The Republic of Chile (Spanish:South Americasouthwest,AndesXilu.DongtongArgentinaNeighboring, north andPeru、boliviaBordering to the westthe pacific ocean, South andAntarcticaAcross the sea, it is the narrowest country in the world[1]With a land area of 756715 square kilometers, Chile is divided into 16 regions (Regi ó n), 54 provinces (Provincia) and 346 cities (Comuna), the capitalSantiago。The total population of Chile is 1.96 million, of which the urban population accounts for 86.9%.
Chile is one of the more developed countries in Latin America.Mining, forestry, fishery and agriculture are the four pillars of the national economy.In recent years, affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, weak international economic recovery and structural problems of the domestic economy, Chile's economic development faces certain challenges. The Central Bank of Chile estimates that the Chilean economy will grow by 1.5% in 2022.2022gross domestic productUS $301.4 billion,GDP per capita15603 US dollars, with a total foreign trade of 2010 billion US dollars.
Chinese name
Republic of Chile [1]
Foreign name
Spanish: Rep ú blica de Chile[1] English: Republic of Chile
The original residents of Chile areIndianIn the 16th centuryMatriarchal clantowardsPatrilineal genstransition stage.Among them, the Ulu people in the north, the Kunsa people and the centralAraucanIt is mainly engaged in agricultural production and concurrently engaged in fishing. Some have been able to manufacture bronze and gold and silver articles;SouthernOna peopleYagan people live by fishing and hunting.Spanish colonists in the 1630sFrancisco PizarroconquerPeruLater, send his partnerAlmagroIt invaded Chile in 1535.Attacked by Indians, he fled to Peru in 1538.In 1540, Pizarro sent Valdivia to invade Chile again, establishing SantiagoConcepcionandValdiviaChile became a Spanish colony.Since then, the Indians continued to fight, among which the Lawkans controlled for a long timeBiobio RiverThe territory south of Chile was initially under the jurisdiction of the Peruvian Governor in 1778Spanish Crown The Chilean governor's office and the procuratorial court were set up as the highest governing body of Chile.colonial ruleDuring this period, Chile's economy was dominated by agriculture, producing wheat and corn. Animal husbandry also played an important role.Spanish colonists occupied large areas of land, implemented the system of entrusted guardianship, and forced Indians to engage in agricultural labor or dig precious metals.They used various means to plunder wealth, causing serious disasters to the local people.In 1651, 1655, 1723, 1766 and 1780, the Chilean people held many uprisings.
September 18, 1810, San Diegonative white The colonial regime was overthrown and an independent government was established.In October 1814, the Governor of Peru sent troops to restore colonial rule.Chilean people with national aspirationsOshikinsUnder leadershipAndesTo join the army of Saint Martin.In 1817, this army marched into Chile under the command of Saint Martin. On February 12ChakabukoDefeat the Spanish colonial army.In the same year, Oshiggins was elected the highest consul of Chile.On February 12, 1818, Oshiggins officially declared Chile's independence and established the Republic.[3]
After independence
After Chile's independence, its political power was controlled by native white landlords.The Ohimos government has taken some progressive measures, such as abolishing the nobility and allowing disseminationprotestantismDevelop public schools and encourage foreign trade.Arouse the landlord classCatholic Churchdissatisfaction.In 1823, Oshiggins was forced to resign and went into exile in Peru.Since then, due to the struggle between different political factions, the country was once in turmoil.The Conservative Party came to power in 1831.In 1833, the Constitution was enacted, which gave the President great powerState EducationIt consolidated the rule of the big landlord class and started a relatively stable political situation for the next 30 years.
During this period, the Conservative government encouraged immigrants from European countries to occupy Indian lands.Development of Atacama andKejinboCopper mines make Chile an important copper producer in the world.Exports of minerals and grain increased, and education also developed.At the same time, a large amount of British and American capital was invested in saltpeter, copper mining and railways.From 1836 to 1839, Chile waged a war against the Bolivian Peruvian Union (Santa Cruz, A).
In the 1940s and 1950s, the Liberal Party became strong with the support of liberal landlords and mining capitalists.From 1861 to 1891, the Liberal Party was in power.The government tried its best to weaken the Catholic forces and develop the saltpeter area of Atacama Desert.And improved traffic.British and American capital further invaded and controlled railways and major production sectors.1865-1866, Chile andPeru、EcuadorandboliviaThey formed an alliance and waged a war against Spain.staySouth American Pacific WarChile annexed Peru's Talapaka Province andArica ProvinceAnd BolivianAntofagastaRegion.
Republic of Congress
In 1891, naval officer J. Mont launched a civil war and seized power.After that, the landlord class united with the big importers and exporters to control the government through the Congress, and the so-called "Congress Republic Period" (1891-1920) began.During this period, Chile's economy developed.In 1920, candidate AAlexandre PalmaWas elected president.In 1925, a Constituent Assembly was convened to formulate a new constitution, which stipulated that voters should directly elect the PresidentSeparation of church and state, LevyProgressive taxThe government has the right to expropriate private property.The labour movement is growing.In 1922, the Social Labour Party was renamed the Communist Party and joinedComintern。After Alexandre Palma was re elected as President in 1932, the anti democratic trend intensified,fascistForces are increasingly rampant.In 1936, the Radical Party, the Communist PartySocialist PartyThe Democratic Party and the Labor Union form the People's Front.The Radical Party is in power with the support of the People's Front,Zelda(1938-1942), Rios Morales (1942-1946) andGabriel Gonzalez Weidilla(1946-1952) successively served as president.The previous two governments made great efforts to set up schools, set up "production and development companies", develop national industries, lend to farmers, and develop foreign trade. At the same time, the proletariat grew stronger.In 1941, when the Congress was elected, 18 workers' representatives were elected to the Congress.
