Total lunar eclipse, an astronomical term, islunar eclipseWhenmoonWhen the earth and the sun are completely in a straight line, the earth is in the middle, the whole moon goes into the shadow of the earth, and the moon surface turns dark red, forming a total lunar eclipse.
For example, on October 8, 2014, the sky staged a "total lunar eclipse", and the moon did not disappear, but became a mysterious and beautiful "red moon".The total lunar eclipse began at 17:14 p.m. on the 8th, and lasted about 3 hours and 20 minutes from initial loss to recovery.On the evening of April 4, 2015, there was a total lunar eclipse.The first loss time is 18:15 on the 4th day;The time of eating was 19:54;At 20:00, when food is scarce;The lighting time is 20:6;The time of restoration is 21:45.Among them, the most wonderful total eclipse lasted for 12 minutes, which was also the shortest total lunar eclipse in 134 years[1]。In 2018, China entered a period of high incidence of total lunar eclipse, with total lunar eclipse occurring in the evening of January 31 and the early morning of July 28[16]。
The first total lunar eclipse will be held in Tianyu on May 16, 2022. Unfortunately, this total lunar eclipse will occur during the daytime in China, and the public cannot see the "Red Moon".Astronomical science experts said that on November 8, the second total lunar eclipse of this year will be of more observational value to the Chinese public.
Chinese name
lunar eclipse
Foreign name
total lunar eclipse
Category
Lunar eclipse
Causes
The moon, the earth and the sun are in a straight line
On the 15th and 16th of the lunar calendar, the moon moves in the opposite direction to the sun.At this time, if the center of the earth and the moon are roughly in the same straight line, the moon will enter the earth's umbra, resulting in a total lunar eclipse.During lunar eclipse, for the earth, the direction difference between the sun and the moon is 180 °. Because of the orbit of the sun and the moon in the sky, they are calledEclipticandBai DaoIt is not on the same plane, but has an intersection angle of about 5 °. Therefore, only the sun and the moon are located near the two intersections of the ecliptic and the white path, respectively, and have the opportunity to form a straight line, resulting in a total lunar eclipse.[3]
Initial loss: the moon just touched the Earth's umbra, markinglunar eclipseStart.
Shiji: The western edge of the moon is inscribed with the western edge of the Earth's umbra, and the moon just enters the Earth's umbra.
Food preference: The center of the moon is closest to the center of the Earth's umbra.
Shengguang: The eastern edge of the moon is inscribed with the eastern edge of the Earth's umbra, when the total eclipse phase ends.
Compound circle: The western edge of the moon is circumscribed with the eastern edge of the Earth's umbra, whenlunar eclipseThe whole process is over.
The extent of the moon being eaten is called "eclipse", which is equal toFood gluttonyThe ratio of the farthest distance from the edge of the moon wheel into the Earth's umbra to the apparent longitude of the moon.
Eclipse, photographed in Baidu Science Park on October 8, 2022
Observation record
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method
Observation method of total lunar eclipse: useBinocularsperhapsAstronomical telescopeIt can be seen clearly when it is more than 7 times.You can stand high to see, so you can have a good view.It can also be observed directly with the naked eye. The following two total lunar eclipses can be observed without any special equipment.
record
Before observation, prepare some observation paper, on which a large circle is drawn. The circle is marked with 0 ° to 360 ° in a counterclockwise direction. The position of 0 ° represents the true north point of the moon surface.During the total lunar eclipse, draw a picture every 4 minuteslunar eclipseSketch.As a result, we can get a set ofEclipseFig.
Whole food process Zhou Xin
Watching the total lunar eclipse, it is better to use a smallAstronomical telescope。The public who like astronomical photography should prepare their cameras in advance to welcome the total lunar eclipse.When shooting, it is better to use a lens with a longer focus, fix the camera with a tripod, and increase the exposure time appropriately through the shutter line.If you can select some distinctive backgrounds, such as tall towers, ancient buildings, etc., it will be more ornamental.Shooting“lunar eclipseHulu string ", it is necessary to select a camera and wide-angle lens that can be continuously exposed for multiple times in the same picture, and prepare a tripod to fix the camera, and calculate in advance how long (usually 15-20 minutes) to take a shot, then you can take a shot.
