Magnolia

Level 1 in plant taxonomy

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Magnolia (scientific name: Magnoliopsida) is the first class in plant taxonomy.

Magnolia, traditionally equivalent to dicotyledon, is one of the two major categories of angiosperm, and is divided into Primitive Perianthia and Polyphylla ； use Engler System (1964) can also be divided into 48 orders, 290 families, about 200000 to 250000 species.^[2] The plants under this classification are widely distributed all over the world, and their growing environments are complex and diverse.^[5] Its main characteristics are: embryo usually has two cotyledons; taproot Often developed, a few underdeveloped Fibrous root Shape; The vascular bundles in the stem are arranged in a cylindrical (annular) shape, with cambium capable of maintaining division, so the stem can be thickened; Most of the veins are Reticulate vein ； Flower part (i.e sepal , petal stamen ）It is usually 5 or 4 (i.e. 5, 4 or multiple thereof), and a few are the majority.^[1]

Because monocotyledons are actually evolved from ancient dicotyledons, monocotyledons are one of the specialized branches of dicotyledons, which makes the traditional dicotyledons classification become a syntaxy and no longer regarded as an effective classification.^[14] Some databases have regarded Magnolia as a synonym for living angiosperms,^[15-16] The "Chinese Biological Species List 2023" treats angiosperms as Magnolia, a class of vascular plants,^[17] Magnolia in the angiosperm classification system of "phytowisdom" also includes all angiosperms, which is the only class of angiosperma, It is divided into 8 subclasses.^[13-14]

Chinese name: Magnolia
Latin name: Magnoliopsida^[13]
circles: Flora

door: Angiosperma
Outline: Magnolia
Distribution area: Widespread all over the world

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History of botany

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Origin of species

Dicotyledons and Monocotyledon The class has the phenomenon of overlapping characters, indicating that the two classes are closely related genetic relationship 。 From the perspective of evolution, monocotyledon Fibrous root system , None cambium 、 Parallel vein And other traits are secondary, and its single Germinal aperture However, it retains more primitive features than most dicotyledons. In primitive dicotyledons, there are also single germinating pores Pollen grain This provides a basis for monocotyledons to originate from dicotyledons.^[2]

classification system

Since the 19th century, many plant taxonomists have established a "natural" classification system Great efforts have been made. According to their own Phylogeny Many different angiosperm classification systems have been proposed. However, due to the lack of knowledge about the origin and evolution of angiosperms and fossil evidence, there is no relatively complete and recognized classification system. The most widely used and popular ones in the world are Engler System 、 Hutchinson system 、 Cronquist system and Takhtajan system 。^[2]

German plant taxonomist Engler The system published by A. Engler and K. Prant in the great book Die naturalichen pflanzenfamilien in 1897 is the first relatively complete system in the history of plant classification. Among them, dicotyledonous plants are divided into petals Subclass (Paleoperiantha) and Polyphylla (Metaperiantha), a total of 45 orders, 280 families. Takhtajan system After several revisions (1966, 1968, 1980), in the 1980 revision（ a magnolia Class) is divided into 20 super orders, 71 orders and 333 families. Cronquist system Get close to the Taher Inter System Angiosperma (Magnolia) is divided into Magnolia (Dicotyledon) and Liliacea（ Monocotyledons ）However, the first class taxon of "Hyperorder" has been cancelled, and the division of families is also less than that of the Thahtalian system. In the 1981 revision, Magnolia (Dicotyledon) includes 6 subclasses, 318 families. Some botanical gardens and textbooks in China have adopted this system.^[2]

In addition APG system There is no dicotyledonous class in this system. angiosperm APG The classification system was published by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) in 1998 DNA sequence (two chloroplast And a ribosome The angiosperm classification system was established. Subsequently, it was supplemented and revised in 2003 and 2009, respectively, called APG Ⅱ and APG Ⅲ. The difference between this classification system and the traditional classification system is that it is mainly based on DNA sequence taxonomy Is established based on the method of morphology Characteristics of. The system divides the whole angiosperm into basal angiosperms and Eudicotyledon Two categories; The basal angiosperm includes the most basal angiosperm, monocotyledon and magnolia, and eudicotyledon includes the basal eudicotyledon and the core eudicotyledon. The core eudicotyledons account for more than 80% of the total angiosperm species. APG system is recognized as a relatively objective classification system.^[2]

morphological character

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Characteristics of dicotyledonous plants (5 sheets)