Before the Second World War, Chile remained neutral.In 1945the axisDeclare war.Gonzalez Weidilla absorbedleft wingPeople enter the cabinet.In 1947, the policy turned right, and in 1948, the Law on the Defense of Democracy was promulgated.In 1952,Carlos Ivanis del CampoContinue to follow in diplomacy after being elected presidentU.S.A。
In 1958, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party supportedJorge Alexandri Rodriguezthe president elect.In 1960, level 8.9 occurred in ChileCatastrophic earthquake, causing devastating damage to Chile.In 1964,Christian Democratic PartyleaderEduardo Frei Montalva After being elected as president, under the pressure of the people, the US funded copper mine company was "Chilized" (i.e. joint venture);At the same time, part of the land expropriated by the landlords was distributed to farmers.
The period of military administration
In 1970, six left-wing parties formed the People's United Front to support the SocialistsAllende Gosensthe president elect.During his administration, he carried out a series of radical economic and social reforms.On September 11, 1973, the military launched a coup and overthrew the Allende government.commander of the armyAugusto PinochetChairman of the "Military Governing Council".The military government ruled for 16 years.In 1989, Chile held a presidential election by margin,Patricio Alvin AsokalHe won and succeeded Pinochet as president the following year.
New stage of development
Christian Democrats from 1994 to 2000Eduardo Frei the president elect.Social Democrats since 2000Ricardo Lagos Escobarthe president elect.On January 15, 2006, former Minister of Defense and single motherMichelle Bachelet She won the election and was elected the first woman president in the history of the country.
President Sebastian Pinera of Chile addressed the election campaign[4]
On January 17, 2010, the Chilean opposition coalition“Alliance for Change”CandidateSebastian PineraHe was elected President of Chile with 52% of the votes, becoming the first Chilean president elected by voting in the past 52 yearsright wingParty President.
On the evening of December 17, 2017, the Chilean Electoral Service announced that according to the statistics of 99.62% of the votes cast in the second round of the presidential election, former President Sebastian Pinera won 54.57% of the votes and was elected the next President of Chile.
This election is the seventh presidential election held since the Chilean military government "returned government to the people" in 1990.The new President took office on March 11, 2018.[4]
Chile is located inSouth AmericaIn the southwest, at the west foot of the Andes.South Latitude18 degrees and 57 degrees, 81.5 degrees to 68.5 degrees west longitude.DongtongArgentinaNeighboring, north andPeru、boliviaBordering to the westthe pacific ocean, South andAntarcticaAcross the sea.The coastline is about 10000 kilometers long, 4352 kilometers long from north to south, 96.8 kilometers narrow from east to west, and 362.3 kilometers wide from west to east. It is the longest and narrowest country in the world.Chile has a land area of 756715 square kilometers (including a land area of 756253 square kilometers and an island area of 373 square kilometers), ranking seventh among South American countries.
Chile in South America, like a thin and long brush, is 4270 kilometers long from north to south.If you put it on the map of ChinaHeilongjiang ProvinceThe northernmost reachesXisha Islands。The average width between the east and west of the territory is only 180 kilometers, but it is equivalent toShanghaireachHangzhouThe distance is only one quarter of the length of the country, which can be called the narrowest country in the world.
topographic features
The east of Chile is the west slope of the Andes, accounting for about 1/3 of the east-west width of the whole territory;In the west is a coastal mountain range with an altitude of 300~2000 meters. Most of the area extends along the coast and flows southward into the sea, forming numerous coastal islands;The middle part is a collapsed valley filled by alluvium, with an altitude of about 1200 meters.Many in Chinavolcano, frequent earthquakes.Located on the border of Chile and ArgentinaOrhos del SaladoIt is 6885 meters above sea level, the highest point in China.There are more than 30 rivers in the country, and the more important ones are Biobio River.The main islands areTierra del Fuego、Chiloe Island、Wellington IslandEtc.
Generally, Chile can be divided into three regions:
There are many mountains in the north, many of which are more than 6000 meters high.Between the two ridges of the Andes lies the Atacama Desert.This is the driest place on the earth, often without rain all year round.In the past, nitric acid ore was developed here, but now it is copper mining.The larger cities in this area are Antofagasta (219000 residents) andIkik。
The climate of the central part is similar to that of the Mediterranean.This area has very fertile land and a large population.Santiago, the capital (about five million residents), is here.In additionValparaiso(Port, 280000 residents) and Concepcion (industrial and agricultural center, 350000 residents) are important cities.The southern part of the Talar salt near the Atacama Desert in Chile is sparsely populated and has abundant rainfall.There are many islands in front of the coast.There is Tierra del Fuego in the south of the mainland, half of which is Chile and half of which is Argentina.On an island in front of Tierra del FuegoCape HornIt is the southernmost point of Chile and South America.
From west to east, there is first a narrow coast, then a mountain range, and then a relatively wide plateau.The plateau in the middle is very fertile and can be used as farmland and pasture.The border between Chile and Bolivia and Argentina is the eastern ridge of the Andes.
As the country spans 38 latitudes, and the geographical conditions of different regions are different, Chile's climate is complex and diverse, including many forms, making it difficult to summarize the climate of Chile in one sentence.The climate can be divided into three distinct sections: the north section, the middle section and the south sectionDesert climate；The middle section is rainy in winter and dry in summerSubtropicalmediterranean climate ；The south is a temperate broad-leaved forest with rainy climate.according toCobain climate classificationThere are at least seven major climatic subtypes in Chile, including desert in the north, desert in the east and southeastalpine tundra andglacier, humid subtropical climate on Easter Island, southern ChileMarine climateAnd the Mediterranean climate in central Chile.There are four seasons in most regions of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August) and spring (September to November).