Photometric color
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lunar eclipseThe brightness and color of the lunar surface can be divided into the following five levels: level 0, very dim, almost invisible;Level 1, slightly bright, dark yellow, hard to distinguish details;Level 2, slightly bright, dark red or brown yellow, with some dark spots in the center and quite bright outside;Level 3, brick red, can see the details of the moon surface, but very vague;Level 4, copper red, very bright, very bright outside, slightly blue, large details can be seen.When observing the total lunar eclipse, judge the brightness and color level of the lunar surface and record them.At the same time, record the weather conditions at that time.
Danjon total lunar eclipse luminosity classification
L=0 dark black（Food gluttonyThe moon is almost invisible to the naked eye)
L=1 black belt is gray or brown (it is difficult to distinguish details)
L=2 dark red or rust red (dark black in the center of the umbra but bright in the periphery)
L=3 brick red (the shadow edge is bright or yellow)
L=4 bright orange red (bright background, with blue edge)
Fischer total lunar eclipse photometric classification
2. The naked eye can see the moon sea and the mainCraterOther details shall be in small formBinoculars(diameter below 4cm)
1. You need a telescope with an aperture of 5cm to 15cm to see the details
0 It needs a telescope with an aperture of more than 15cm to see the details
These two data are very important. These two parameters need to be written in the report when making the official observation of the total lunar eclipse.
Lunar eclipse classification
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lunar eclipseCan be divided intopartial lunar eclipse, total lunar eclipse andPenumbral eclipseThree.When only part of the moon enters the Earth's umbra, there will be a partial lunar eclipse;When the whole moon enters the Earth's umbra, there will be a total lunar eclipse.As for the penumbra eclipse, it means that the moon only sweeps over the penumbra area of the earth, causing a slight reduction in the brightness of the moon surface, which is difficult to see the difference with the naked eye.[6]
No,Annular lunar eclipse。Since the earth's umbra is much larger than the moon's, this also means that the moon will completely enter the earth's umbra area in the event of a total lunar eclipse, so an annular eclipse will not occur.
The lunar eclipse must occur in "Wang" (around the 15th lunar calendar).When the moon enters the penumbra of the earth, it should be a penumbra eclipse, but because its brightness decreases so little that it is difficult to detect, it is not called a lunar eclipse. Some people think that there are only two types of lunar eclipses: total lunar eclipse and partial lunar eclipse.
Total lunar eclipse for solar radiationSolar panelPoweredArtificial celestial bodyIt has a certain impact.China's moon orbiting satellite launched on October 24, 2007“Chang'e-1”At the end of February 2008, we were facing the test of the first total lunar eclipse to meet the temporary "energy" crisis and low temperature test.When a total lunar eclipse occurs, the entire moon and its orbiting satellites will "drill" into the huge shadow of the earth, and it is estimated that there will be 3-4 hours without sunshine.Because "Chang'e-1" is mainly illuminated by the sunSolar panelPower supply. Although the satellite is equipped with a battery, the battery can only guarantee power supply for a short time.During this period, some scientific equipment on the satellite will be temporarily shut down, leaving theSpace"Chang'e" tried to "economize on food and clothing" to ensure that she survived the difficulties.lunar eclipseAfter that, start up control.On the whole, the lunar eclipse has little impact on the work of Chang'e-1 satellite.
