In 1392,Li ChengguireplaceKoreaAnd Jianguo.The capital of the Korean Dynasty was initially located in Kaijing, the former capital of Korea (today'sKaicheng；Also known as Songdu), it was established in 1394Hanyang(TodaySeoul）The next year, it was renamed Seoul.[1-2]It moved back to Kaicheng in 1399 and moved its capital to Hanyang again in 1405.[87]After the development of the north, by the middle of the 15th century, the territory of the Korean Dynasty was basically shaped, roughly equivalent to today'sNorth Koreaandthe republic of koreaThe sum of, north toYalu RiverandTumen RiverIt is bounded by China.[3]
The Korean DynastyConfucianismGoverning the country,ConfucianismreplaceBuddhismIt has become the concept of national governance.onmunIts invention also provided conditions for the cultural popularization of Korean civilians.Taking measures against the Ming and Qing dynasties of ChinaBigotryAfter the founding of the People's Republic of China, he paid tribute to the Chinese imperial courtLi FangyuanTo Gao ZongLi Xi, kings of all dynasties accepted the title conferred by Chinese emperors;yesJapanAnd other neighboring countries or tribes adopt the neighboring policy.
From the end of the 16th century to the early 17th century, Korea was successively invaded by Japan and Houjin (Qing Dynasty)（Wanli Korean War、Battle of Ding Mao、The Battle of the Third Son）The social order was greatly impacted.Signed with Japan in 1876《Jianghua Treaty》, open the door of the country.Sino-Japanese Jiawu WarLater, he was no longer satisfied with China.In 1897, Gao ZongLi XiProclaim the emperor and change the country's name tokorean empire Japanese annexation in 1910Korean Peninsula, the fall of the Korean Empire and the Korean Dynasty, 27 generations of monarchs, 519 years.
The word "Korea" was originally the name of an ancient oriental country,Korea DynastyIt began to link its own country with "North Korea" and became its nickname.Such as late KoreaLi ChengxiuMade《Imperial Rhythm》China introduced the country like this: "Liaodong has a different destinyChina and North KoreaDivide by.Hong Tao is surrounded by ten thousand hectares on three sides, and there are mausoleums in the north like a line.China is thousands of miles awayNorth KoreaThe landscape is famous and the sky is covered.Cultivating and sinking wells is a courtesy home, and the Chinese title is Little China. "[5]Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyZhu YuanzhangThe imperial edict granted to Koryo wrote: "King Zier KoryoWang Zhuan, ShishouNorth Korea……”。[6]In 1392,Li ChengguiOverthrew the Korean Dynasty, established himself as king, and put the proposed national title scheme "Korea"（DustpanAncient country name)“Peace”(The place where Li Chenggui was born) Zhu Yuanzhang, the first ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, ruled that Zhu Yuanzhang chose the new national title as "Korea" for the reason that: "The name of Dongyi is only the name of Korea, which is beautiful and has a long history, and can be the ancestor of its own name. He is a herdsman who lives in heaven and is the heir of Yongchang." Li Chenggui then officially accepted the imperial decree of the Ming Dynasty on February 15, the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), and designated the national title as Korea.[7]On a solemn occasion, the full name of the DPRK will be the name of the country above, such as "there is a fresh country in the Ming Dynasty"[8]，《Jianghua Treaty》Later, it began to use "Great Korea" as the official name for Europe, America and Japan.[9]
Because the emperor of the Korean Dynasty was surnamed Li, and the word "Korea" appeared in history（Gija Joseon 、Wei Man KoreaTherefore, in the past, the historians used to call this dynasty "Li Dynasty" (Li Dynasty for short), and the ancient country that used Korea as its name was called“Ancient Korea”To show the difference.However, South Korea believes that the so-called "Li Dynasty" or "Li's Korean" is a derogatory term created by the Japanese and should not continue to be used, but should be properly named as "Korean Dynasty" or "Korean Age". Therefore, the term "Korean Dynasty" has become the politically correct name in contemporary South Korea since it was advocated by the Korean Language and Culture Society in 1977.[10]laterDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaInstead of "Li Dynasty", "Korean Feudal Dynasty" was used as the official address of the Korean Dynasty.[11]
At the end of the 14th century,Korea DynastyAfter years of war and the invasion of the Mongol Empire, it is already in danger.In the 21st year of Hongwu (1388), the Ming Dynasty of China sent people to Korea to announce its establishmentTieling Guard。[12]Korean officialsCui YingTake this opportunity to prepare for war with the Ming Dynasty and sendLi ChengguiSend troops to invadeLiaodong Peninsula。Li Chenggui's FatherLi ZichunAs a local noble, RenShuangcheng Executive MansionThousands of households.In 1356, Korea attacked its territory, and Li Zichun surrendered.In 1362, Li Chenggui inherited his father's postTumen River、Yalu RiverAspects participate in resistancejurchen And the invasion of the remnants of Mongolia.Soon, he was transferred to Beijing and later went to the south to resist Japanese pirates.[13]In 1380 and 1385, the Japanese invaders were defeated and became more and more famous, participating in the military aircraft hub.[14]
stayWihwa Li Chenggui once again asked King Wu to withdraw his troops on the grounds that it was difficult to cross the river due to the flood of water and lack of food.However, the withdrawal request was again rejected, and Li Chenggui decided to start the withdrawal on May 22.This is it.Huijun in Weihua Islandevent.[15]Li Chenggui launched a mutiny and overthrewGao Liwu WangCui Ying was executed and King Wu was exiled to Huang Li's residence.[16-17]Wang WuSon ofWang ChangHe was made king. Later, Li Chenggui took the name of "abolishing the false and establishing the true" as an excuse that Wu and Chang were not Wang's familyWang YaoBe king.[18]
In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Li Chenggui cleared the opposition leaders of the Korean courtZheng Mengzhou。Exiled Wang YaodaoYuanzhouLater, he was honored by his officials and was located in Shouchang Palace on July 17[19], established the Korean Dynasty, and establishedBig dealThe basic national policy of the Korean Dynasty ended its nearly 500 year history.implementKetian method, reward agriculture.Li Chenggui also conquered the Jurchen tribe in the northeast of the Korean Peninsula by means of appeasement and force, further strengthening the jurisdiction over the region and making its territory reachTumen River。japanese piratesDuring the period when Li Chenggui was in power, he did not dare to harass North Korea any more.After Li Chenggui's death, Japanese invaders rose again.
sinceLi ChengguiAfter the founding of the Korean Dynasty, he maintained a very close relationship with the Ming governmentSuzerain vassal relationship, and under a series of relatively enlightened policies in the early stage, the society has shown great vitality.Although there have been many civil disturbances, the political situation is still stable in most cases.Therefore, the early period of the Korean Dynasty is recognized as the development period of the Korean Dynasty, especiallyKing Sejong The ruling period of the Korean Dynasty is considered to be the golden age.However, after Shizong, Shizu, Chengzong and other worthy monarchs, most of the later Korean monarchs were lazy and lacked the skills of governing the country, which was accompanied by the growing party strife and the hardship of people's livelihood.This had a very bad impact on the administration of officials and social life in late Korea.
The First Prince Rebellion
With the emergence and consolidation of the new throne of North Korea, the successor to the throne began to become a problem in North Korea.Li Chenggui's Five SonsLi FangyuanHe made the greatest contribution to helping Li Chenggui ascend the throne.But inZheng DaochuanUnder the lobbying of important officials, Li Chenggui established eight sons in the 25th year of Hongwu (1392)Li FangshuoBe the son of the world.
On August 26, the 31st year of Hongwu's reign (1398), 31 year old Prince Jing AnjunLi FangyuanLaunched a military coup, led troops into the palace Jingfu Palace, went straight to the East Palace Zishan Hall, and killed his stepbrother, his 17-year-old sonLi FangshuoLi Fangfan, the 18-year-old Fu'an Jun, another half brother, was also killed at the same time.After winning, Li Fangyuan led the army to join the first class hero of the founding of the country, FenghuaboZheng DaochuanAt home.Zheng Daochuan, a 56 year old powerful minister, was talking with his friend Shen Xiaosheng, the father-in-law of his son, when he was hacked to death by disorderly soldiers.[20]Historical title“Wuyinjing Society”。
The Second Prince Rebellion
Fearing that the princes would kill each other, Li Chenggui decided to retire immediately and give the throne to the second sonLi Fangguo, isKorean Dingzong。After Dingzong ascended the throne, he moved back to the capitalKaijing。WritingIn the second year (1400), the Korean Dynasty experienced another upheaval.In order to fight for the thronePiaoAndLi FangganThe instigation of chaos was directed at Li Fangyuan, who was in power.Li Fangyuan is the king of Dingzong under Li Fangyuan's control. Li Fangyuan's growing power has stimulated Li Fanggan's ambition.Li Fanggan is determined to fight with his fifth brother regardless of the disparity of power.Li Fanggan takes advantage of his brother's hunting to mobilize private soldiers to kill Li Fangyuan, but Li Fangyuan's eagle dogs have long known the plot.Li Fanggan had no choice but to start the army ahead of time. The king and Dingzong repeatedly issued orders to dissuade him.Li Fang's far sideLi ShufanLi Fanggan, Fang Mengzong and Li Chengqi broke out street battles in the Zhushan Lane area of Kaicheng. Li Shufan shot Li Chengqi dead, and Li Fanggan's army scattered.Li Fanggan ran north in poverty, and was captured and exiled when he finally got rid of armour and lay down on the groundTushan County。
In his old age, Li Chenggui ran away overnight to hide in his hometown Xianxing.Since then, the greeting envoys frequently sent to Xianxing have been killed by Li Chenggui one after another, but this cannot deter the fierce Li Fangyuan.Two years later, Li Chenggui was taken back to Hanyang. The father and son finally met on a narrow road. Li Chenggui was imprisoned inChangde PalaceAnd spent the last six years of his life.After the Pubao Rebellion, Li Fangyuan became the son of the world. In November, he received Zen as the king and honored the King of the Sect as the King of Renwen Gongrui.