The Atacama Desert in Chile, one of the driest regions in the world, was hit by a rare violent storm on April 1, 2015.The storm triggered floods have killed 24 people and left 140 missing.The flood swept across the valley, buried the villa, destroyed buildings, and carried the motorcycle for thousands of meters.According to Reuters, Chilean President Michelle Bachelet said it would cost 1.5 billion dollars (9.3 billion yuan) to repair the damage caused by floods and landslides
On May 22, 1960, a magnitude 9.5 earthquake occurred in Valdivia, southern Chile, which is the largest earthquake ever recorded in science.The earthquake triggered a tsunami that affected the eastern coast of the Philippines.The earthquake and tsunami killed about 2000 people and affected 2 million people.[5]
On May 22, 2020, various activities were held in Chile to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Valdivia 9.5 earthquake.[5]
natural resources
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Talar Salt Lake
Chile has rich mineral resources, especiallySaltpeterHetong Copper Mine once played an important role in Chile's economic development history.Gold was discovered in Chile in the 16th century and discovered in the 17th centurySilver oreIn the 18th century, copper was discovered. Since then, Chilean mining industry has not onlyLatin AmericaEven in the world.
The copper industry is an important pillar of Chile's economy.In 2011, Chile's copper reserves reached about 150 million tons, accounting for nearly 30% of the world's reserves, ranking first, and far surpassing Peru (12%), Mexico (7%), the United States (7%) and China (6%).Among them, the reserves of Chile National Copper Company are about 10%.The production of copper accounts for one third of the world output. In 2010, the output reached 5.4 million tons, far more than Peru, the United States, China, Russia and Australia. The output of these countries accounts for less than 10% of the world output.The vast majority of copper resources in Chile are concentrated in the porphyry copper molybdenum gold mineralization belt in the middle and north, extending more than 2000 kilometers from the north to the south, starting from the Andes Plateau mountains in the north, extending southward to the coastal mountains south of Santiago in the middle, and then extending eastward to close to the border of Argentina.The ore belt is one half of the length of Chile's territory, and is located in the Andean porphyry copper belt of Peru Chile Argentina.There are more than 400 deposits in Chile, including more than 10 large and super large deposits, such as the world famousChuki KamataChuquicamata mine, El Teniente mine, El Salvador mine, Andian mine, Escondida mine, Los Bronces mine, etc.The overburden rock of the deposit is thin, the hydrogeological conditions are good, and it is easy to mine and select.The copper content of ore is high, the copper grade is 0.55~5%, and the average grade is 0.94%.
Chile has saltpeter reserves. Chile is the only country in the world that produces natural saltpeter, mainly in the Atacama Desert in the north.Since the discovery of saltpeter, this desert has become the richest region in Chile's history.Chile has a wide distribution area of saltpeter ore. Behind the coastal plateau, between the Peruvian border and Antofagasta Province, the saltpeter ore belt is more than 750 kilometers long and 25-30 kilometers wide.There is a 1~3m thick nitrate layer buried 0.5~2m above the ground.Nitrate is a natural raw material for extracting nitrogen, potassium, sodium, sulfur and other fertilizers and iodine elements, and is also an indispensable raw material for military industry.In addition, adding a certain proportion of nitrate in copper smelting can improve the purity of copper.
According to the 2012 research report of the Mining Center of the Catholic University of Gustav Lagos in Chile, the world's proven lithium reserves are between 4 million tons and 30 million tons, while the total reserves are between 8 million tons and 56 million tons, and Chile's reserves account for about 17.8% of the world's total.In 2011, Australia replaced Chile as the country with the largest lithium production (62000 tons).Chile retired to the second place in the world, with an output of 59000 tons, accounting for 37% of the world's total output.Lithium deposits in Chile are mainly concentrated in Tarapaka, Antofagasta and Atacama in the north, with about 60 salt lakes and salt lakes in total.Atacama Salt Lake, with an area of 2800 square kilometers, is the largest known salt lake in the world, with an estimated reserves of 40 million metric tons. The remaining 6600 square kilometers of salt lakes range from 0.5 square kilometers to 253 square kilometers. Most of these salt lakes have not been systematically explored.
Chile is also the largest rhenium producer, the third largest molybdenum producer, the seventh largest silver producer and the fourteenth largest gold producer. With an investment of 9 billion dollars in gold production, Chile will soon become one of the top ten gold producers;In terms of non-metallic minerals, Chile ranks first in the world in the production of iodine.
In addition to the above minerals, Chile also has iron, coallead, zincmanganese, mercury and oil.In particular, the iron ore has a high grade (iron content is more than 60%), which can be comparable to that of Sweden.
administrative division
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Zoning
Chile is divided into 16 regions (Regi ó n), including 54 provinces (Provincia) and 346 cities (Comuna).The president and governor of the region are appointed by the president, and the mayor is directly elected. The term of office is four years and can be re elected.The names of the regions are as follows: Arika and Paritagota (15th region), Palapaka (1st region), Antofagasta (2nd region), Atacama (3rd region)Kejinbo(the fourth largest region)Valparaiso(the fifth region), General Oshiggins (the sixth region), Mahulai (the seventh region)Bio Bio (the eighth largest region)Araucania(9th Region), Los Ricos (14th Region), Los Lagos (10th Region), Aysen (11th Region) of General Ivanes, Magellan (12th Region)Santiago Metropolitan Region 。[1]
major city
Santiago
Santiago de Chile (Spanish: Santiago de Chile) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Chile, with a population of 6.6836 million and the fifth largest city in South America.It is located in the central part of the country, beside the Mapojiao River, bordering the Andes in the east, and about 100 kilometers away from the port of Valparaiso in the west.The summer is dry and mild, and the winter is cool and rainy. The sparkling Mapojiao River flows slowly from the city. The Andes, which is covered with snow all the year round, looks like a shining silver crown. The natural landscape adds a touching charm.The temperature in the area where Santiago is located is not too hot in summer (October to March of the next year), and the average temperature in the hottest January is about 20 ℃;The winter is not too cold, and the average temperature in the coldest July is about 8 ℃.
