For example: carbon monoxide ：CO、 Mercury vapor Hg
Sarin : (CH3) 2CHOOPF (CH3) Scientific name: Isopropyl Methylfluorophosphonate 、 VX: S - (2-II Isopropyl ammonia ethyl ）-Methyl thiophosphonate ethyl ester Common toxic and harmful gases can be divided into:
② Asphyxiating gas ——It refers to the toxic gas that can cause hypoxia of the body. The suffocating gas can be divided into Simple suffocating gas , blood suffocating gas and cell suffocating gas. Such as nitrogen methane 、 ethane 、 ethylene 、 carbon monoxide 、 nitrobenzene Of steam Hydrogen cyanide 、 hydrogen sulfide Etc. 1. Harm and prevention of irritating gas
Many industries Production process There are irritating gases, such as welding, electroplating, smelting, chemical, petroleum and other industries. Most of these gases are corrosive and can cause acute poisoning 。 The effect of irritant gas on the body Toxic effect The common feature of is that it has different degrees of irritation to eyes, respiratory tract mucosa and skin. Generally, it is mainly local damage, but it can also cause Systemic reaction 。 "Three acid" vapor can irritate respiratory mucosa and skin burn ； Long term exposure to low concentration Acid mist , it can also stimulate teeth and cause teeth Acid etching 。 Chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, etc Water solubility Large, easy to cause when encountering wet parts Injurious effect 。 After inhaling these gases Upper respiratory tract The mucous membrane is dissolved and directly stimulates the mucous membrane, causing congestion, edema, and increased secretion of the upper respiratory tract mucous membrane, resulting in chemical inflammatory reaction , runny nose, itchy throat Cough And other symptoms. Nitrogen oxides, phosgene, etc. are less soluble in water. When they pass through the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, they rarely cause Hydrolysis , so mucous membrane irritation is slight; But it can go further a bronchial tube and Alveoli , gradually act with the moisture on the mucosa, and produce strong stimulation and Corrosion , serious pulmonary edema 。 The key to prevent irritating gases is to eliminate accidents, prevent escape, emission, dripping and leakage, and make good use of waste gas recovery and comprehensive utilization. The automation, mechanization and pipelining of the production process adopt automatic control technology, Automatic adjustment To maintain normal Operating conditions To prevent accidents; Improve the airtightness of equipment to prevent metal equipment Corrosion cracking ； According to production Process characteristics Select appropriate ventilation method. strengthen Personal protection Wear corrosion resistant protective equipment such as polyvinyl chloride , rubber products, rubber gloves Protective glasses , Protection Rubber overshoes Etc; wear anti-poison respirator or Protective mask ； Skin protection Ointment 。 strengthen Health monitoring , do a good job of pre job and regular physical examination, and find that Allergic asthma 、 Allergic dermatosis or Skin exposure There are eczema And other diseases, chronic diseases of eyes, nose, throat, trachea and other respiratory tract pulmonary tuberculosis (including stabilization period) and heart disease Patients should not be exposed to irritating gas. Sulfur dioxide mainly comes from Sulfur fossil fuel (coal and oil) Combustion products , on Metallic minerals Of roasting , wool and silk bleach 、 Chemical pulp Waste gas containing sulfur dioxide is also discharged from production processes such as acid making and so on. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, strong irritating gas with sulfuric acid taste, and is easily soluble in water Water vapor The acid generated by contact will strongly stimulate and corrode the eyes and respiratory tract, and may cause inflammation of the throat and bronchi, Respiratory paralysis , which may cause pulmonary edema in severe cases. It is an active poison, which can be oxidized into sulfur trioxide in the air to form sulfuric acid smoke, and its toxicity is 10 times greater than that of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide respiratory organ It has a strong corrosive effect and inflames the nose, throat and bronchi. When in air SO2 When the concentration reaches 0.0005%, Olfactory organ Can smell the pungent smell; When it reaches 0.002%, there is strong stimulation, which can cause headache and Sore throat ； 0.05% can cause bronchitis And pulmonary edema, which can cause death in a short time. Sulfur dioxide safety in China hygienic standard 15mg/m3. Ammonia oxide mainly comes from fuel combustion, chemical industry, electroplating and other production processes. NO2 It is brownish red gas, which strongly stimulates respiratory organs and can cause acute asthma Experiments have proved that NO2 can rapidly destroy lung cells, which may be emphysema And lung tumor. When the concentration of NO2 is 1~3ppm, the odor can be smelled; When the concentration is 13 ppm, the eye and nose have acute irritation; When the concentration is 16.9ppm, breathing for 10min will cause vital capacity The air flow resistance of the lungs increases. professional Acute phosgene poisoning Is on production environment Acute symptoms caused by inhalation of phosgene respiratory system Systemic diseases mainly caused by damage. Phosgene production, Chlorohydrocarbon Phosgene is organically synthesized and manufactured during high-temperature combustion dyestuff Phosgene can be contacted in the production of pesticides and medicines. When the concentration of phosgene in the production environment is 20~30mg/m3, acute poisoning may occur, 100~300mg/m3, and 10~15min exposure may cause serious poisoning or death. Clinically, it mainly causes respiratory tract mucous membrane irritation symptoms, and the severe cases cause Bronchospasm , chemical inflammation, pulmonary edema, asphyxia, etc. After acute poisoning is cured, there are generally no sequelae, and severe cases can leave obvious respiratory symptoms or signs. Common asphyxiating gases include carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide After they enter the human body, they will hinder the ability of blood to transport oxygen or the ability of tissues to use oxygen, resulting in tissue hypoxia and harm. main preventive measure It is to strengthen the airtightness and ventilation, strictly enforce the rules of safe operation, strengthen publicity and education, popularize the knowledge of first aid and prevention, and do a good job of health supervision before work and regular physical examination. Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, which can be evenly distributed in the air and slightly soluble in water. It is generally chemically inactive, but can cause explosion when the concentration is 13~75%. Carbon monoxide mostly belongs to Industrial furnace , internal combustion engine and other equipment Incomplete combustion There is also leakage from gas equipment. Carbon monoxide is highly toxic, and it affects human body hemoglobin Its affinity is 250~300 times higher than that of oxygen and human heme. After the human body inhales the air containing carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide quickly combines with heme, which greatly reduces the ability of heme to absorb oxygen, resulting in hypoxia in various tissues and cells of the human body, causing asphyxia and blood poisoning, and even death in serious cases. When the concentration of CO in the air reaches 0.4%, people will lose consciousness in a short time, and will be poisoned to death if rescue is not timely. Since carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless, it can be mixed with air evenly and is not easy to be detected, so precautions must be taken. The safety and health standard of carbon monoxide in China is 30mg/m3.
Colorless and obvious Rotten egg Odorous combustible gas 。 Soluble in water ethanol , gasoline kerosene , crude oil Autoignition point 246℃， Explosion limit ：4.3%~46%。 Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame and produces sulfur dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide mixed with air up to the explosion range can cause a strong explosion. Hydrogen sulfide is composed of Iron sulfide Dilute sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid React with or through hydrogen and Sulfur vapor Reaction preparation, hydrogen sulfide is rarely used in production, and is generally used as Chemical reaction process Medium, such as sulfur Petroleum exploitation And refining Viscose man-made fiber 、 synthetic rubber , dyes, tanning, and by-products produced in sugar production (can be used as Analytical reagent , which can be used in agriculture disinfectant ）； It can also be released during the fermentation of sulfur-containing organics acute poisoning Accidents are mostly in the latter situation, also in mines, gas wells and sewer Hydrogen sulfide is encountered in. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic substance that strongly stimulates nerves and can cause asphyxia. Even at low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide has obvious irritating effects on eyes and respiratory tract. At low concentration Rotten egg However, the sense of smell becomes dull due to continuous contact. High concentration of hydrogen sulfide can quickly numb the sense of smell. The national health standard is 10mg/m3. Mild poisoning When, eyes appear Photophobia , tears, eye tingling, but also Blepharospasm 、 Blurred vision symptom; Nasopharynx burning sensation cough 、 Chest tightness , nausea, vomiting, feat dizziness, headache lasting for several hours, fatigue, pain in the legs. In case of moderate poisoning, Vagueness of consciousness , can lose consciousness for a few minutes, but no dyspnea 。 In case of severe poisoning, people unconsciously enter into deep coma, accompanied by dyspnea, shortness of breath, and gray face Cyanosis Until the dyspnea is relieved, Tachycardia And paroxysmal Tetanic spasm 。 Inhalation of large amount of hydrogen sulfide will immediately lead to hypoxia, which may lead to "shock like" poisoning, lung damage and asphyxia. Sealing, ventilation and detoxification during production shall be strengthened. The production process shall be sealed, and the air shall be discharged safely in places where hydrogen sulfide may escape ventilation system , enterprises should include Regular health supervision , the production ambient air shall be monitored H2S Concentration. It is not allowed to enter the local space containing H2S to operate the equipment or dispose the sewer Local ventilation Ventilation Purified air , and measure the concentration of H2S at working process The concentration of H2S is often measured in, and the presence of H2S can never be detected by smell. Personal protection shall be strengthened in places with H2S measured, and workers shall wear it when entering Oxygen respirator Or gray Color code Canister Of antigas mask , must have conscientiousness Strong workers External guardianship 。 Workers shall wear chemical protective glasses when cleaning sewage or sewage pool. In places where hydrogen sulfide is stored or used No Smoking And open flame, electrical equipment shall be Explosion proof type 。 Transportation process The middle steel cylinder shall be fixed and labeled with "Toxic Compressed gas ”Signs shall be stored in a weatherproof and sunproof airtight room. Hydrogen sulfide bearing Waste gas treatment , discharge shall comply with environment law 。 [1] 