Taizong Period
Emperor Taizong of Korea began to issue decrees to consolidate his royal rule.Internally, Taizong changed the Korean Dynasty's tradition of "courting the Buddha by the monarchs and ministers", advocated Confucianism and learned from the Confucian classics.Politically, it imitated the system of the Ming Dynasty and implemented the so-called "Six Cao Direct Enlightenment System".Taizong's first measure was to disband the princes and noblesPrivate soldiers, the military power was returned to the central government.[21]The abolition of the private military system effectively prevented possible rebellion and increased the number of soldiers in the national army.Taizong's second measure was to revise the land tax law and census the population.With the increase of newly discovered land, the national income doubled.
Taizong is a very controversial figure.On the one hand, Taizong killed many dissidents and relatives in order to seize the throne; on the other hand, Taizong managed the country well, improving people's lives, strengthening national defense, and being the heir to the throneSejong, KoreaLaid a good foundation for our rule.
In August of the 16th year of Yongle (1418), Shizong ascended the throne two months before his father Taizong abdicated.In May of the 17th year of Yongle (1419), Shizong was advised and guided by TaizongThe Eastern Expedition of 1911eliminateDumadaoOfjapanese pirates。The eighth year of orthodoxy (1443)《Treaty of Kuihai》Signing.Kajima Daimyo is authorized to trade 50 ships with North Korea every year, pay tribute to the Korean court and prevent Japanese pirates from invading the Korean seaport.
In the northern frontier, Shizong established "four counties and six towns" to defend against the intrusion of northern nomads.[22]In the eighth year of Xuande (1433), Shizong SectJin ZongruiSend troops to attack the Ming DynastyJianzhou Jurchens The ministries consolidated the northern territory of Korea.
During Shizong's rule, North Korea's science, technology, culture and other aspects have been greatly developed.Shizong's most memorable contribution is to create proverbs.Shizong is honored as the "King of Shizong" due to his achievements.However, after Shizong's death, the official documents of officials and the contracts between people still use Chinese.
Shizu, Chengzong Period
In the first year of Jingtai (1450), the eldest son of Shizong,Korean WenzongEnthronement.Wenzong basically continued the policy of Shizong, but he died of illness only two years after assuming the throne.Wenzong's 12-year-old sonKorean DuanzongEnthronement.Duanzong's uncle Shouyang DajunLi QianLaunched in the fourth year of Jingtai (1453)Guiyou Jingnan, kill the important minister of the auxiliary DuanzongHuangfu RenandJin ZongruiAnd others have grasped the real power.In the sixth year of Jingtai's reign (1455), on the 11th day of the leap month of June, Yimao, Shouyang, the Great King, was worshipped in the Hall of Diligence in Jingfu Palace[23]。laterAsk in threes、Park Peng nianSix ministers conspired to reset Duanzong, who was sentenced to capital punishment when he failed“The death of six ministers”。Later Duanzong was also killed.
After a series of reforms, Shizu strengthened the rule of the throne, which further strengthened the country's economic and military strength.Shizu ordered to draw detailed drawings of Korea to strengthen control over remote areas.Population statistics were carried out for all military personnel and reservists in all regions, and the national registration law requiring all citizens to carry number plates (identity plates) was strengthened.Basic Code of the Korean Dynasty《Classic》It was also compiled during the Shizu period, and is known as the "rock on which the country was founded".
On September 7, the fourth year of Chenghua (1468), Shizu passed on to Ruizong and died the next day in the Ming Dynasty Hall.But weak and sicklyKorean RuizongHe died of illness less than two years after assuming the throne.The nephew of Ruizong in the fifth year of Chenghua (1469)Chengzong, KoreaEnthronement.During Chengzong's reign, the country's economy and culture flourished.Zong reuseShilinSet upHongwen Hall, and set up a think tank composed of Confucian scholars to offer advice and suggestions for governing the country, improvingSi Xianfu、Si Jian YuanThe Korean Three Division System of Hehong Wen Guan.The Chengzong period was another golden period of cultural development in the Korean Dynasty after the Emperor Shizong continued. A large number of books were published in this period.
During the reign of Cheng Zong, except for the intrusion of Nvzhen in the Northeast, there was no major trouble inside and outside Korea.[24]In the imperial court, it has been divided intomeritorious official with close connections with the emperorForces and new comersShilinThere are two major factions.From then on, the Korean Dynasty began to move towards an era of gentle and peaceful, military readiness slackened, and party strife intensified.On December 24, 1494, the seventh year of Hongzhi, Cheng Zong died atChangde PalaceThe great hall was built.[25]
At the end of the 15th century, the Korean Dynasty suffered from political corruption and incessant party strife.stayYanshanjunDuring the rule of North KoreaWuwu scholar disasterandJiazi scholar disasterA large number of intellectuals were massacred.Yan Shanjun's biological motherYin's family, abandoned concubineHe was accused of poisoning Princess Cheng Zong out of jealousy and was given poisonous wine by Cheng Zong to die.After learning this, Yanshan Jun killed Yan and Zheng, the two nobles who accused Yin, and the officials who supported Yin's death and their families.Biased towards the usurpation of ShizuScholarly SectScholars were also killed by Yanshan King.Yanshan Jun also looted thousands of beautiful women to make fun of themChengjun HallIt's a place to spend time and drink.Due to public useonmunA leaflet was written to denounce Yanshan Jun, who also ordered to ban the use of proverbs.The first year of Zhengde (1506)Zhongzong AnywayLater, Yanshan Jun was attackedCheng Xiyan、Piao YuanzongWhen the courtiers were deposed, they were exiled to Qiao Tongdao. Two months later, they died of illness and were 31 years old.[26]Because he was abolished as a tyrant, he had no temple name, honorific title, posthumous title, tomb name, etc.
SuccessorKorean ZhongzongHe is a mediocre person, but he was promoted to the throne because of his historical period.However, during the Zhongzong period, the ministers of Zhongzong were the leaders of the Shilin SectZhao GuangzuMany large-scale reforms have been carried out.Zhao Guangzu establishedlocal rules and regulations for a townshipTo strengthen local management and reduce the gap between rich and poor through land reform.Zhao Guangzu also disseminated Confucianism among the public through the issuance of simple Confucian books, and was committed to streamlining state institutions.According to《Record of the Korean Dynasty》According to records, due to Zhao Guangzu's strict supervision, no Korean official dared to accept bribes or abuse his power during this period.Zhao Guangzu's radical reform won the support of the general public, but was helped Zhongzong to ascend the throneThe old school of meritorious serviceAnd plotted against Zhao Guangzu.In the 14th year of Zhengde's reign (1519), Zhao Guangzu was granted death, which is known as“Personal misfortune”。In the following 50 years, the Korean court struggled continuously.
The middle period of the Korean Dynasty was the period when the Korean Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline.At this stage, the official rule was dim, the power struggle between the parties within the court became more and more fierce, and there were many coups and peasant uprisings.From the end of the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century, the two invasions of Japanese Japanese and Manchu nobles gave the country and society exterminating blows for many times.
factional strife
Figure of the differentiation of Korean friends
ShilinSent to Yanshan Jun, ZhongzongheMing Zong of KoreaThe power has been weakened during the rule.Korean XuanzuDuring the ruling period, the Scholar Sect came back to power, but soon split intomasterParty andWesternersBoth parties.The East People's Party split intosouthernersfellow partisansNorthernerThe Party.The Westerners' Party is divided intoOld schoolandLess discussionPie.With the change of power in these friends, the bloody elimination and mutual constant revenge followed.
One example is the prison case of self ugliness in the 17th year of Wanli (1589).Eastern PartyZheng RuliThere is an organization to fight Japanese pirates, and its members conduct military training.This organization advocates a class free society, so its nature and purpose are questioned by people.The leader of the Westerners' PartyZheng CheBe responsible for investigating the matter.Zheng Che accused Zheng Ruli of conspiring to revolt, and used it to eliminate the Easterners' Party that had any involvement with Zheng Ruli's group.In the end, thousands of Easterners were executed or exiled.
Renchen Japanese Rebellion
Renchen Japanese RebellionAt that time, theFengchen XiujiDeliberate to invade China's Ming Dynasty with North Korea as the pedal.In the 20th year of Wanli (1592) and the 25th year of Wanli (1597), under the leadership of Feng Sen XiujiPortugalMusketa fowling pieceOur army invaded Korea.The party disputes in the Korean court, the underestimate of Japan's military capability, and the failure of diplomatic mediation made Korea unprepared for the war.The Japanese army equipped with western weapons, followed by the fall of Kaesong and Pyongyang.In just two months and two days, North Korea "lost three capitals and disintegrated in all directions"[27]。It occupied the southern Korean Peninsula within a few months.
howeverLi ShunchenThe Korean navy under the leadership effectively destroyed Japanese warships at sea.The resistance of Korean civilian guerrilla organizations to the invading Japanese army also contained the Japanese offensive.Japan's massive invasion of Korea greatly shocked the Ming Dynasty.In the 21st year of Wanli (1593), the Ming Dynasty sent troops to help Korea defeat the Japanese army.After that, Korea broke off diplomatic relations with Japan, and diplomatic relations were officially restored only in the 37th year of Wanli (1609).