Santiago is a city composed of many towns, although all belong toSantiago Metropolitan Region There is no unified municipal organization in terms of jurisdiction;Most towns are located inSantiagoIn the province, the most core town is also called "Santiago".Although Santiago is the capital of Chile, the Chilean parliament is located in Valparaiso, a coastal city 120 kilometers west of the city.Santiago is the industrial and financial center of Chile, and the city contributes 45% of Chile's GDP.
Valparaiso
An important seaport on the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean in South America, Chile's Aconcagua region (the fifth largest region) andValparaisoCapital.Located on the south bank of Valparaiso Bay, it is about 130 kilometers southeast of Santiago.The population is 803000 (2010).It was founded in 1536.It has been damaged by pirates, storms, fires and earthquakes for many times. Most of the urban areas are rebuilt after the 1906 earthquake;The harbor is open, with a solid breakwater and modern port facilities.Chile's largest trading port, where imports account for more than half of the country's total imports.The industry accounts for about one fifth of the whole country, including textile, metal processingchemical industry, oil refining, sugar making, clothing, tanning, painting, etc.With pleasant climate and beautiful scenery, it is a tourist resort.There are many universities and museums.
The western terminal station of the Trans Andes International Railway is connected to the Capital Electric Train.Most of the urban residents are descendants of European immigrants, especially British, German, French and Italian immigrants. The city is also the seat of the Chilean National Assembly, the Chilean Ministry of Culture and the Chilean Navy Headquarters.
Concepcion
Concepcion is the capital of Chile's Biobio region and the center of the Greater Concepcion region.It was founded in 1550.It was repeatedly damaged by earthquakes and tsunamis and moved to the city site. In 1754, it moved to the current site.The surrounding area is rich in agricultural products and water resources.Coal is produced nearby. Coal mines account for more than 90% of the country's total. It is one of the country's important industrial and commercial centers.Developed agriculture, it is the trade center of wine and grain.Industries include textile, flour, leather, glassceramics, sugar, steel, paperoil refiningEtc.There is a railway to Santiago.There is University of Concepcion.The transportation is very convenient.
National symbol
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Country name
The Republic of Chile (English: The Republic of Chile; Spanish: Rep ú blica de Chile) is called Chile for short.[6]
national flag
Chilean flagIt was launched on October 18, 1817. The national flag is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 3:2.The flag is composed of blue, white and red.The left corner of the upper half is a blue square, with a white star in the center.The right side is a white rectangle.The lower half is a red rectangle.The white part is equal to 2/3 of the red part.The red symbol is for the independence and freedom of Chile, for the purpose of resisting the rule of the Spanish colonial armyLangkaguaThe blood of the martyrs who died bravely.White symbolizes the snow of the Andes peak.Blue symbolizes the sea.The flag of Chile was designed based on the American Star Spangled Banner at the beginning of independence.Red represents the blood shed to break away from Spain.Blue represents the color of the sky and sea in Chile, and the square is said to be taken from the Indian badge.White is the snow of Andes Mountain.Stars guide the shining stars in the sky, representing national unity.[6]
national emblem
National emblem of Chile
National emblem of ChileThe five pointed star symbolizes the light shining on the way forward.The blue, white and red ostrich feathers on the top represent the unique American ostrich;On the left is the unique brown deer in the Andes region;The Andes on the rightVulture；Gobi Love at the bottomWild lilyIt symbolizes the people's national spirit of striving for independence and freedom;On the white ribbon is the slogan of the struggle against Spanish colonial rule in 1810: "rely on justice and force".[6]
National tree
National Tree of Chile
AraoukaliasonIt is a rare tree species in the world, known as the "Black Pyramid".The aliases are Norfolk Spruce and small leaf Spruce.The tree is upright with resin and straight trunk.The bark of the tree is slightly gray and cracked into thin pieces.The crown is tower shaped.The big laurel stretches horizontally for 15 meters;Branchlets trunk spreading or drooping;The side alignment is often arranged in feather shape and drooping.The leaf is dimorphic.
national flower
Chile's national flower is "COPIUE", also known as "red lily of the valley".The flower is a kind of wild lily. The flowering period is up to 8 months. The flowers are mostly red, blue and white.This flower can be seen everywhere in Chile and southern regions, and is very popular with Chileans.It is said that there were only two kinds of flowers, blue and white, before the uprising. Araucan, a native of Chile, rose up against the rule and oppression of the Spanish colonialists and fought bravely against the colonial army. Later, tens of thousands of soldiers and soldiers of the uprising died in battle. In the spring of the second year after the uprising failed, the bright red Copiuer flowers opened up all over the battlefields where the heroes died,Chileans regard this flower as the spirit of heroes, so they regard it as the flower of Chile.
national bird
The national bird of Chile is "Condor", which is an Andean vulture. It lives in the Andes mountains several kilometers above sea level all the year round and belongs to the predatory eagle birds.It is large, fierce, mostly dark gray, flying high and fast, and has a long life.Chile's national emblem and military emblem have its patterns as the strength, courage and determination of Chile to defend the motherland.
Main idea of lyrics: The bloody struggle has been calm, and yesterday's tyrant has become a brother;The slavery and humiliation suffered in the past have been washed away on the battlefield.Slaves who have been persecuted for a long time enjoy freedom and victory today. Freedom is the legacy left by the warriors. It enables the enslaved people to gain power.
