, he is the greatest."