The Japanese riots wrote a heavy page for the history of the Korean Dynasty. The war seriously damaged the Korean society. After the war, the cultivated land was reduced to the same level before the war (four or five hundred thousand knots), the population was sharply reduced to one sixth of the pre war population, and 100000 people were looted by Japan.After the Renchen War, the Korean household registration declined sharply, so the burden on the people increased significantly. It was levied to strengthen national defense“Three handed rice”(gunners, shooters, killers), as well as increasing other taxes needed to maintain the country.Even in the Japanese turmoil, the party struggle for the portal never stopped (Li Shunchen was dismissed as a result), which became more and more fierce after the war, and the scholar bureaucrats had no other achievements.The social structure began to change, and the civilians with war achievements began to step into the ranks of two classes, and the two classes began to lose power.At the same time, the Korean royal family was bullied by foreign countries for the first time, and its prestige was unprecedentedly low. All kinds of social cracks were exposed after the Japanese riots. The Korean dynasty's 500 year old throne actually began to decline from this time.
Later Jin Dynasty Invasion
The "Great Qing Emperor's Merit Stele" in Korea“
Renchen Japanese RebellionThe national strength of North Korea has been sharply reduced.hereJianzhou Jurchens chiefNurhachiIsNortheast Chinaunifiedjurchen 。In the 46th year of Wanli (1618), Nurhachi announced“Seven Hates”Later, he began to attack Ming.Nurhachi and Minh want to unite with North Korea to makegwanghaegun In a dilemma.Guanghaijun intends to be neutral.But because Ming Gang repelled North Koreajapanese piratesMost of the ministers in North Korea support helping Mingda Nvzhen.In the 47th year of Wanli (1619), North Korea hadThe Battle of SarhuChina sent troops to support Ming.In the third year of the apocalypse (1623),Renzu anywayGuanghaijun was abolished.In the fourth year of the apocalypse (1624)Li Shizhi's RebellionAfter the rebellion was pacified, Renzu still neededHanyangThe deployment of heavy troops to maintain the stability of the capital has resulted in insufficient military strength to defend the northern frontier.
In the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627), Nurhachi's nephewAminLed 30000 Nvzhen troops to invade North Korea.The two sides finally negotiated and concluded a "covenant of brotherhood".North Korea sends Prince Li JueLater GoldAs hostages.Later Jin Dynasty and North Korea did not invade each other's territory.After Ding Mao's chaos, the brotherly relationship between Hou Jin and North Korea was not harmonious.As soon as the Jin army retreated, the DPRK immediately told the Ming Dynasty about the story of being attacked.Under the influence of Confucianism, Korean ministers believed that the Ming Dynasty should help the DPRK to repel Japanese pirates, and the DPRK should make friends with the Ming Dynasty to fight against the Later Jin Dynasty.So North Korea refused to abolishMing Dynasty Year, and still keep itSuzerain vassal relationship。This eventually led to the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636, the first year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty)Huang TaijiAttacking Korea and forcing it to become a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty[28]。
RenzuAfterKorean Emperor Xiaozong, tried to unite the anti Qing forces in southern China to crusade against the Qing Dynasty, but failed.Although North Korea uses public documentsQing Dynasty YearHowever, in specific occasions (such as sacrifices, tombstones and those related to the Ming Dynasty), the "Chongzhen Era" was used, even until the early 20th century.
Encounter foreign aggression
After the glory in the early stage and the decline in the middle stage, the later stage of the Korean Dynasty can be seen as a period of stagnation and extinction.At this stage, quite a few Korean monarchs tried to use political means to restore the power of the country, but they did not play a substantive role.andcut off one 's country from the outside worldThe policy also made North Korea more closed.Later, it was constantly harassed by western colonialists. Finally, Japan, a newly civilized neighbor, opened the door of North Korea with foreign bombardment. Since then, North Korea has fallen into a situation dominated by foreign powers.
In the 200 years since the invasion of Korea by the Japanese and the Later Jin Dynasty, there has been no external war on the Korean Peninsula.Practical learning began to rise in North Korea.Early Korean scholars advocated a series of reforms, including imperial examinations, taxation, science and technology, and agricultural technology, aimed at reviving the country damaged by Japan and Jurchen.
Korean SuzongWhen he was in office, the party struggle was fierce, and there were three "game changing" events, includingGengshen Exchange（1680）、You have changed（1689）、Jiaxu Bureau Change（1694）。Korean YingzuIn order to eliminate the consumptive struggle between the parties and achieve balance“Pacification policy”。[29]Korean Yingzu HeKorean ZhengzuDuring the reign, North Korea began to revive.During the reign of Zhengzu, a more open social reform policy was carried out, which was widely supported by scholars.The social culture of North Korea has made great progress during this period.
In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), after the end of the Yingzheng era, the successors were more than half a year old and had no heirsAnton Jinshi、Feng Ran ZhaoWith the gradual rise of foreign relatives and the power of the government and the country, there were three women in the family who became queens, and many people who served as leaders and politicians, known as“Shi dao politics”, the monarchy fell.[30]Until the second year of Tongzhi (1863),Gaozong, KoreaAscended the throne, his fatherHeungseon Daewongun During the regency, the power of foreign relatives was gradually weakened, and the influence of the royal power on the government was effectively consolidated.
In the middle of 1860s, the rule of Xingxuan Grand Courtyard Lord closed the country and persecuted Christians at home and abroad.Finally, in August of the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), France sent a fleet to attackJianghua Island, France was defeated, which is known as“Bing Yin Yang Disturbs”。[31]At the beginning of the regency of Xingxuan Grand Courtyard, most of the energy was mainly restorationGyeongbokgung Palace。In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), American merchant shipping“General Sherman ”He docked in Pyongyang and tried to conduct commercial diplomacy with North Korea, but he clashed with local residents, and some crew members were killed.In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871), the United States sent troops to Jianghua Island and asked North Korea to“General Sherman Accident ”The DPRK refused to apologize.[32]Diplomatic mediation developed into armed conflict.The US attack led to North Korea's casualties, but diplomacy was still fruitless. Finally, the troops were withdrawn“Xin Wei Yang Disturbs”。
In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873),Heungseon Daewongun After retirement, Emperor Gaozong formally took power in name, but his real power was actually held by the Queen of Emperor GaozongConcubine MinMaster.Senior officials in the Korean Palace are all relatives of Princess Min.Meiji RestorationLater, in the second year of Guangxu (1876), Japan forced North Korea to sign《Jianghua Island Treaty》。Japan has obtained free survey of the Korean HaikouConsular jurisdiction, trade and other rights.In the eighth year of Guangxu's reign (1882), the Grand Courtyard usedRebellion of Renwu ArmyWhen he came to power, he was interfered by the Qing army, and the Grand Courtyard Lord was taken to China to be confined for three years.In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1884)Gapsin Coup , pro Japanese civilized factionJinyujunSo as to seize power,high Qing officialLed the Qing army to pacify, and Princess Min returned to power.
The invasion of the great powers and the corrupt rule of North Korea made the people dissatisfied.In the spring of 1894,Full pool criteriastayQuanluo North RoadlaunchDonghak Peasant Revolution He put forward the idea of "assisting the country and pacifying the people, denouncing the Japanese and foreigners, and eliminating the powerful".Gaozong panicked and asked Qing for help.The Qing Dynasty sent 3000 troops to reach a ceasefire with the rebel army.After learning that the Qing Dynasty sent troops to Korea, Japan sent 8000 troops to occupy itGyeongbokgung PalaceAnd set up a pro Japanese government.The event eventually escalated toSino Japanese War。Later, under the instigation of Japan, the Korean government unilaterally announced its separation from the Qing Dynasty and implemented“Jiawu renewal”。In December of the 53rd year of the founding of the country (1894), Emperor Gaozong changed his title fromMasterYour Highness, change toGreat monarchYour Majesty,PrincessYour HighnessQueen MotherYour Majesty, wifeConcubine MinfromprincessYour highness is called queenYour Majesty，Wang ShiziDiPrince WangYour Highness,King's concubinesThe lower part of the mansion is called kingwife of the crown princeYour Highness, upgrade the titles of royal family members.[33]On April 17, China was defeated《Treaty of Shimonoseki》Signed, Korea is no longer the Qing Dynastyvassal state。After the war, the courtyard monarch faction supported by the victorious Japan gained power.After losing power, Empress Mingcheng turned to the pro Russian line and tried to rebuild her power with the help of the Tsarist Russia, which attracted Japanese retaliation.On October 8, 1895, the founding year of the People's Republic of ChinaYiwei IncidentIn China, in order to eliminate the pro Russian forces, under the planning of the Japanese envoy to Korea, the Japanese ronin attacked Jingfu Palace and brutally killed Gao Zong's QueenConcubine Min(Ming became queen).Later, Japan forced Gao Zongxia“Breaking order”, forcing Koreans to change their customs, wearing clothes easily and breaking hair, which led to popular resentment.If the frightened Emperor Gaozong felt that the palace could not stay, he sneaked out of the palace in February of the first year of Jianyang (1896) under the leadership of pro Russian forces and stayed in the Russian Embassy in Korea for a year[34]。
In the second year of Jianyang (1897), under the political pressure of supporting independence at home and abroad, Gao Zong returned from the Korean Embassy in RussiaDeshou PalaceAscend the throne and proclaimkorean empire Year of establishmentGuangwu, and carried outGuangwu Reform。
In the ninth year of Guangwu (1905), Japan won the Russo Japanese WarTsarist Russia, signed by both parties《Treaty of Portsmouth 》，Russo Japanese Warend.On November 17, Japan signed a contract with North Korea《Yisi Treaty》Japan became the protectorate of North Korea.[35]ito hirobumi Is Japan's first term in North KoreaUnified supervision。Gao Zong was worried about the fate of the Korean Dynasty, and he had been fighting quietly.In the eleventh year of Guangwu (1907), he took the opportunity of the Second International Peace Conference held in The Hague, the Netherlands, to sendLi Xianggao、Li Xuan、Li WeizhongThe three men went to The Hague as emissaries to explain their tragic situation to the West and call on the Western powers to intervene.However, it was ignored by the great powers, and the West refused to allow the emissaries to attend the meeting as required by Japan.The three were extremely sad and indignant. Li Zhun even more hated the fact that he died in The Hague and died in a foreign country.Gao Zong's move angeredito hirobumi , he decided to drive Gao Zong out of power immediately.[36]In July, Gao Zong was forced to abdicate, PrinceLi JieSuccession, that is, later Chunzong.In the third year of Longxi (1909), Ito BowenHarbinBy Korean NationalistsAn ChonggenAssassinate[37]。In the fourth year of Longxi (1910)《Treaty of Merger between Japan and South Korea》Signing.