Population and nationality
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population
The total population of Chile is 1.96 million, of which the urban population accounts for 86.9%.White and Indo European mixed race people account for about 89%, and Indians account for about 11%.The official language is Spanish.Mapuche is used in Indian populated areas.Among the population over 15 years old, 67% believe in Catholic and 15% believe in evangelism.
nation
White and Indo European mixed race people account for about 89%, and Indians account for about 11%.[1]southAraucaniaIndians in the region are relatively concentrated.
About the first half of the 19th century, when Chinese arrived in Chile, the number of Chinese and overseas Chinese was always small, and the local influence was small.Among the Chilean overseas Chinese, half of the old overseas Chinese operate Chinese restaurants, while the Xinhua overseas Chinese are mainly engaged in import and export trade and retail, and a small number of overseas Chinese work in local enterprises.
Politics
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regime
Chile implements singlePresidential systemSince the military "returned power to the people", the intellectual political situation has remained stable.The Central Left Political Party Alliance has been in power for 20 consecutive years and has experienced four governments.In January 2010, the presidential candidate of the Central Right League, Pinera, was elected president in the second round of the general election. He took office on March 11, 2010 for a four-year term.As a result of the huge earthquake in the southern part of central Chile on February 27, 2010, Pi took office to focus on post disaster reconstruction and increase investment in people's livelihood.Since 2011, there have been frequent demonstrations demanding reform of the political, educational, fiscal and taxation systems, and Pinera's public support has declined.In October 2012, the center right ruling coalition lost the municipal elections.In December 2017, former President Pinera, the candidate of the Central Right League "Chile Forward", won the general election and took office in March 2018.After Pi took office, he actively promoted political and democratic reform, introduced measures to boost the economy, and implemented diversified and pragmatic foreign policies.The economic and social situation in Chile remained generally stable.[1]
constitution
The current Constitution came into force on March 11, 1981, and was amended four times in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 2005.The Constitution stipulates that the President is the head of state and government.In 2005, the Constitution was amended to change the term of office of the President to four years, and the lifetime senators and designated senators were abolished.
In 2019, all circles of Chile reached an agreement on promoting the formulation of a new constitution.In October 2020, the constitutional referendum on Chile was passed by an overwhelming majority.In September 2022, the new draft constitution was not adopted in the referendum.In December, the parties from the government and the opposition reached an agreement on restarting the constitutional process after a long period of consultation.In May 2023, Chile will hold the election of the Constitutional Commission.On December 17, the new draft constitution was again rejected in the referendum, and President Boric announced that he would not start a new round of constitutional process during his term of office.[1][17]
parliament
President Office
The National Assembly (Congreso Nacional) adopts a bicameral system of participation and the House of Representatives.The Parliament is composed of 50 senators and 155 representatives directly elected.The term of office of the senator is 8 years, and 1/2 of them will be re elected every four years;The term of office of the House of Representatives is four years.After the 1973 military coup, the Parliament was dissolved and resumed on March 11, 1990.The current President of the Senate is Juan Antonio Colombia, and the President of the House of Representatives is Ricardo Cifuentes, who was elected in July 2023.The seats occupied by the main parties in Parliament are as follows:
senate
House of Representatives
Our trip to Chile
twenty-four
fifty-three
New Social Contract
eighteen
thirty-seven
Constitute with dignity
five
thirty-seven
Christian Social Front
one
fifteen
People's Party
zero
six
The dignity of the moment
zero
three
Green Ecological Party
zero
two
other
two
two
total
fifty
one hundred and fifty-five
[1]
government
ChileThe current government was formed on March 11, 2022, with 24 ministries.The main members are: Carolina Toh á, Minister of the Interior, Alberto van Klaveren, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Maya Fern á ndez, Minister of Defense, Mario Marcel, Minister of Finance, Camila Vallejo, Minister of Government Secretariat,Nicolas Grau, Minister of Economy, Development and Tourism.[1][17]
judicial
The Chilean judiciary is independent.The country has a Supreme Court, 17 appellate courts and a military court.Juan Eduardo Fuentes Belmar, President of the Supreme Court, will take office on January 6, 2022.The Procuratorate was established in 1999, and the State Procurator General was Angel Valencia.[1]
party
The multi-party system is implemented, and the main political parties are divided into three camps: the emerging left, the center left and the center right.
1. Apruebo Dignidad (AD), an emerging left-wing ruling coalition, is composed of the "broad front" of the emerging left-wing coalition and the "Dignified Chile" of the left-wing coalition. In 2020, the two major leagues announced an alliance to participate in the 2021 local and constitutional assembly elections, and elected Boric as the only candidate of the coalition to participate in the general election in July 2021.
(1) Frente Amplio (FA): established in 2017.It is now composed of five left-wing political parties and social movements, including the Social Integration Party, the Democratic Revolutionary Party and the Solidarity Movement. It advocates social fairness, eliminates the polarization between rich and poor, and improves the nationalization of public services and strategic industries.
(2) Chile Digno (CD): founded in 2017.It is composed of the Communist Party of Chile, the Regional Social Green Party and the Humanitarian Action Party.The Communist Party of Chile (PC) was founded in 1912.There are 47000 Party members.Formerly known as the Socialist Workers' Party, it was renamed in 1922.From 1970 to 1973, he was in power jointly with the Socialist Party and others.In 1979, he put forward the line of "people revolt" and demanded the immediate end of military power.In 1983, he formed the People's Democratic Movement with the Almeida faction of the Socialist Party and others.It was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court in 1985.The legal status was restored in October 1990.In 2010, he entered the Congress for the first time.The current party chairman, Lautaro Carmona, and the general secretary, Barbara Figueroa (female).
2. The center right opposition alliance "Chile We Go" (formerly "Chile Forward") is composed of the National Reform Party and the Independent Democratic Alliance.