Dicotyledonous plants are mostly woody or herbaceous. taproot Developed, mostly Taproot But there are also many plants with bearded roots, such as some plants in Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, Compositae and other families. Many plants have typical roots and stems Secondary growth , i.e vascular bundle Cambium produced inwards Xylem , generated outwards Phloem ； The vascular bundles of roots, stems and leaves are often catheter But it is absent in some ancient families and degraded species. The vascular bundles in the stems of herb type are usually open (that is, between the formation horizon and phloem), less closed, usually arranged in a ring, rarely arranged in 2 to multiple rings or scattered, and the stem center often contains pith. Leaves usually with petiole And extended blades, usually Reticulate vein 。^[3-4]

There are various kinds of flowers Nectary , or Nectariless ； department of Chinese opera and folk music in Qing If there is a fixed number, it is usually 5, or less 4, rarely 3 (Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, etc.) or other numbers (the number of carpels is often less). Pollen grain It usually belongs to three germinating pores and its derivative types, but in some older families it belongs to the single germinating pore type. Other derivative types include two germinating pores, multiple germinating pores and No germinating pore Type. Cotyledons 2, sparse 1, 3 or 4 (the phenomenon of embryo with 1 cotyledon can be seen in Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae and other families); The embryos of a few species (some highly saprophytic or parasitic types) do not differentiate.^[3-4]

Species differences

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Basic differences between dicotyledons and monocotyledons
position	Dicotyledons	Monocotyledons
root	The main root is developed, mostly straight root	Underdeveloped taproot, mostly fibrous roots
stem	Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring shape with cambium	Vascular bundles are arranged in a scattered manner, with invisible layers
leaf	Reticulate vein	With parallel or curved veins
FLOWER	The cardinality of each part is usually 5 or 4, rarely 3; Pollen grains with 3 germination holes	The base number of each part is usually 3, rarely 4; Pollen grains with a single germination hole
embryo	With 2 cotyledons (rarely 1, 3 or 4)	With 1 cotyledon (or undifferentiated)^[6]

The above differences are not absolute, but relative, comprehensive, and often staggered. Such as dicotyledonous Nymphaeaceae 、 Ranunculaceae 、 Berberidaceae 、 Papaveraceae 、 Umbelliferae Wait for a cotyledon; Ranunculaceae Front car department 、 the composite family Some plants have fibrous roots; Piperaceae 、 Caryophyllaceae , Nymphaeaceae, Ranunculaceae, etc vascular bundle Plant; Ranunculaceae Berberidaceae Magnoliaceae 、 Lauraceae Flowers with 3 cardinal numbers. Monocotyledonous Araceae 、 Liliaceae 、 Dioscoreaceae Wait Reticulate vein ； Ophiopodaceae 、 Stemonaceae , Liliaceae, etc.^[6]

Differences between similar species

Habitat

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Dicotyledonous plants are widely distributed in the world, and their growing environment is complex and diverse.^[5]

Subordinate classification

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Taking into account the evolutionary relationship of angiosperms and the knowledge connection with other disciplines, the entry divides dicotyledons into 48 orders and 290 families using Engler's system (1964); As per《 Flora of China 》And divided into 2 Subclass 。^[2] There are many botanist Divide it into Septaloba and Polyphyllous flowers Two types.^[9]