Dynastic follow-up
In August 1910, Li Jie's title was reduced from "Emperor" to "King Li", and his living father, Gaozong Li Xi, was reduced from "Tai Emperor" to "Tai Wang Li". Their family took a living expense from Japan every year, ostensibly continuing to maintain the imperial life, but without any power, the scope of activities was also limited.Meiji EmperorAfter death, especiallyGreat Kanto earthquake Later, the monthly living expenses paid by the Japanese government were reduced to dozens of yen, and the scope of activities was further restricted.Gao Zong died on January 21, 1919.In 1926, the 52 year old Korean ChunzongLi JieHis younger brother, Prince Ying, the last crown prince, died of illnessLi YinBecome a new generation of King Li.The Japanese government forced the Korean royal family to intermarry with Japanese nobles, among which Gaozong's young daughterMaster Dehui WengWeng Zhu, who was forced to marry Japanese Earl Zong Wuzhi and was originally suffering from mental illness, went through various hardships and his condition worsened until he returned home in 1961.
Gyeongbokgung Palace
In 1945, Japan was defeated and Korea was recovered. However, under the intervention of the United States and the Soviet Union, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two parts.In 1946, the Japanese government abolished the royal family system. The following year, members of the Korean royal family were expelled from the imperial family and deprived of Japanese nationality. Li Yin and other old royal family members who were in Japan wanted to return home, but they were then the President of South KoreaChengwan LiThey were hostile to the Korean royal family, and they tried every means to obstruct them for fear that their supporters would support them to overthrow themselves.In 1954, the Republic of Korea formulated the Law on the Disposal of Old Royal Property. The royal property was nationalized. The royal family members who stayed in South Korea were expelled from the palace. The few remaining properties were almost wiped out. The royal family members paid living expenses every month, but did not pay Li Yin a penny. The pure family widow, Princess Yin（Queen Chunzhen and Filial Piety）Even once he was on the street.
In 1960, Chengwan Li collapsed.In 1961,Park Chung heeBy taking office in a coup and treating the old royal family well, the life of the royal family members was improved, and the royal family members who had been exiled abroad for a long time finally returned to their homeland after decades of separation.In 1970, Li Yin died, and the Korean government held a state funeral for him.His sonLi Jiu, nephew and grandsonLi Yuan(Righteous PrinceLi GangHe became the leader of the Li family.
territory
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Scope of governance
Throughout the history of Korea, the country has been divided into eight roads, commonly known asKorean Badao。There are states, prefectures, prefectures and counties under the road.[38]Among them, Qingshang, Quanluo, ZhongqingYellow SeaThe Fifth Gyeonggi Path is divided into left and right paths.Ning'an Road (Xianjing Road) is divided into north and south roads.The way of peace is divided into east and west.Jiangyuan Road is divided into Lingdong and Lingxi.
exceptAdministrative divisionIn addition, ancient Korea also divided the country into six regions according to traditional customs:Guanbei(Xianjing Road, Ping'an Road);Kansai (Hokkaido, the south of Ping'an Road, and the west of Jiangyuan Road);Guandong (Jiangyuan RoadTaibai MountainThe part to the east is also called Lingdong);Gyeonggi Lake(all of Gyeonggi do and a part of Chung Ching do);Hunan (part of Zhongqing Road plus Quanluo Road);Lingnan (Qingshang Road).
Gaozong, KoreaDuring the period, two administrative reforms were carried outKorean BadaoIt was divided into 23 prefectures, but later it was changed into 13 lanes, that is, the five lanes of Ping'an, Qingshang, Xianjing, Quanluo and Zhongqing were divided into two lanes in the south and north, which became 13 lanes.
In the era of Japanese occupation, the whole territory of Korea was returnedGovernor-General of Korea Under the administration, the Korean Governor's Office abolished Seoul House as the capital city, and the Seoul House area was reduced to a county in Gyeonggi do until Japan surrendered.At that time, there were 13 administrative regions, 218 counties, 2202 counties and 28498 li in North Korea[39]。
The adoption of the political structure of the Korean DynastyCentralization。Li ChengguiAfter the founding of the People's Republic of China, Confucian officials were appointedZheng DaochuanThey pay attention to the classics of the past dynasties, and draw up the eastern and western (literary and military) plans according to the "rules and regulations"Yangban Official system.Ten days later, the official system was issued, which confirmed that the former government, the central court andThird DivisionZai Chen's "sitting together" all commented on the organization model of the central organization that the envoy is in charge of the state affairs[42]。Early imitation of the Korean DynastyEmperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyDirect managementthe Six BoardsWe should implement the system of six Cao Cao's direct enlightenment,Six CaoDirectly responsible to the king, changed careers after ShizongDiscuss the governmentUnder the administrative system, six Cao are under the jurisdiction of the government.
Completed in the fifth year of Chenghua (1469)《Classic》Newpolitical system。Although there were some changes in the name of the official post, the official post system of the entire Korean Dynasty generally followed the provisions of the Jingguo Code.The official system of the Korean Dynasty can be divided into two parts:Korea DynastyThe old system, the second is the influence of the official system of the Ming and Qing dynasties[43]。
After the fifth year of Zhengde (1510), North Korea was established to guard against Japanese pirates and JurchenBiansiAfter the Renchen Japanese Rebellion, the authority of the Bianbian Division was greatly increased, which took over the military and military affairs and became the de facto national political operation center in the late Korean Dynasty, resulting in a situation of "everything is important, everything is important, the government only supports the empty number, and all six Cao Cao lose their duties".[44-45]In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), the Biansi was abolished and the old rules were restored.[46]
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894),Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895Outbreak. Under the interference of Japan, the Korean government abolished the parliamentary government and the six Cao's official system, followed the cabinet organization of modern countries, newly established the official system, changed the six Cao's into eight ministries, changed the theft department into the police department, and abolishedThe imperial examinationWait, this is“Jiawu renewal”。
Grade
The official positions and titles of the Korean Dynasty are calledYangban , Grade byAuthenticreachFrom Jiupin, totalGrade 18, Grade 9。Among them,Top 3It can be divided into the top and bottom of the top three class hall.From the first grade to the third grade, they are called officials in the hall.From the top three to the top seven, they are called lower officials or senior officials.Those below the seventh grade are the junior officials.[47]Jiawu renewalLater, the official system was revised, and the appointed officials were of the highest qualityFrom second grade, played by the officialTop 3From the sixth grade to the ninth grade, the appointed official is from the seventh grade to the ninth grade.In the system of military generals, the top general is the first rank,vice-general of a brigade、Participating generalsFrom the second product,CollarThe deputy leader, the deputy leader, the chief captain and the vice captain shall be in the third grade, the deputy captain and the chief captain shall be in the sixth grade, and the chief commander, the deputy commander and the college enrollment shall be determined separately.
government
The lower officials and their wives of Lee's Korean Three Pin Hall
stayKing of KoreaBelow, there are auxiliary organs——Discuss the government, whose leader is“To lead and discuss politics”, commonly known as "Lingxiang".Under the leadership, there are left and right governments, commonly known as "Left Prime Minister" and "Right Prime Minister", which are the same as the leadershipAuthentic。The next level is about approval from the first level, and about counselors from the second level.Next, there are four quality keepers, five quality inspection details, and eight quality records.
There areSix Cao(officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, workers), which is equivalent to the six ministries of the Ming Dynasty at the same time.Its official titleverdict(First and second grade), equivalent to ChineseSix Shangshu；The deputy title isParticipate in judgment(from the second grade), equivalent to ChineseWaiter, there are six Caoparticipate in policy-making discussion(or refer to, on the third grade hall), Zhenglang (fifth grade), Zolang (sixth grade)[43], in which Zuolang and Zhenglang, officials and soldiers, are collectively calledQuan LangAnd enjoy special status.[48]The supervision and advice institution isSi XianfuandSi Jian Yuan, collectively referred to as the two divisionsDasi Xian(from the second grade) and the chief admonishment (from the top of the third grade hall), under which there are Sixian Prefecture Zhiyi (from the third grade), Sixian Prefecture Leader (from the fourth grade), Sixian Prefecture Keping (from the fifth grade), Sixian Prefecture Supervision (from the sixth grade), Sijian Academy Sijian Academy Sijian (from the third grade), Sijian Academy Xianna (from the fifth grade), Sijian Academy Zhengyan (from the sixth grade).BesidesSeungjeongwon There are Ducheng edict, Zuoyoucheng edict, Zuoyouzhi sub edict and Tongwei sub edict (all of them are on the top of the Zhengsanpin Hall) to draft the edict for the king.