(1) Renovaci ó n Nacional (RN): It was formed in February 1987 by the merger of the right-wing National Alliance, the Independent Democratic Alliance and the National Labor Front.The Post Independent Democratic Alliance seceded from the party.77000 Party members.It advocates the maintenance and development of Western civilization and historical traditions, and the establishment of a society that "focuses on people and fully respects individual freedom".In 2018, Pinera, the leader of the party, was elected president.The current party chairman Rodrigo Galilea.
(2) Uni ó n Dem ó crata Independiente UDI: founded in 1983.80000 Party members.It is composed of independents and the "New Democracy" organization established in 1979.It advocates pluralistic democracy and decentralization, and implements a market economy based on private ownership.Javier Macaya, the current party chairman.
3. The center left camp: The "Alliance for Democracy" was once formed by the Christian Democratic Party, the Socialist Party, the Striving Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Radical Party and other center left parties. In April 2013, the Communist Party and other parties were included to form the "New Majority Alliance", which was later dissolved in 2018.During the 2021 general election, the Socialist Party, the Striving Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Radical Party and others formed the "Democratic Socialist Alliance".
(1) Partido Dem ó crata Cristiano (PDC): founded in 1957.108000 Party members.International member of the Christian Democratic Party.It advocates the realization of true Christianity, the establishment of a democratic system, respect for human rights, and coexistence with different ideological factions.The party has played an important role in the democratization process of Chile. Its leaders, Alvin and Frey, have successively served as the first and second elected presidents in the post military era.Alberto Undurraga, the current party chairman.
(2) Partido Socialista (PS): founded in 1933.About 109000 Party members.The largest centre left party in the Chilean Parliament.International member of the Socialist Party.He used to call himself the Marxist Party for a long time. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the development goal of the Party was changed to democratic socialism, advocating the establishment of a free, democratic and humane society.From 1970 to 1973, he formed a "people's unity" government with the Communist Party and other leaders, and Allende became president.It split in 1979.In December 1989, Alat and Almeida announced their union.In 1989, 1993 and 1999, he won the general election in alliance with the Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Party.Paulina Vodanovic Rojas (female), the current party chairman.
(3) Partido por la Democracy (PPD): founded in 1987.84000 Party members.International member of the Socialist Party.Its proposition is basically the same as that of the Socialist Party, but it is more liberal.Internally, it advocates actively promoting constitutional reform and eradicating the legal system established by the military government.Foreign countries advocate to establish diplomatic, trade and cultural relations with countries around the world based on the principles of internationalism, humanitarianism, pacifism and Latin America.From 2000 to 2006, Lagos, the party leader, served as President.Natalia Piergentili (female), the current party chairman.
(4) Partido Radical Social Dem ó crata (PRSD): founded in 1863.About 90000 Party members.International member of the Socialist Party.Its predecessor was the Radical Party.In 1987, the Radical Party split. Anselmo Sulei, former vice chairman, and other groups of social democratic radical parties.In 1992, the two parties merged and became the current name.Its ideology originates from European social democracy and Latin American reformism, and advocates the establishment of a free and democratic society on the basis of humanitarian principles.The current party chairman, Leonardo Cubillos Ram í rez.[1][17]
Dignitaries
Gabriel Borich: President.Born on February 11, 1986 in Magellan, Chile - Punta Arenas, the capital of the Antarctic region.Graduated from the Law Department of the University of Chile.In 2012, he served as the president of the Chilean University Students' Union, and was elected to the House of Representatives twice in 2014 and 2018.He was elected President in December 2021 and took office on March 11, 2022.[1]
Economics
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Chilean currency
One of the economically developed countries in Latin America.Mining, forestry, fishery and agriculture are the four pillars of the national economy.In 1974, after Pinochet's government came into power, it implemented economic reform, adjusted the industrial structure, fully opened the market and expanded all-round free trade.Chile's economy has maintained rapid growth for many years, and its comprehensive competitiveness, economic liberalization, market openness, and international credit rating rank first in Latin America, which is regarded as a model for Latin American economic development.In recent years, Chile's economic development has faced certain challenges due to the New Champions epidemic, weak international economic recovery and structural problems of its own economy. The Central Bank of Chile announced that the Chilean economy will grow at 2.4% in 2022 and is expected to grow at zero in 2023.[17]
The main economic data in 2022 are as follows:
gross domestic product
US $301.4 billion
GDP per capita
US $15603
Total foreign trade
US $2010 billion
Inflation rate
12.8%
unemployment rate
7.9%
foreign exchange reserve
US $39.1 billion
External debt balance
US $233.3 billion
Currency name
Peso
exchange rate
1 USD=901 pesos (January 2024)[1][17]
resources
copper mine