Historical legend
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Columbus and Eclipse
Legend, at the beginning of the 16th century,ColumbusSailed to South AmericaJamaica, and localIndigenous peopleA conflict has occurred.Columbus and his sailors were trapped in a corner, without food or water. The situation was very critical.Columbus, who knew something about astronomy, knew that there would be a total lunar eclipse that night, so he shouted to the natives, "If you don't bring food, you won't get moonlight!" At night, Columbus's words came true, and there was no moonlight.Seeing this, the aboriginal people were afraid and quickly turned their quarrel with Columbus into friendship.2283 BCMesopotamiaOflunar eclipseThe record is the earliest lunar eclipse record in the world, followed by the lunar eclipse record in 1136 BC in China.The phenomenon of lunar eclipse has been promoting the development of human cognition.As early as 1881, Chinese astronomers of the Han DynastyZhang HengThen we figured out the principle of lunar eclipse.[7]
Aristotle and Eclipse
In the 4th century BC, Aristotle saw that the shadow of the earth was round when the moon was eclipsing, and inferred that the earth was spherical.Greek astronomers in the 3rd century BCAlistarkBoth Aristarchus and Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC proposed to measure the relative size of the sun earth moon system through lunar eclipse.Ibaku also proposed to observe at two places far away at the same timelunar eclipse, to measure geographic longitude.In the second century, Ptolemy used ancient lunar eclipse records to study the motion of the moon, and this method has been extended to today.In the rocket andArtificial earth satelliteBefore its appearance, scientists had been exploring the Earth's atmospheric structure by observing lunar eclipses.The earliest record of lunar eclipse is 2283 years agoMesopotamiaRecords of.
Tiangou eats the moon
In ancient China and Africa, people believed that the lunar eclipse was "a dog swallowing the moon", and that only by beating gongs and drums could the dog be driven away.In the Han Dynasty,Zhang HengHe has already discovered part of the principle of the lunar eclipse. He believes that the earth went in front of the moon to block the light of the sun. "The rush of the day, when the light often does not match, is covered by the ground. It is dark and empty. When the star is small, the moon is eclipsed." Aristotle in the previous fourth century inferred that the earth is round according to the circular shape of the earth's shadow seen by the lunar eclipse.The first three centuriesancient GreekAstronomersAristakAristoarchusHipachas(Hipparchus) have proposed to passlunar eclipseTo measure the size of the sun, the earth and the moon.It is said that there was a young man named "Mulian".He is a good Buddha by nature and kind.She is very filial to her mother. However, as the mother of Mulian, she is violent and likes and dislikes people.Once, Mu Lian's mother suddenly came up with an evil idea: Monk recites Buddhism and eats vegetarian food.We should tease them and eat dog meat with meat.She ordered to make 360 dog meat steamed buns, which she said were plain steamed buns, and she would go to the temple to fast.When Mulian knew this, he persuaded his mother not to listen, and sent someone to inform the abbot of the temple.The abbot prepared 360 plain steamed buns.Hidden in the sleeve of each monk's cassock.The mother of Mulian came to fast and gave each monk a dog meat steamed bun.When the monk recited Buddhism before dinner, he replaced the dog meat steamed bread with the vegetarian steamed bread in his sleeve and ate it.The mother of Mulian saw that the monks had eaten her steamed buns. "Haha!" she clapped her hands and laughed, saying, "Today the monk is eating meat! The monk is eating dog meat steamed buns!" The abbot put his hands together and said repeatedly, "Amitabha, sin, sin!" After that, he buried 360 dog meat steamed buns in the back of the temple with earth.When the Jade Emperor in heaven learned about this, he was very angry.Knock the mother of Mulian down to 18 levels of hell, and become a vicious dog. You can't live beyond life forever.Mulian was a dutiful son. He learned that his mother had gone to hell.He practiced day and night, and finally becameEarth Store Bodhisattva。In order to save his mother, he opened the gate of hell with a tin rod.The mother of Mulian and all the evil spirits escaped from the hell and were reborn to make trouble in the world.The Jade Emperor was so angry that Mu Lian went down to earth to join the Yellow Nest.Later, "Huang Chao killed eight million people", which is said to have come to collect these evil spirits who escaped from hell.Mother of MulianAfter escaping from hell, the dog turned into a vicious dog. Because he hated the Jade Emperor very much, he ran to the heaven to find the Jade Emperor to settle accounts.She could not find the Jade Emperor in the sky, so she went to chase the sun and the moon, and wanted to eat them, so that the heaven and the earth would become a dark world.This vicious dog chases and chases day and night!She chased the moon and swallowed it up;Chase the sun and swallow it.However, the evil dog, the mother of Mulian, was most afraid of gongs and drums and firecrackers. The sun and moon swallowed by the evil dog had to vomit out again.After the sun and moon were saved, the sun and moon would shine together again and run again.The evil dog was unwilling to catch up again, so again and again it formed the solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in the sky.People call it "Tiangou eats the sun" and "Tiangou eats the moon".During the solar and lunar eclipses, many urban and rural people also spread the custom of beating gongs and drums and setting off firecrackers to drive away Tengu.