There are five garrisons under the jurisdiction of Xiban (central guard: Yixingwei, left guard: Longxiangwei, right guard: Hubenwei, avantgarde: Zhongzuowei, guard: Zhongwuwei), five military barracks (training capital supervisor, imperial battalion hall, guard battalion, general military hall, guard hall), three internal halls (internal guard, serving as a servant, and guard in the forest), guard hallAnti theft Hall, Zhenfu Camp, Management Camp, Dragon and Tiger Camp, Premier Camp, Shizi Yiwei Division, Shisun Weiwei Division.The officer said that he was in charge of the city (first grade and second grade);Training supervisor: Both are promoted (first grade), promoted (second grade), and trained generals (second grade);Royal Camp Hall: all improve (first class)Tone up(First grade and second grade), Royal battalion general (second grade);Forbidden Guard Camp: Dutiao (first grade), Tiaotiao (second grade), Forbidden Guard General (second grade);Chief military envoy (from the second grade);Defending envoy (first and second grade);Internal guard general (from the second grade);Serve as a servant (from the second grade);Yu Lin Wei Jiang (from the second grade);General Hu Wei (first class);The general of stealing (from the second grade);Zhenfu envoy (from the second grade);Management envoy (first and second grade);Other generals of the Forbidden Army (from the second level);Prime Minister Envoy (first and second grade).Soldier Cao XiayouYijin MansionAnd deal with those who seek to endanger the country.
There are eight branches of local administration. The eight branches of Korean jurisdiction have been basically stable since the 15th year of Yongle (1417), with only partial changes.[42]Under the roadDadu Mansion Guard、Pasture、Dufu, county, county.
Seoul MansionYin is judged as the second grade, and there are left and right Yin (from the second grade).Sidu（Kaichengfu, Jianghua Mansion, Shuiyuan Mansion, Guangzhou Mansion)Left behindShuiyuan Mansion and Guangzhou Mansion remained as the second grade, Kaicheng Mansion and Jianghua Mansion remained as the second grade.Judges, Zuoyin, You-yin and Sidu of the Seoul Prefecture were left in Dongbanjing.The official positions outside Dongban are from the second grade to the various ways of observing envoys, from the second grade governor, from the first grade to the third grade, from the third grade to the pastoral envoy, from the third grade to the governor, from the fourth grade to the prefecture, from the fifth grade to the city, from the fifth grade to the magistrate, from the fifth grade to the county order, from the sixth grade to investigate, from the sixth grade to the county supervisor, from the sixth grade to the professor, from the ninth grade to instruct, from the ninth grade to examine drugs, from the ninth grade to examine laws, from the ninth grade post officialsFrom Jiupin to Chengdu.The central government dispatched officials to observe how to dethrone the Zhizhi envoy, patrol the security envoy and press the incorruptible envoy.[39]
law
《Daming Law》After it was introduced into the Korean Peninsula at the end of Korea, the rulers of the Korean Dynasty paid great attention to it, but from the 25th year of Hongwu to the 6th year of Jingtai, the Law of Daming was always confused with the laws of the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, causing chaos in the legal system and legal system of the Korean Dynasty.Korean ShizuAfter he ascended the throne, he reformed the legal system, defined the idea of "using the law with the Daming Law", established the core position of the Daming Law in the legal system of the Korean Dynasty, and did not replace it for generations.The exclusive use of the Law of the Great Ming Dynasty is the will of the Korean Dynasty, not the order of China.The long-term, single-minded and voluntary use of the Daming Law laid a legal foundation for the political integration between China and North Korea during the Jiajing period.[88]
After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, the position of the Law of the Great Ming Dynasty in North Korea was seriously shaken, and it was clearly demonstrated through the ritual litigation.The vacillation of the position of Daming Law was related to the domestic and international situation in Korea at that time, and the change of ideology and cultural orientation under this situation.southernersIn order to obtain the power of governance and reform politics, the group must first obtain the right to speak. Litigation is an excellent opportunity.stayJiayin LitigationLater, southerners and westernersLess discussionIn order to carry out a more pragmatic line, the school must break through the previous institutional and ideological constraints. Its method is to lower the status of the Ming Dynasty's systems such as the "system of the monarch", namely, the Law of the Ming Dynasty, and make amendments or new interpretations to Zhu Zixue, which are closely related.[89]
military
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The Korean Dynasty implemented the system of literati running the army and separating soldiers from generals. There were no fixed generals or soldiers, similar to the reserve army serving in turn, rather thanstanding army。The official positions outside Xiban include military and horse festival envoy, military and horse defense envoy, water army commander, water army defense envoy, and water army middle army (the next three ways:Jeolla Road、Gyeongsang 、chungcheong ）Three water army commanding envoys, three water army commanding envoys (all from the second level);Soldier and horse control envoy, water army control envoy, patrol battalion commander, town battalion general (all of them are on the top of the top three grade hall);The soldiers and horses, the soldiers and horses, the soldiers and horses, the marquis Yu (all from the third rank);Marquis Yu of Shuijun (top four);The soldiers and horses are the same as the control envoys, the soldiers and horses are ten thousand households, the water army is the same as the control envoys, the water army is ten thousand households (all from the fourth grade), the soldiers and horses are evaluated (the sixth grade), the soldiers and horses are the control captains, the livestock supervisors (all from the sixth grade), the other generals, and the power management generals (all from the ninth grade).
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of Korea, there were sufficient armaments, and the largest army had nearly 150000 people (in the late 15th century).[49]The military system is dominated by the five guards system. The military is divided into five guards: Yixing Guard (central guard), Long Xiangwei (left guard), Huben Guard (right guard), Zhongzuowei (vanguard) and Zhongwu Guard (guard).Cao Cao and the General Office of the Five Guards were set up in the central government to take charge of military affairs and military orders.At ordinary times, the five guards take turns to undertake the task of palace guard;In wartime, the five guards went to the front to fight.The Five Guards System is a military system that integrates army and agriculture. Its personnel are farmers in peacetime and soldiers in wartime. The soldiers are all self-sufficient in clothing, food, weapons and other materials. The state has no financial burden on raising soldiers.[50]
Military System of the Korean Dynasty
Taizong, KoreaAfter enthronement, by abolishingPrivate military systemAnd the two central reforms not only realized the separation of military and political power in the central institution, but also disrupted the pattern of "co sitting" of meritorious officials to manipulate national politics.[42]King Sejong Launch after enthronementThe Eastern Expedition of 1911。In May of the 16th year of Yongle (1418),chungcheong 、Jeolla RoadThere was an alarm that dozens of Japanese ships gathered on the coast to attack Korean warships.In the same month, Japanese pirates also came and went on the sea in Huanghaidao, and invaded Haizhou and other places. Facts have proved that North Korea's peaceful means have been put into practice,japanese piratesIt is still rampant.After many efforts, the royal family finally reached an intolerable level[51]。The Hehai East Expedition was the only military counterattack launched by the Korean Dynasty against Japan on its own initiative.Renchen Japanese RebellionAt that time, the country had been peaceful for a long time, and the military equipment was slack.Bingzi RebellionDuring the period, the Korean monarch and his subjects were eager to make peace, and the army had no fighting spirit, and all the diligent king's armies were also defeated by the Qing army.[52]In the medium term, North Korea has reached the point of arms relaxation.In order to improve the military strength, the Korean monarch and officials boughtMilitary leader famed for combat against Japanese pirate invaders《New book of discipline and efficiency》, establishedTraining supervisorThe training capital became the most important military system in the late three hundred years of the Korean Dynasty, opening the way for the professionalization of the Korean army.[53]
The new army established after the Guangwu reform
In modern times, the Korean Dynasty established a modern military system through reform from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.In the first year of Jianyang (1896),Gaozong, KoreasendMin YonghuanAs special envoy, attendRussian tsarnicholas ii Coronation ceremony, during andRussiaA secret agreement was reached, which stipulated that Russia would send military trainers for trainingNorth Koreaarmy[54]。In the third year of Guangwu (1899), Emperor Gaozong and Li Xi opened the "Marshal's Office" and assumed the post of Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy,Crown PrinceRen Marshal, located in the imperial palace, is divided into four bureaus: military affairs, inspection, recording and accounting[55]。In March of the fifth year of Guangwu (1901), Emperor Gaozong issued the "Coastal Area" in the form of imperial decree No. 7batterySettings, strengthencoast defence, and purchasedJapanwarshipYangwu.On March 15 of the seventh year of Guangwu (1903), Emperor Gaozong Li Xi issued an imperial edict toConscription systemreplaceConscription system, vigorously expand the army[56]。On July 29 of the same year, the Minister of Military AffairsYin XiongliePlease Create the Navy[57]。
Economics
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Agriculture
The main economic source of the country in the Lee's Korean period was agricultural taxation.TaxationGongmiMainly, a small amount of local specialties are miscellaneous, and monetary rent is rarely collected.Therefore, agriculture has become the key to the economy.On the land issue, it established theKetian method, abolished the phenomenon of aristocrats occupying large areas of land, and liberated a large number of slaves.Shizu formulated theOccupational fieldIn order to raise the state's tax revenue and preventTwo classes of nobilityThe annexation of land.[58]With the reclamation of wasteland and the improvement of farm tools, the development of agriculture has been promoted, as well as the development of handicrafts and commerce.
handicraft industry
After the 17th century,privateThe handicraft industry ofOfficial battalionThe workshop ofhandicraft industrydevelopment.Business activitiesThe rise of commercial agriculture also promoted the rise of commercial agriculture, which in turn led to the initial changes in rural life[47]。
The palace expenses and officials of North KoreaSalariesFromLand taxRice grain, in addition to all things used regularly and temporarily, such as silk, medicinal materials, horses, clothing, paper, vegetables, etcTugong。The kings of several generations before the Emperor Yingzu reformed this system and adopted a practical policy, allowing remote areas to convert tribute into rice, and then pay taxes with rice, which is called tribute rice.In mountainous areas, it is allowed to pay local produce instead of food.The tribute rice will be sent to the Yamen to purchase the necessary materials by themselves or by contract.The contractor was called "Gong Ren", and later became the main force of Korean businessmen[59]。
business
In the 18th century, North Korea's domestic and international business activities increased rapidlyguildThe organization expanded monopoly and wholesale sales, which led to capital accumulation.Many businessmen engaged in trade are concentrated in Seoul.The shops approved by the government are the traditional dividing line between licensed tribute suppliers and street shopkeepers, which is integrated into a structure of monopoly and wholesale system.Temporary stores were originally set up to meet the needs of people on special occasions (such asThe imperial examination, the king's tour and other national events), but these stores continue to supply food and groceries to ordinary people after this occasion.These shops are run by small shopkeepers in temporary huts, and they rely on them anywaywholesaler。Craftsmen often become individual producers.Some people even developed into factory owners and gained the opportunity to sell their own productsMONOPOLYConcessions.In some cases, it is more profitable to be a wholesaler of certain goods than to be engaged in the production of goods.