Chile is rich in mineral, forest and aquatic resources.It is famous for its rich copper, known as the "Kingdom of Copper".Copper reserves, output and exports are the first in the world. The proven reserves are more than 200 million tons, accounting for about 1/3 of the world's reserves.Iron reserves are about 1.2 billion tons and coal reserves are about 5 billion tons.In addition, there are lithium, rhenium, nitrate, molybdenum, gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, iodine, oil, natural gas, etc.It is rich in temperate forests and has fine wood. It is the largest exporter of forest products in Latin America.Rich in fishery resources, it is a major producer of artificially farmed salmon and trout in the world.[1]
Industry
Chile's main industrial sectors include: food processing, beverages, textiles and clothing, tanning, wood processing, paper making, petrochemical, rubber and plastics, glass, steel, household appliances, transportation tools, metal products, building materials and non electric machinery.The telecommunications industry has developed rapidly in recent years.Most of them are export-oriented enterprises.The proportion of industrial exports in the total export value has increased year by year, and has always occupied the first place in recent years.Industry and mining are important pillars.The output of major industrial and mining products in recent years is as follows:[1]
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Copper (10000 tons)
five hundred and twenty-nine point four
five hundred and forty-five point five
five hundred and seventy-seven point six
five hundred and seventy-eight point three
five hundred and seventy-nine
five hundred and fifty-seven point two
five hundred and fifty-eight
Gold (ton)
forty-three point nine
forty-eight point six
forty-eight point five
-
-
-
-
Silver (ton)
one thousand two hundred and sixty-eight point seven
one thousand one hundred and fifty point seven
one thousand two hundred and seventeen point eight
-
-
-
-
Molybdenum (10000 tons)
three point six two
three point zero two
three point eight seven
four point eight seven
five point two five
five point six five
-
Agriculture
In 2016/2017, the sown area of major crops in Chile was 684600 hectares.The output of major agricultural products in recent years is as follows (unit: 10000 tons):
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
Wheat
one hundred and twenty-one point three
one hundred and forty-seven point four seven
one hundred and thirty-five point eight one
one hundred and forty-eight point two three
one hundred and seventy-three point one nine
one hundred and thirty-four point nine five
oats
forty-five point zero eight
sixty-eight point zero four
sixty point nine nine
forty-two point one one
fifty-three point three one
seventy-one point three one
barley
seven point five nine
seven point nine six
eight point two four
four point nine six
ten point eight three
nine point five five
rice
fourteen point nine eight
thirteen point zero three
thirteen point four nine
sixteen point three six
seventeen point four
twelve point seven nine
Corn
one hundred and forty-nine point three three
one hundred and fifty-one point eight five
one hundred and eighteen point six one
one hundred and fifty-three point eight eight
one hundred and seventeen point four five
one hundred and six point two six
potato
one hundred and nine point three four
one hundred and fifteen point nine
one hundred and six point one three
ninety-six point zero five
one hundred and sixteen point six
one hundred and forty-two point six five
[1]
The main fruits in Chile are apples, grapes, cherries, avocados, blueberries, plums, peaches, pears, etc.The fruit planting area exceeds 340000 hectares, and the annual output is about 5 million tons.[1]
Forestry
Chile's forest covers an area of about 25 million hectares, accounting for about 32% of its land area.The main tree species are Pinus radiata (54%) and Eucalyptus (29%), and the main forest products are wood, pulp, paper, etc.[1]
Animal Husbandry
The Chilean ranch covers an area of about 129000 square kilometers.The annual output of beef is about 212000 tons, pork 5.35 million tons, poultry 765000 tons, and milk 2.245 billion liters.[1]
Fisheries
Chile's seafood catch is 4.435 million tons, including 3.428 million tons of fish, 589000 tons of shellfish and 418000 tons of algae.[1]
There are 1246 travel agencies in China, 33.3% of which are in the capital region, 19.3% in Valparaiso, and 4126 star hotels, hotels, villas and other accommodation facilities.Foreign tourists mainly come from Brazil, Argentina and other neighboring countries, North America and Europe.[1]
Finance
The financial revenue and expenditure of the central government of Chile in recent years are as follows (unit: 100 million pesos):
2016
2017
2018
2019
income
thirty-eight thousand three hundred and nineteen point seven eight
forty-one thousand point five two
forty-five thousand seven hundred and seventeen point one five
forty-six thousand four hundred and seventy-one point five four
expenditure
thirty-five thousand six hundred and ninety-eight point two one
thirty-eight thousand six hundred and ninety point seven three
forty-one thousand two hundred and ninety-three point four five
forty-four thousand one hundred and thirty-six point seven
difference
two thousand six hundred and twenty-one point five seven
two thousand three hundred and nine point seven nine
four thousand four hundred and twenty-three point seven
two thousand three hundred and thirty-four point eight four
Major banks
Bank of Chile: Founded in 1893, the total assets in 2013 were 22.84 trillion pesos.[1]
Innovation and entrepreneurship
The Chilean government not only actively invests in telecommunications (0.9% of GDP), but also its regulatory agency Subtel provides detailed information about the performance of operators in terms of service quality based on the monitoring results of service quality.This can promote innovation, because if the end users do not need to worry about the network connection authority or quality, they will focus on creating value by using the Internet.