Lunar eclipse record
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2010
On December 21, 2010, the wonderful total lunar eclipse appeared in the winter sky, and many people wanted to witness the grand occasion of "Tengu swallowing the moon".Astronomical experts said that unfortunately, it is difficult for the Chinese public to take recordslunar eclipseThe "sugar gourd string" of the whole process.At 13:28 on the 21st, the moon will enter penumbra;14:32Initial lossThe lunar eclipse officially began, but at this time, the moon was still below the horizon for the whole of China, and could not be observed.16:17Food gluttonyWhen the moon enters the deepest part of the Earth's umbra, a few parts of China can be observed.In some areas, a dark red moon can be seen rising from the east.By 16:54Light generation, that is, the moon begins to leave the Earth's umbra. At this time, the moon has risen in northeast China, northern North China and Shandong Peninsula. The public in the above areas can find an unobstructed place in the northeast to enjoy itpartial lunar eclipse。At this time, you can continuously take pictures of the moon gradually breaking away from the Earth's umbra.18:02Compound circle, the moon completely left the Earth's umbra, and the total eclipse ended.The maximum portion of this total eclipse is 1.261.It is difficult for Chinese observers to observe the whole process of this total lunar eclipse,lunar eclipseIt happened during the daytime in China, and the public could only wait until after sunset to enjoy the partial lunar eclipse.
Total lunar eclipse
2011
Chart of the whole process of the lunar eclipse in June 2011[9]
In 2011, the total lunar eclipse visible in China occurred on June 16 and December 10, respectively. The whole process of the total lunar eclipse can be seen in China on December 10.On June 16, for the whole world, the total lunar eclipse on June 16 can be observed in most parts of Asia, Oceania, Europe, Africa and Antarctica.The regions that can be seen in the whole process are mainly concentrated in western Asia and eastern Africa, and the vast areas in eastern China can be observedMoon setting with eclipse。Generally, the public is represented by food pointslunar eclipseThe depth at which the moon enters the Earth's umbra during its occurrence.To be precise, it is the sum of the angular radius Re of the Earth's umbra and the angular radius Rm of the moon surface minus the angular distance l between the Earth's umbra and the center of the moon surface, and then it is connected with the moon surfaceAngular diameter2Rm ratio.During a lunar eclipse, the moment of maximum eclipse isFood gluttony。First, when a total lunar eclipse occurs, the eclipse fraction must be greater than or equal to 1.And according to the size of the sun, the earth and the moon and the distance between them, the public can calculate that the theoretical maximum eclipse fraction of the total lunar eclipse is about 1.85.The maximum eclipse score of this total lunar eclipse is 1.705, which is close to the theoretical extreme value. It is the largest total lunar eclipse in recent years.The portion of food is larger, and the duration of total food will be longer.The total lunar eclipse on June 16,Eating bothAt 3:22,Light generationAt 5:03, the total eclipse will last for 1 hour and 41 minutes.Although there is enough time, the actual observation will be very tense.Taking Beijing as an example, the sun rises at about 4:50 on the same day, so the moon will fall before it gets light.Moreover, the sunlight scattered by the atmosphere will brighten the background skylight more than an hour before sunrise.andFood gluttonyTime (4:13 Beijing time)Horizon heightIt is only more than 5 °, so the originally weak red moon will be even less obvious.In Beijing,Eating bothThe horizon height of the moon at that time is still nearly 13 °. Although it is half an hour after the astronomical dawn, the sky is not too bright.Therefore, for those who want to take pictures of the total lunar eclipse, we should make full preparations and make observations against the clock.Good