The prosperity of Seoul at the end of the 19th century
By the time of Emperor Yingzu, Korea andQing Dynasty、JapanThe volume of trade between the two countries has grown rapidly.In addition to the cattle, horses, salt and iron traded in the border markets between China and North Korea, the most important trade was the ginseng trade in the Qing Dynasty.Ginseng trade is also known as the eight pack trade. Each pack of ginseng is 10 kg. The DPRK allows the mission to China - the so-called "Yanxing" personnel - to carry eight packs each.Later, the Korean government stopped the export of ginseng because the Korean border people used ginseng across the border to hurt Chinese local officials. The mission could take 2000 taels of silver to China to buy goods at the rate of 25 taels of silver per kilogram of ginseng.Later, in order to prevent excessive outflow of silver, Korean goods worth 2000 taels of silver were converted, such ascoat, paper, dry seafood and other sundries.
The goods transported from Korea to the Qing Dynasty included horses;MinkOtter、Chinchilla, leopard and other furs;Sea cucumber, abalone, shrimp, fish, kelp and other dry seafood;Gold, silver, copper, bean tinpig iron, steel and other metals;White paper, strong paper, mulberry paper and other papers;Ginseng, pepper, alum, ginger and other medicinal materials;Danmu, Huaihua and other dyes;Pear, apple, persimmon, chestnut and other dry and fresh fruits.Cattle, sheep, mules, donkeys and other livestock were imported into Korea from the Qing Dynasty;Scissors, tweezers, needles, bed stoves, cauldrons, leather cases, saddles, umbrellas, wooden chopsticks, abacuscomb, buttons, cigarette bags, glasses, porcelain, cotton paper, square paper, flint, fire sickle, pen, ink, inkstone, copper pot, tin pot, compass and other daily groceries;All kinds of metal products such as shovel, plough, share, saw and other tools;Gold, silver, copper and other currencies;Cotton, cotton yarn, raw silk and other textile materials;All kinds of cotton cloth;Various brocade and damask fabrics;All kinds of men's and women's clothing, hats, shoes and socks;Various dyes;Various foods;Various medicinal materials;Various books;As for imported jewelry, jade, lacquer ivory carvings, antique furniture, hairpin ring jewelry, bell, zither and other Western games, cats, dogs, parrots and other rare animals[60]。
This kind of commercial monopoly and wholesale activities of Korean businessmen created greater demand for silver and copper and promoted the development of the mining industry.Before the Japanese invasion, the mines under the strict control of the government were handed over to private operators.In addition, Seoul had made great progress as an industrial and commercial city in the 18th century, and its trade was even better after the 19th century.People's demand for handicrafts such as knives, stationery, tobacco, clothing, tableware, farm tools and so on is growing.The restrictions on women wearing decorative wigs have actually disappeared[60]。
Seoul in 1894
science and technology
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Astronomy
The scientific research institutions in the Korean palacePositive scheme、GuibiaoAnd other astronomical instruments, andSundial with upturned kettle, hanging bead sundial, balance sundial, Dingnan sundial, self leaking sundialjade hourglassAnd other precision instruments.The palace calendar organization has compiled such books as the Internal Chapter of Seven Political Counting, the External Chapter of Seven Political Counting, and the Collection of Calendar Images of Various Schools.At the beginning of the 18th century, the practical school also introduced the western geostrophic theory into Korea.[61]
Geography
In the Shizong era, he compiled eight volumes of the "Geography Book", which described in detail the historical changes, names, mountains, rivers, tribes, cities, official housesBeacon, bridges, Jindu, post stations, the composition of residents by surname, pastures, local products, types of handicrafts, fertility of land, number of land knots, taxes, supply and payment, transportation, four seasons climate, customs and routes, which are equivalent to an encyclopedia of geography.[62]At the same time, he compiled local chronicles of various places and later《East Land Sightseeing》Geography books such as East Land Preparation.In terms of maps, we have compiled the Map of Badao Prefecture and County, the Map of Badao Mountains and Rivers, the Map of Badao, and the map drawn according to the scale《Dadongyu Map》。
Medical Science
In medicine, the court of the Korean Dynasty and the people compiled many famous medical books,Xu JunCompiled a book in 1596 by referring to a large number of ancient Chinese medical books《Treasure of Eastern Medicine》。And《Gathering of medical prescriptions》, Rural Medicine Integration Recipe, National Experience Recipe, etc.[63]
mathematics
Practitioners in the 17th century also made in-depth research on Western mathematics. Hong Darong wrote "Application of Preparation and Solution", which developed ancient arithmetic into modern mathematics, including algebra and geometry[64]。
practical science
The practical invention and creation activities during the Korean Dynasty were also very active.Agricultural books, such as Farmer's Integration, Farming Direct, Nongsang Compendium, Sishikuan Yao, and Kenong's Sketches, are important books.Manufactured and improved rain gaugesHydrometerAnd other scientific instruments.
In the Korean period, copper movable type printing technology and typography were developed and widely used. In 1403, a casting house was set up in Seoul.
Culture
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Confucianism
Jin Yu, an early scholar in Korea, advocated the Great Harmony Method
Adopted by North KoreaConfucianismLoyalty and filial piety are considered to be the greatest virtues of ideological governance.With official permission, some retired scholar bureaucrats and learned college students established academies in their hometown and promoted them nationwide.academyEnjoy duty-free treatment, and have their own farmland.However, by the end of the dynasty, the academy had become a place for Confucian scholars to vent their dissatisfaction with the regime, so many academies were ordered to close.After the 17th century, Korean society gradually declined, education stagnated, and the main content of official education -- ConfucianismZhu XiSexological schoolDivorced from real life and trapped in empty talk.At this time, the thought of practical school appeared[65]。
The emerging scholars of the practical school believe that the living conditions of the people are more important than the legitimacy and etiquette issues that the literati and officialdom highly value. "If the farmers are struggling, no country can survive, and even if there is no monarch, the people can still prosper." This is the new trend thinking that forms the basis of practical learning.Scholars in Suzong PeriodLiu XinyuanIn his《Panxi Record》The following measures are proposed in the document, such as establishing a land system where benefits can be fairly shared by everyone.But his proposal was not officially accepted.
The government system is focused on internal struggle for power, and at the same time, different schools conflict on different interpretations of the New Confucian ritual system.In the Yingzu and Zhengzu dynasties, North Korea appearedLiu Degong、Li Demao、Hong Lianghao、Park Chiwon、Park Qijia、Hong Darong、Ding RuoyongWhen practical learners get rid of the rigid dogmaZhu ZiThe shackles of the theory advocated learning from China at that time to benefit people.The initial national consciousness, people oriented consciousness, reform consciousness and humanitarian thought appeared in North Korea.In addition to putting forward theories, the School of Practical Learning also made great achievements in agriculture, medicine, mathematics, urban construction, engineering, astronomy, geography and other aspects through the absorption of Western advanced ideas by China at that time.
written words
Xun Min Zheng Yin
Sejong, the fourth generation king of the Korean DynastyLi 祹Under the active promotion of, scholarsZheng Linzhi、Ask in threes、Shen ShuzhouCui Heng, Cui Heng, et al. studied Chinese phonology in depth and created Korean national characters in the 15th century on the basis of learning from a variety of surrounding national characters.This is a kind of alphabetic writing with square characters, which can accurately record all the pronunciation of Korean, and can also roughly record the pronunciation of other national languages.
In the eighth year of Zhengtong era (1443), a character marking system was finally completed, which was named "Xun Min Zheng Yin".Shizong himself wrote the preface, in which he explained the purpose of creating new characters, and also gave a general explanation and examples of each newly created letter.Then scholars in Jixian Hall explained the new characters in more detail, cited more examples, compiled the book "Training the People and Correcting the Sound", and published it in the world.
Practical learning
The characteristics of practical learning in North Korea can be divided into three groups: pragmatism, pragmatism, and seeking truth from facts.The school of pragmatism refers toLi TypeXinghu School is the mainstream of thought;The school of making good use of life refers to the northern school with Yan Xingshi as its team;The school of seeking truth from facts refers toKim Jong heeAnd so on.Among the various practical schools in Korea, the North School has the most characteristics of a visionary in terms of enlightenment and modern significance.withHong Darong、Park Chiwon、Park QijiaThe Northern School represented by, among others, increased their knowledge and broadened their horizons by visiting the Qing Dynasty.They broke through North Korea's narrow nationalism of eliminating arrogance, criticized the traditional Confucian concept of respecting China and fighting against foreigners, and put forward the concept of "China and foreigners are one"“Learn from China”And the specific measures of making good use of and benefiting people closely related to people's livelihood.[66]
In addition, when Korean envoys came to China, they recorded what they saw and heard, which is called《yanxinglu 》The total number of the three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong is the largest, accounting for 23 kinds, accounting for almost two-thirds of the total.Among them, there were 13 kinds in the Kangxi Dynasty and nine kinds in the Qianlong Dynasty, which provided us with many valuable historical materials to study the history of this period[67]。
The Korean court music organization created the court meetingElegant music, ceremonial music, ceremonial music, as well as Chaoyue big tunes such as Dingdaye, Baotaiping, Faxiang, Fenglaiyi, as well as songs such as Phoenix Chant, Mandian Spring, and Folk Music.
