Wood surface decoration refers to the surface processing of wood and its products according to the final use requirements and visual requirements.Modern wood surface decoration methods mainly include painting, overlaying and machining.
The surface processing of wood and its products according to the final use requirements and visual requirements.Wood products are mostly made after the final product, while wood-based panels are made before use or after the wood products are made.
In ancient China, raw lacquer and tung oil have long been used to paint wood products.Ming furnitureIn addition to painting, there are also carvings, inlays and other decorationstechnology。After the 1940s,Phenolic resin coatingIt was first adopted in some countries, and laterSynthetic resin coatingGradually occupied the leading position.New veneers emerging in the 1960sDecorative materialsIt also provides conditions for the further development of wood surface decoration technology.
Modern wood surface decoration methods mainly include painting, overlaying and machining.Finishing involves the finishing property of wood, covering involves the bonding property of wood (see Wood Bonding), and machining involves the cutting property of wood (see Wood Cutting).
Finishing
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The coating consists of three components: main film forming substances, secondary film forming substances and auxiliary film forming substances.The main film-forming material, namely the fixing agent, is the main component of the paint, which makes the paint fix on the wood surface to form a paint film.Its raw materials are oil (dry oil, semi dry oil), resin (natural resin, synthetic resin) andNitrocelluloseEtc.The secondary film-forming substances are mainly pigments, which are divided into coloring pigments and constitutional pigments. The latter are mostly white, which can only increase the thickness and hardness of the film.Pigment is attached to the surface of wood by the main film-forming material as a binder.Auxiliary film-forming materials include solvent, diluent, cosolvent, drier, plasticizer, curing agent, etc.The paint without secondary film-forming substances is transparent paint, also known as varnish;The paint with colored pigment is opaque paint, also known as colored paint (mixed paint, enamel, thick paint);The paint with a large amount of constitutional pigment is putty.
The transparent coating process is generally divided into three stages: substrate surface treatment, coating and film finishing.The surface treatment of the base material includes processes such as fine sand, wood wool removal, degreasing, decoloring and inlaying. It is required that the surface of the base material should be smooth and clean, free of oil dust, cutting tool marks and sand marks. The moisture content should be 8-12%, and the moisture distribution should be uniform.Surface finishThe higher, the stronger the reflective ability of the substrate to light and the glossiness of the coated surface.Painting includes dyeing, filling, priming and finishing.Paint film finishing includes polishing, polishing, etc.The process of different coatings varies.FinishingNitrocellulose varnishWhen the base material is dyed and sealed, it shall be sealed with colored shellac paint to prevent the top coat from penetrating into the wood too much.The finish coat needs to be applied many times, and each time it needs to be dried and wet sand to make the coating smooth, bright and reach a certain thickness.The process of opaque finishing is relatively simple, without decolorization, dyeing, film finishing, etc.In addition to manual operation, finishing can also be done mechanically.
Simulated wood grain is a process based on finishing technology and absorbing the technology of printing industry and printing and dyeing industry.That is to use painting, screen printing, cots printing and other methods to form wood grain on the surface of wood to simulate precious tree species.Before the wood grain is made, the treatment method of the wood surface is the same as that of the base of the opaque coating.
Coating drying is the most convenient and natural drying, which is commonly used for resin varnish without harmful volatile gasesWaterborne paintAnd quick drying paint.The drying speed of hot air drying is faster, but the conjunctiva on the surface of the coating will make it difficult for the underlying solvent to escape after gasification, resulting in defects such as pores and cracks.The use of infrared and far-infrared radiation drying can heat the coating surface and interior at the same time, and the drying speed is faster than that of hot air drying.Far infrared ray has strong penetration to the coating and higher heating efficiency than infrared ray. However, if the irradiation distance is different, it may cause uneven heating of the coated workpiece.UV drying usually takes only tens of seconds to several minutes and is only applicable to photosensitive coatings.No matter what drying method is used, volatile gas must be removed in time to avoid affecting drying speed and causing fire.The drying temperature of different coatings shall be controlled within the corresponding range. For example, 40 ℃ is appropriate for natural paint, and the maximum temperature of oily paint can reach 105 ℃.In a dry environment, the humidity should beEquilibrium moisture contentAdapt to avoid peeling or cracking of paint film due to different shrinkage rates of wood and coating.
The finishing performance of wood is the difficulty of wood finishing construction and the advantages and disadvantages of the finishing effect under the same process conditions.It varies from tree species, and the specific constraints are wood structure, texture, color, moisture content, content, etc.For example, pine, Chinese fir and other coniferous materials have poor texture, and the growth ring structure is special, which affects the surface smoothness, so transparent coating is not suitable;For hardwoods such as walnut and rosewood, transparent coating should be used to fully show their beautiful patterns.For Paulownia and Fraxinus mandshurica with thick pipe holes, soft light or matte process can achieve better decoration effect.The wood of some tree species also needs to be treated to improve its finishing properties. For example, the surface of coniferous wood containing pine resin should be cleaned and degreased with alkaline solution;The surface of hardwood containing tannin phenolic substances is usually coated firstSealing primerTo separate the wood surface from the coating layer;Wood with uneven shades must be decolorized first.
There are many methods and materials that can be used for surface coating of wood and its products, among which veneer and veneer veneer are the oldest and most widely used.The veneer is made of wood through rotary cutting, semicircle rotary cutting, planing, etc., with large breadth and beautiful patterns;Veneers with a thickness of less than 1mm are called veneers, and those with a thickness of less than 0.5mm are micro veneers, which can be used for furniture production or interior decoration engineering, as well as surface decoration of other wood products.In addition to natural thin wood, some wood with monotonous texture and tone (such as coniferous wood) can also be artificially modified by combining thin wood, assembling thin wood, dyeing thin wood and other methods, so that the texture is changeable and the tone is rich, which can not only simulate beautiful natural patterns, but also assemble textures that natural wood does not have.Other veneer materialsmelamineDecorative board, resin impregnated decorative paper, non impregnated decorative paper, plastic film, metal foil, etc. are mainly used for the surface coating of wood-based panels, and a small amount for the decoration of wood products.
Machining is the decorative processing on the surface of wood products with cutting tools or molds, which is the mechanization of traditional manual carving methods.Common methods include milling groove, gouging, drilling, embossing, etc.Parallel grooves at a certain distance are mostly used for surface decoration of the inner walls of buildings, ships and vehicles, which can increase surface shadows and conceal seams.There are blind holes, semi blind holes, perforations and other types of holes drilled on the wood surface, and the hole spacing is arranged according to the acoustic standing wave principle, which can enhance the sound absorption effect;It can also be arranged according to various patterns and patterns to increase beauty.In addition, relief patterns with three-dimensional effects can also be made by milling or molding.WhateverMachining methodFinally, proper coating shall be used for finishing (see surface decoration of man-made board).