weather conditions are the prerequisite for successful observation of the total lunar eclipse. Of course, in addition to paying attention to the weather forecast, we should also choose appropriate observation sites.For eastern China, this timeMoon setting with eclipseIt is better to conduct the observation at a place with as little shelter as possible in the southwest.Although the low lunar horizon has a negative impact on the observation, it also provides a valuable opportunity for everyone to take pictures of the total lunar eclipse with landscape.Therefore, it is particularly important to select a suitable location for observation. Historic sites and landmark buildings are good materials.If you want to take a group photo of a nearby person with a total lunar eclipse, you can use flash light to fill the light properly.At 2:23 a.m. on June 16, around 4:00 a.m., the weather was sunny, and the whole process could be seen in parts of western and southwest China.At about 6:24 p.m. BST on June 15 (2:24 a.m. Beijing time on June 16), the longest total lunar eclipse since 2000 will occur in many regions around the world, such as half of AfricaMiddle EastPeople in central Asia, including China, and western Australia can observe the total lunar eclipse.The total eclipse of the moon entering the Earth's umbra begins, and it is still not over until the moon falls below the horizon. There will be a scene of falling with the eclipse.China can watch the total lunar eclipse at 2:23 am at the beginning of the loss;Shiji 3:22;The food consumption was 4:13, and the maximum food consumption was 1.705;Shengguang 5:03;The circle was restored at 6:03.June 16lunar eclipseIt is the longest total lunar eclipse since 2000.The refraction of the solar light reflected by the moon through the earth's atmosphere may enable people on the earth to see the red, brown and "black" moon when they observe the moon.When the solar light reflected by the moon enters the earth's atmosphere, it backscatters blue light, which can make it appear red when observed on the earth.The red moon lasts about 100 minutes.Since the sunset of the day in Britain will not end until about 9:19 p.m., British astronomers will not be able to see the early stage of the eclipse.On June 16, 2011IslamabadCapturedlunar eclipseScene.Parts of Europe, Africa, Central Asia andAustraliaThe total lunar eclipse can be seen by 30% of the amateur astronomers.
Visible area map of total lunar eclipse in June 2011[8]
This total lunar eclipse is the best one observed in China since January 10, 2001.It is mainly based on two aspects: first, the total lunar eclipse can be observed almost all over China, which is also the biggest feature of this total lunar eclipse;Second, the time of total lunar eclipse is suitable for Chinese public observation, and the whole process of total lunar eclipse can be appreciated.A total lunar eclipseInitial loss、Eating both、Light generation、Compound circleWait for several important time points.The initial loss of this total lunar eclipse was 20:45 on December 10, Beijing time, 22:06 on December 10, the time of eclipse, 22:57 on December 10, and the recovery occurred at 0:17 on December 11.Among them, the period from eating to raw light is the period of total eclipse, which means that the most wonderful total eclipse time for observers is 51 minutes.Su Yi, director of the Chinese Astronomical Society and professor of Nankai University, said that this timelunar eclipseThe time of occurrence is very convenient for observation in most parts of China. It not only lasts for a long time, but also happens on Saturday and in the first half of the night. In addition, it has a high rate of sunny days in winter and good atmospheric transparency.If the local weather is good, you can clearly see the whole process of the eclipse[10]。
High definition picture of the total lunar eclipse on December 10, 2011
2014
The Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences predicted that a total lunar eclipse would be staged at 5:14.4 p.m. Beijing time on October 8, 2014, and the total eclipse would last for one hour.