In addition, in the famous KoreaCeladonThe Korean Dynasty also developed a unique KoreaWhite porcelain。The Korean DynastyMother of pearl, lacquerware, metal, jade, bamboo, carpentry, tooth horn, embroidery, sandware and other crafts have also left a lot of valuable heritage with unique colors.
Religion
Hidden Imperial Historian Pu Wenxiu
In terms of religious policies related to politicsKoreaLast yearZhu YuanzhangHe once criticized Korea for worshipping Buddhism and belittling Confucianism, which would lead to national subjugation. Therefore, after the establishment of Korea, except for Shizu and Yanshan King, the kings of previous dynasties usually adopted the policy of worshipping Confucianism and abolishing Buddhism, and demolished Buddhist temples in China.Even the Buddha worshipping Yanshan Jun was under the pressure of ministers to abolish Buddhism during his reign.When the Buddhas were abolished, the land of the monastery was confiscated and the monks were heavily taxed.
During the Zhengzu period,CatholicismIt began to spread to North Korea.Catholic missionaries in China used the Korean government'sAstronomical instrumentInterested opportunities, exchanges with Korean envoys in Beijing,missionaryThe erudite, solemn and lofty church, and novel ideas expressed by Christian doctrines were also passed on to Korean envoys with these exchanges.In the 49th year of Qianlong's reign (1784), Korean envoysLi ChengxunHe was baptized as a Catholic in the Catholic South Church in Beijing, and his Christian name is Peter.After his return to China, he began secret missionary activities, and the underground churches and believers organized by Catholics in North Korea increased rapidly.However, the church in North Korea is spontaneous. There are no clergy appointed by the church, and the believers are believersbe baptized, does not conform to Catholic doctrine.However, North Korea strictly prohibits westerners from entering the country, so the bishop of the Beijing diocese decided to send facial features andKoreanThe same Chinese missionaries entered Korea.On December 23, the 56th year of Qianlong's reign (1791), the priest Zhou Wenmo went through all kinds of hardships and sneaked into the Korean border. Immediately, he began his missionary activities. There were two groups of prominent believers and some humble soldiers.The Korean government regards Catholicism asHeresyThey constantly arrested and executed believers. After learning that Chinese missionaries had infiltrated, they intensified their search, arrested and tortured believers.In order to protect the safety of Korean believers, Zhou Wenmo decided to surrender to the Korean governmentSeoulExecuted.This case is called“Xinyou Evil Prison”, many believers and progressive thinkers such as Li ChengxunDing RuoyongPeople were sentenced and exiled.
nation
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North Korea's initial responseJurchenOur policy is to use both gentleness and force.On the one hand, North Korea accepts naturalizedJurchen , conferring official posts, opening trade, carrying out ethnic assimilation, and constantly expanding the influence of North Korea on Jurchen tribes; on the other hand, they do not give up the use of force to expand the northern territory.With the increasing invasion of Nvzhen, the great king of Shizong,XuandeIn the seventh year (1432), King Shizong adopted a tough policy towards Nvzhen and dispatchedJin ZongruistayTumen RiverSix city fortresses were set up at the border, namely Zhongcheng, Huining, Funing, Qingyuan, Qingxing, and Wencheng, and Nuzhen's residence was forcibly included into the ruleimmigrantHere, enrich the northern border.
International Relations
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And the Ming Dynasty
The Battle of Korea in Renchen
The Ming Dynasty and Korea were founded almost at the same time, but in the previous Korean period, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Korea was tense. After Li Chenggui established the Korean Dynasty, the relationship between the two countries has not been fundamentally improved.untilEmperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyOnly when Zhu Di ascended the throne did the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea get on the track of normal development.[68]
Tribute trade is carried out three times a year, namely the "Holy Day" of the emperor's birthday, the "Qianqiu Festival" of the prince's birthday, and the "Zhengdan Festival" of the first day of the first lunar month every year (Zhengchao Jinhe was moved to the winter solstice in 1531[69]）。Three tributes in one year became an absolute exception in the vassal states of the Ming Dynasty, which existed throughout the reign of the Ming Dynasty.In the Yongle Dynasty, the number of tribute paid by North Korea increased significantly.In addition to the three regular tribute, the Korean Dynasty also paid tribute to China in the name of the envoy of gratitude, the envoy of invitation, the envoy of incense and comfort, the envoy of congratulation, the envoy of sacrifice, and the envoy of escort.Among these contributions, the most special one is to offer virgins and eunuchs (fire men).In order to contain North Korea, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty actively appealed to Nuzhen people in the Tumen River basin, so there was a conflict with North Korea on the jurisdiction of Nuzhen people.Taizong, KoreaIn order to control Nuzhen Ren, the place of trade with Nuzhen Ren was blocked, which triggered Nuzhen Ren's military retaliation against North Korea.The Nuzhen Ministry of this period paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty and Korea at the same time and accepted the official positions of the two countries.[70]In the face of North Korea's territorial claim for the living place of Nuzhen in today's North Hamgyong Road area, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty said: "The place of North Korea is also within my control, and I can't argue for anything." This area will be ceded to North Korea.[71]
Jianzhou Weinvzhen moved from Fengzhou in the 21st year of Yongle (1432)Tong Jiajiang(Pozhujiang River, today's Hunjiang River), close to the border of Korea.Due to the increasing friction and misunderstanding with North Korea, North Korea has used troops against Jianzhou Weinvzhen several times.[72]During the Chenghua period, the Ming government sent troops to attack Nvzhen in Jianzhou, the king of KoreaLi QianSend troops to assist in the suppression and gain a lot.[73]
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Japan invaded Korea（Renchen Japanese Rebellion）The Ming Dynasty sent troops to help Korea resist Japan, defeated the Japanese invaders, protected Korea, and was praised by the DPRK as "a benefactor of reinvention".[74]The Battle of SarhuAt that time, the DPRK sent troops to China to help the Ming Dynasty fight.As a result, the Ming army was defeated and the Korean army commander in chiefJiang HongliWait for capture.Later Jin Dynasty hoped that North Korea could attach itself to the Ming Dynasty and resist it.Moreover, Ming JiangMao WenlongOccupying the western part of KoreaPidao, with the support of the DPRK, repeatedly crossed the sea to attack Houjin.After the Later Jin Dynasty conquered Liaoshen, a large number of Liao people fled to Korea.Huang TaijiAfter assuming the throne, he decided to subjugate North Korea[75]。As the suzerain vassal relationship was concluded under military threat, the relationship between Korea and the Qing Dynasty was far less friendly than that between Korea and the Ming Dynasty.[74]
And the Qing Dynasty
In the 46th year of Wanli (1618),NurhachiStart attacking the Ming Dynasty.Want to unite North Korea.But most of the ministers of North Korea supported the attack of the Ming DynastyLater Gold。In the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627), the Later Jin Army invaded Korea, which is known as“The Battle of Ding Mao”。The two sides signed a treaty of brotherhood, but North Korea still maintained relations with the Ming Dynasty.The contradiction between the Later Jin Dynasty and North Korea also intensified. Huang Taiji changed his country name to the Qing Dynasty and became emperor,Korean RenzuHe refused to see the Qing envoy and accepted his credentials.In December of the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Huang Taiji personally led a large army across the river and drove straight into the river“The Battle of the Third Son”。Renzu fled toSouth Han Mountain City, and was surrounded by Qing troops.Several times, North Korean reinforcements came to the rescue and were defeated.In desperation, Renzu surrendered under the condition of no internal or external assistance and bowed to Huang Taiji three times and nine times. Korea became the leader of the Qing Dynastyvassal state。[74]The envoys sent by North Korea to the Qing Dynasty were similar to those sent to the Ming Dynasty, except that there were no envoys for thousands of years in the regular envoys to the Qing Dynasty, and instead they were envoys for years of age.[76]
North Korea's "Rochan Expedition"
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644),Qing soldiers enter the passAnd unified the whole country in the next 20 years.In order to ease relations with North Korea, the Qing rulers, regent Dourgen andEmperor ShunzhiThey returned the Korean princes who were hostages in the Qing Dynasty, and inherited the Ming Dynasty'sforeign policy 。[77]In order to reduce the burden on each other, from the second year of Shunzhi's reign (1645), the winter solstice envoys, the imperial envoys, the holy festival envoys and the old coin envoys who are four times a year were merged into one line, which is called "three festivals and annual tribute envoys", "winter solstice envoys" or "festival envoys".[76]The Qing Dynasty also invited the Korean army tothe Eight Banners ArmyTeam formation and joint expedition northwardCzar RussiaThe army invading China's Heilongjiang Basin, known as“Luochan Expedition”。
However, the internal anti Qing consciousness of Korea is still strong. All official documents of Korea are written with the year of the Qing Dynasty (diplomatic documents with Japan do not write the year, only use the Ganzhi year), while the two groups of scholar bureaucrats continue to use the Chongzhen year privately.[78]Korean Emperor XiaozongAdvocacy“Northern Expedition”，Korean SuzongConstruction“Big Newspaper Forum”，Korean YingzuA large number of Chinese history books such as the history of the Ming Dynasty and the history of the Song Dynasty were edited.[79]North Korea also believes that the Qing Dynasty will be defeated sooner or laterNinggutaAs attacked by Mongolia on the way back from defeat, it will turn into the territory of the DPRK and turn to Ningguta via Ping'an Road and Xianjing Road of the DPRK, so the DPRK will take active precautions against this.[80]In the late 18th century, ZhengzuLi JiOn the surface, it still emphasizes the righteousness of respecting the Ming Dynasty, but in fact, it has recognized the high prosperity of the economy and culture of the Qing Dynasty and the relative backwardness of Korea.He was open and receptive to the advanced culture and technology of the Qing Dynasty.Thanks to Zhengzu's open attitude towards the cultural relics system and advanced technology of the Qing Dynasty“Northern learningThe movement is booming in Korea, and the representative figures of the "North School" arePark Qijia、Park Chiwon、Hong LianghaoEtc.