Dicotyledons are divided into 2 subclasses and 42 orders in Flora of China
Chinese name	Latin name	brief introduction
Primitive Perianthia	Archichlamydeae	Flowers have no, single or double integuments, petals are separated, stamens and corollas are free, and ovules have more than one integument.
Aristolochia	Aristolochiales	There are 2 families. Herbs, woody or herbaceous vines or fleshy parasitic herbs.
Cyclophyta	Verticillatae	Woody plants.
urticales	Urticales	There are 4 families.
Umbellifera	Umbelliflorae	There are three families. Woody or herbaceous.
Sarracea	Sarraceniales	There are three families, two of which are native to China. herbaceous.
Sapindra	Sapindales	There are 15 families in China. Usually woody.
santalales	Santalales	There are 2 suborders and 7 families, and 2 suborders and 4 families are Chinese. Trees, shrubs or herbs; Autotrophic, semi parasitic or parasitic plants.
Salicorns	Salicales	Only one family. Woody.
Rutales	Rutales	It can be divided into 4 sub orders, namely, Poison Rat Sub order, Golden Tiger Tail Sub order, Polygala Sub order, Rutaceae Sub order.
rosales	Rosales	It is divided into 2 suborders, Rosa and Saxifraga.
Papaverales	Rhoeadales	It is divided into 5 sub orders, namely Boleshu sub order, Cauliflower sub order, Moringa sub order, Poppy sub order, and Luthera sub order.
polygonales	Polygonales	Only 1 family. Herbs, sparse shrubs or small trees.
Rhamnus	Rhamnales	It includes two distinct families. Woody, rare herb.
Ranunculaceae	Ranales	Woody plants or herbs.
Shanlong Eyes	Proteales	It only has the family Lycopodiaceae. Trees or shrubs, rarely perennial herbs.
Carex Sichuan	Podostemales	Only one family, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, with a few in the north temperate zone. Freshwater submerged herb, which looks like moss, lichen or algae.
Piperacea	Piperales	Herbs, shrubs or climbing vines, rare trees; Vascular bundles are sometimes scattered and similar to monocotyledons.
Placentales	Parietales	It is divided into 1 suborder and Camellia suborder.
Serpentiformes	Balanophorales	Only one family. Parasitic herb, without chlorophyll and stoma.
Centrosperae	Centrospermae	Herbs, less shrubs and semi shrubs, and few trees.
Euphorbia	Euphorbiales	It can be divided into 2 suborders, Hydrophora and Euphorbia.
Geraniales	Geraniales	There are 6 families in China. Herbs, sparse shrubs or trees.
Juglans	Juglandales	There is only one family. Woody plants.
guttiferales	Guttiferales	It can be divided into 1 suborder and 5 branches suborder.
Fagaceae	Fagales	Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs.
malvales	Malvales	This order contains 7 families, and 5 families are native to China. Trees or shrubs, rarely vines or herbs.
Magnoliales	Magnoliales	There is Aquaceae.
Myricales	Myricales	There is only one family. Woody plants with aromatic resins.
Myrtles	Myrtiflorae	There are 22 families and 19 families in China. Herbaceous or woody.
Cactaceae	Opuntiales	Only contains cactus family. Succulent herbs or sometimes woody plants, stems with small nests, usually spiny, leaves usually reduced.
Climb the eyes	Pandales	1 family, found in tropical Africa and Asia. Woody.
Polyphylla	Sympetalae	-
Campanulales	Campanulales	According to the Engler system, it includes four families, about 20000 species, and is one of the largest orders. There are more than 2000 species in 4 families in China.
Diapensiales	Diapensiales	Only 1 family. Evergreen recumbent shrub or perennial herb.
Ebenales	Ebenales	4 families in China. Woody plants.
Rhododendrons	Ericales	Woody or herbaceous.
Plantaginales	Plantaginales	Have a car record.
Plumales	Plumbaginales	Only 1 family. Shrubs or herbs.
Primulales	Primulales	There are 3 families in total, Pseudolobaceae 、 Ardisidae 、 Primulaceae 。 There are Ardisidae and Primulaceae in China.
Rubiaceae	Rubiales	There are five felwort families, honeysuckle families, Dipsacaceae, Rubiaceae, Patrinia villosa families.
Tuberosperma	Tubiflorae	Most are herbs, but also shrubs, trees or woody vines; Without stipules.
Gentianales	Contortae	There are 6 families, 5 of which are Chinese. Shrubs, trees, vines or herbs.
Cucurbitales	Cucurbitales	Including 1 department. Grassy or woody vines; Many tendrils, tendrils lateral; Simple leaves alternate, without stipules.^[7-8]^[10]

Key values

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There are many species of dicotyledonous plants closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood, such as cotton, hemp, soybean, groundnut Sunflower , sweet potato, potato, pear Apple , orange tobacco 、 Mint , Zhang, Nan and various Melon 。 The traditional Chinese medicinal materials from dicotyledonous plants have the most varieties, including ginseng, panax notoginseng, rhubarb, Notopterygium rhizome of chuanxiong , Salvia miltiorrhiza Chinses angelica Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.^[9]^[11]

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