It is predicted that at 5:14.4 p.m. on October 8, Beijing time, the moon will enter the initial loss (the moon has just entered the shadow of the earth);At 6:24.6 p.m., it was Shi Ji (the moon had just cast its shadow);At 6:54.6 pm, food was consumed (the moon went deep into the shadow);At 7:24.5 p.m., light came on (the moon had just come out of the Earth's shadow);At 8:34.7 p.m., it was recovery (the moon had just come out of the shadow of the earth).The whole duration of the total eclipse, that is, the duration of the moon's full entry into the Earth's umbra, is one hour from eclipse to birth.[11]
"Serial April eclipses" means that there will be "total lunar eclipses" for 4 consecutive months within 2 years, and the moon looks dark red;The rare "serial April eclipse" has only occurred three times in 500 years, and the fourth time was in April and October of 2014, and April and September of 2015.[4-5]When the moon enters the umbra without direct sunlight, because the atmosphere absorbs all the violet, blue, green and yellow light, only the red light can penetrate and refract to the moon surface to form a dark red moon, also known as the blood moon, that is, "total lunar eclipse".[4]The fifth consecutive April eclipse will occur in 2032 and 2033.[4]
2018
On January 31, 2018, there will be a total lunar eclipse in the sky tonight. If the weather is clear, you can enjoy the "red moon"scene。The penumbra of this total lunar eclipselunar eclipseStage starts atBeijing TimeAt 18:51, the brightness of the moon surface did not change much at this time, so public observation can start from the initial loss at 19:48, and will slowly seeMoonA corner is missing;At 20:52, the moon was completely "eaten";From 20:52 to 22:08 in the night skymoonIt will become bronze, which is often said“Red Moon”；From 22:08, the moon slowlyCompound circle；At about 23:11,observationend.[12]
On July 28, 2018, a total lunar eclipse occurred from 3:30 a.m. to 5:14 a.m. Beijing time.[2]
2019
On the evening of January 21, 2019, a total lunar eclipse will occur.[13]
2021
On the evening of May 26, 2021, the first total lunar eclipse in 2021 will be staged in the night sky.This total lunar eclipse coincides with the largest full moon, which can be called "super total lunar eclipse".In most parts of China, as long as the weather is sunny that night, a super red moon will be seen "with food".[14-15]
On May 26, 2021“Super Moon+Red Moon+The "total lunar eclipse" group appeared[15]。
2022
National total lunar eclipse viewing map
In November 2022, people in most parts of China can see a total lunar eclipse.At 17:09 on November 8, Shiji was at 18:16, Shiji was at 18:59, Shengguang was at 19:42, and Rejuvenation was at 20:49.Although China cannot see the whole process of the total lunar eclipse, most regions can see the "red moon" phase of the total lunar eclipse. Northeast, North China and other regions can see the initial loss of the total lunar eclipse.In the central and western regions of China, when the moon rises, the eclipse has already begun, and we can see the landscape of "moon rising with eclipse".[17-18]During this total lunar eclipseThe moon covers UranusThe sky.[18]
In November 2022, the annual massive total lunar eclipse will be launched on November 8.As far as Beijing is concerned, the moon had just risen that day, and the first loss began;Therefore, citizens can watch the stages from initial loss to recovery.Kou Wen, an expert at the Beijing Planetarium, said that although there were several total lunar eclipses in the past few years, they were either invisible or the whole process could not be seen in China.The last total lunar eclipse visible in China in the whole process dates back to 2018, and the next one will wait until 2025.[19]
From the national total lunar eclipse viewing map, most of the southern regions are sunny, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, western Sichuan, Yunnan and other places are online in sunny days, with excellent viewing visual effect.In the north, most parts of the northeast and western Qinghai are also sunny for viewing. The temperature at night in these places is low, so you should pay attention to cold prevention and warmth when you go out for observation.In North China, most of the Yellow River and Huaihe River, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangdong, Hainan and other places, the sky occasionally floats with clouds, all of which are accompanied by the moon, adding a mysterious color to the red moon.In northern Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, eastern Sichuan, and most of Chongqing, the sky is overcast and there are many clouds. It is difficult to watch the total eclipse.[20]