When Korea opened its port in modern times, the Qing Dynasty facilitated the signing of a treaty between Korea and the United States《North Korea and the United States repaired the treaty of commerce》And then sent troops to calm downRenwu mutinyandGapsin Coup And strengthen control over the DPRK.On the surface, the Korean Emperor Gaozong Li Xi still relied on the Qing Dynasty, but secretly turned his eyes to the Tsarist Russia, hoping to balance the power of countries in Korea through the Tsarist Russia, triggeringNorth Korea Russia secret treaty event。To this end,Li HongzhangInspirationhigh Qing officialStrengthen the control over Li Xi.However, some of Yuan Shikai's high-pressure and radical methods aroused the resentment of the Korean royal family.In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), North Korea broke outJiawu Peasant War, the royal family was unable to suppress, and again asked the Qing Dynasty for help.After the Qing army entered Korea, Japan also sent troops into Korea and refused to withdraw.Later, the Japanese army raided the Korean palace and held Li Xi hostage.Then,Sino-Japanese Jiawu WarBurst.The following year, the Qing Dynasty was defeated and signed with Japan《Treaty of Shimonoseki》The Qing Dynasty completely withdrew from North Korea, and the suzerain vassal relationship between China and North Korea officially ended.[81]In the third year of Guangwu (1899), the Qing government andkorean empire Conclusion《China ROK Trade Treaty》And basically realized the transformation from the traditional suzerain vassal relationship to the modern diplomatic relationship.[82]
And Japan
North Korea has a long history of being harassed by Japanese pirates.It had already existed at the end of the Korean Dynasty.Since the founding of King Taizu, the domestic political situation was more stable than that in the last years of Korea. The Li Dynasty was able to try to eliminate the harm of Japanese pirates by various means.First, take diplomatic measures.Taizu Li Chenggui and Japan successivelyDarnayandPedisConduct diplomatic negotiations.Second, by force.On the one hand, North Korea strengthened its coastal defense force to fight against the invasion of Japanese pirates; on the other hand, Li Chenggui once sent troops to attack the nests of Japanese pirates.This is just a temporary solution.Third, we should use the means of appeasement and tenderness to take in the Japanese people who have become more oriented and grant them official positions to win over.Fourth, allow trade with the Japanese within a certain range and allow them to fish off the Korean coast, in an attempt to alleviate the Japanese invasion.
Korean Messenger
Between the Korean Dynasty and many Japanese forces,DumadaoThe Zong family of the Hao family plays a special role.Zong is Japan's guardian of horses, and also Korea's "master of horse islands".In the past dynasties, the island of Chuma on the Korean Strait has been divided and actively engaged in trade activities with the Korean Peninsula.Zong has always served as a bridge for Japan's diplomacy with Korea in the Muromachi and Edo times.However, the harmonious relationship between North Korea and the horse was once suspended due to the death of Zong Zhenmao.After Zong Zhenmao's death, real power fell into the hands of Zaoda Zuoweimen, the head of Japanese pirates.In the 17th year of Yongle's reign (1419), when the grain harvest in Madao was poor, in order to solve the livelihood problem, the Japanese pirates attacked the coast along the Zhongqing Dao Piren (now Shuchuan County, South Chungching Dao, South Korea) and Huanghai Dao Haizhou (now Haizhou City, South Huanghai Dao, North Korea).For the sake of color, Emperor Taizong of Korea who had abdicated as king at that timeLi Fangyuan, let his son, the newly enthroned King ShizongLi 裪——It was ordered to denounce the island of Duima as a springboard for Japanese pirates.According to the Records of the Korean Dynasty, in June of the 17th year of Yongle (1419), King Shizong appointedLi CongmaoHe is the commander of the navy, commanding 227 warships and 17000 troops to attack the island.After some fighting, Zong Zhensheng was afraid that the Korean army would stay on the island for a long time, so he surrendered and asked for a truce, claiming that there would be a storm on the sea in July.The Korean army returned to Juji Island on July 3.Finally, Zong Zhensheng, who was so disturbed by the war, offered a book to beg for peace. The war actually lasted less than a month and ended.In the third year of Xuande (1428), North Korea was established“Messenger”。In the eighth year of orthodoxy (1443), the DPRK concluded the Treaty of Kuihai with the Malaysians（Treaty of Kuihai）》It is stipulated that Ma Dao will send 50 "Sui Dispatch Ships" to the DPRK every year, and the DPRK will send 200 "Sui Dispatch Rice Beans" to the DPRK every year, establishing trade relations.[83]
Empress Ming Cheng
In the 20th year of Wanli (1592),Fengchen XiujiThe Ming Dynasty sent troops to help invade Korea.With the aid of the Ming Dynasty, he defeated the Japanese invaders.After that, he broke off diplomatic relations with Japan, and formally restored diplomatic relations only in the 37th year of Wanli (1609)MessengerCommunication.Since modern times, in the first year of Guangxu (1875), Japan launched“Yunyang event”。However, the Qing Dynasty was unwilling to take responsibility for North Korea's "shelling of Japanese ships" and was busy dealing with Russia. The great powers were eager to open the door of North Korea, and North Korea was isolated.[84]In the second year of Guangxu (1876), Japan forced Korea to sign《Jianghua Island Treaty》。Japan has obtained a series of economic rights and interests.In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), in order to compete with China for KoreaSuzeraintyBurstSino Japanese War。Due to the defeat of the Qing army, it was signed the following year《Treaty of Shimonoseki》North Korea stopped its vassal relationship with the Qing Dynasty.To contain Japan,Empress Ming ChengTrying to woo Russia into a stumbling block for Japan.In the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1895), Empress Cheng of the Ming DynastyGyeongbokgung PalaceYuhulou was assassinated and burned by the Japanese right wing, which is known as“Yiwei Incident”。Minister Plenipotentiary of Japan in KoreaMiura Gorō It is considered to be the leader of the Second World War.Although the Japanese government was forced to announce the punishment of the perpetrators under the pressure of international public opinion, and announced the policy of "non-interference in Korea" to all countries, the Korean nobility fled to the embassies of Russia, the United States and other countries for protection, and the Korean king also fled to the Russian embassy.[85]
After the Sino Japanese War, Japan defeated the Qing government, but because of Russia, Germany and FranceTriple Intervention The event, which was discredited among the Korean ruling class, turned the Korean ruler to the Tsarist Russia, which was the outstanding performance in this event.In order to eliminate the influence of Tsarist Russia on North Korea and finally achieve the goal of completely occupying North Korea, Japan spent nearly ten years on hardships, and finallyRusso Japanese WarChina defeated Russia and occupied the whole territory of Korea.In the ninth year of Guangwu (1905),ito hirobumi Forced North Korea to sign《Yisi Protection Treaty》。According to the treaty, North Korea receives "protection" militarily, and its diplomacy is under the charge of the Japanese Foreign Ministry. The king and cabinet have become the puppets of Ito.In the next three years, Ito Bowen has become the supreme emperor of North Korea.Ito is responsible for North Korea's decrees and the appointment and removal of high-ranking officials.The Japanese army used heavy troops to crusade against Korean patriots who lacked weapons and were poorly organizedVolunteer movementThe volunteer movement failed after the sacrifice of tens of thousands of people.In the 11th year of Guangwu (1907), Ito Bowen made an excuseThe Hague emissary incidentAbolish Gao Zong.In the third year of Longxi (1909),An ChonggenstayHarbinThe station killed the visiting Ito Bowen.In the fourth year of Longxi (1910)《Treaty of Merger between Japan and South Korea》Signing, the Korean Dynasty perished.[85]
Because of history,Korean Peninsulasuffer greatlyBuddhismandConfucianismImpact.The Korean people attach importance to "seniority and inferiority". Filial piety to parents, respect for teachers and respect for elders are the principles of life.The younger generation must use when talking to the elderhonorificThe same should be done for the older ones to show politeness[86]。
Clothes & Accessories
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1392, Li Chenggui followed the clothing system of the Korean period and adopted the ritual system of the Ming Dynasty to initially formulate the clothing system for 100 officials.According to the Records of the Korean Dynasty, the royal costumes, royal sons' costumes and official costumes of the Korean Dynasty were mainly formed inSejong, KoreaDuring the period, the princess's clothes were mainlyChengzong, KoreaTime becomes customization.In addition to the king's crown dress and princess's dress, which were directly given by the Ming Dynasty, the official dress was completed by referring to Chinese classical documents such as Tongdian, Tongwen Tongkao and the system of the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties.After the rise of the Qing Dynasty, although the Korean Dynasty surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, it still used the old system of the Ming Dynasty in terms of clothing system.[92]
The crown dress system of civil and military officials in the Korean Dynasty drew lessons from the Ming Dynasty《Hongwu Ritual System》, absorbing the number of beams with the crown in the legal system of the Ming Dynasty.The patterns of official robes and complements distinguish the rank and position of civil and military officials.In terms of the ban on wearing hats and the ritual law of wearing hats, the prohibitions in the Criminal Code of Jingguo Dadian and the ban on wearing colors issued by the King of Korea strictly restrict the use of the colors of hats from the courtiers to the people. At the same time, the luxury ban and ritual law have also been issued to strictly define the use class of precious metals, jewelry accessories, silk, yarn, satin and other high-end clothing fabrics,It also stipulates the requirements for the number of clothes and the number of folds of the lower garment for people of all levels.[93]