Because of Chile's mature broadband infrastructure and high-quality services, the Chilean government has made Chile a Latin American innovation center by establishing the "Chilean Silicon Valley".This is a government accelerator project, which supports 100 newly established companies every year.The project aims to establish an ecosystem to promote innovation. More than 800 new companies from more than 60 countries have joined the project, which has promoted the rise of the "Chilean Silicon Valley".Innovative achievements are highlighted in the field of electronic medicine.For example, innovation is the foundation of ClickMedix, Medko and MedSensation.These companies have developed patientreceive telemedicine solutions to help patients connect with the right doctors and achieve self diagnosis.These innovations have been invested by the government and the ICT industry, which is why Chile ranks high in the National Linkage Index.[7]
foreign trade
Chile's economy is largely dependent on foreign trade.Total imports and exports account for about 60% of GDP.The free trade policy of unified low tariff rate (the average tariff rate since 2003 is 6%) is implemented.At present, it has trade relations with more than 170 countries and regions in the world.According to Chilean customs data, Chile's total imports and exports in 2017 were 125.861 billion dollars, including 65.925 billion dollars in exports and 59.936 billion dollars in imports.[1]
In recent years, bilateral trade between Chile and its main trading partners is as follows (unit: 100 million US dollars):
Zhifang Import and Export
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
China
three hundred and twenty-nine point six nine
three hundred and thirteen point two six
two hundred and ninety-three point five one
two hundred and eighty-seven point nine eight
three hundred and thirteen point two nine
four hundred and twenty-seven point five
four hundred and nine
four hundred and forty point nine
six hundred and fifty-six
six hundred and seventy
U.S.A
two hundred and forty-seven point one seven
two hundred and twenty-two point zero seven
one hundred and ninety-two point two four
one hundred and seventy-seven point four eight
two hundred and six point seven one
two hundred and forty-one point five six
two hundred and thirty-four point five seven
one hundred and ninety-six point eight eight
two hundred and ninety-four
three hundred and fifty-two
Brazil
ninety-six point two nine
ninety-seven point one four
eighty point three nine
seventy-six point four eight
ninety-five point zero seven
one hundred and two point three seven
eighty-eight point zero eight
seventy-three point one two
one hundred and seventy-seven
one hundred and fifty
reference material:[1]
Zhifang export
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
China
one hundred and ninety-one point zero eight
one hundred and eighty-two point two zero
one hundred and sixty-three point six one
one hundred and sixty-two point nine six
one hundred and seventy-nine point four eight
two hundred and sixty-eight point seven
two hundred and sixty-two
two hundred and eighty-seven point five
three hundred and ninety-four
four hundred and forty-five
U.S.A
ninety-six point eight zero
eighty-seven point two one
eighty-two point eight seven
eighty-one point six zero
ninety-six point seven zero
one hundred and eight point four eight
one hundred and six point five five
ninety-six point one three
one hundred and fifty
one hundred and forty-four
Japan
seventy-five point four nine
seventy-seven point six zero
fifty-four point seven nine
fifty point three five
fifty-seven point six five
sixty-six point eight two
sixty-one point eight five
sixty point three five
seventy-two
seventy-three
Brazil
forty-five point three four
forty point three nine
thirty-one point three one
twenty-eight point nine one
thirty-eight point two nine
thirty-four point four two
thirty-one point six three
thirty point two two
forty-five
forty-seven
reference material:
Zhifang imports
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
China
one hundred and thirty-eight point six one
one hundred and thirty-one point zero six
one hundred and twenty-nine point nine zero
one hundred and twenty-five point zero two
one hundred and thirty-three point eight one
one hundred and fifty-eight point eight
one hundred and forty-seven
one hundred and fifty-three point four
two hundred and sixty-two
two hundred and twenty-five
U.S.A
one hundred and fifty point three seven
one hundred and thirty-four point eight six
one hundred and nine point three seven
ninety-five point eight eight
one hundred and ten point zero one
one hundred and thirty-three point zero eight
one hundred and twenty-eight point zero two
one hundred point seven five
one hundred and fifty-two
two hundred and eight
Brazil
fifty point nine five
fifty-six point seven five
forty-nine point zero eight
forty-seven point five seven
fifty-six point seven eight
sixty-seven point eight one
fifty-six point four five
forty-two point nine
seventy-seven
one hundred and three
Argentina
forty-one point four four
thirty point six zero
twenty-six point six six
twenty-five point two five
twenty-nine point zero four
thirty-three point two five
thirty-four point six eight
thirty-two point eight three
forty-eight
fifty-nine
reference material:
(Source: Chile Customs, China Customs)[1]
outbound investment
Foreign investment activities began in the 1970s.Since the 1990s, the intellectual economy has continued to develop rapidly.A number of large enterprises and transnational corporations began to invest in Ecuador, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Brazil and other surrounding countries in order to explore foreign markets and strive for a favorable development environment.According to the report of the Economic General Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, more than 1000 Chilean enterprises have invested 2500 overseas projects, which are distributed in more than 70 countries around the world.[1]
foreign aid
According to the statistics of the International Cooperation Agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, the main recipients of aid are Latin American and Caribbean countries.[1]
foreign capital
According to the data of the Central Bank of Chile, Chile will attract 17.105 billion dollars of foreign direct investment in 2022.[1][8]
Foreign aid
According to the statistics of the International Cooperation Agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, Germany, Japan, Spain and other countries provide cooperation project assistance to Chile.International organizations mainly include the European Union, the United Nations and the Organization of American States.The assistance projects involve environmental protection, energy development, national construction, public management, scientific and technological innovation and other fields.[1]
Well known companies
Chile National Copper Corporation(Corporation Nacional del Cobre de Chile (CODELCO for short): Founded on April 1, 1976, it is one of the largest copper producers in the world, engaged in the development, mining, refining, processing and sales of copper ores.
Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile S.A. (SQM for short): Founded in 1968, it is engaged in the production and sales of fertilizers, chemical products, iodine and lithium.
Molybdenum ChileMolidenos y Metals S.A. (Molymet for short): Founded in 1975, it is the world's major producer of molybdenum, accounting for about 1/3 of the global market share, engaged in the production and sales of molybdenum and related products.
South American Shipping Company(Compania Sudamericana de Vapors S.A. (CSAV for short): Founded in 1872, it is the largest shipping company in Latin America, operating shipping and related supporting services.[1]
Culture
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cultural language
The official language of Chile isSpanish。Mapuche language is used in Indian inhabited areas, and English is the main foreign language.[9]
Religion
Chile's population over 15 years oldCatholicism67%, and 15% believe in evangelism.[1][9]
custom
Chileans attach great importance to greeting and understanding when meeting guests. When they meet guests for the first time, they should shake hands and greet them. Familiar friends should also embrace and kiss warmly.Some elderly people are also used to raising their hands or taking off their hats when they meet.Taboos are almost the same as those in the West. Some people think the number 13 is unlucky and prefer the number 7.[9]
The armed forces are divided into three services: land, sea and air.As the supreme commander of the armed forces, the President, through the Ministry of National Defense, exercises executive leadership and operational command over the whole army and the armed police.The National Security Council is the highest decision-making body for national security affairs.The Minister of Defence is a scholar.The national defense staff under its jurisdiction is a national defense advisory body, which is responsible for coordinating and formulating the operations, training, intelligence, military budget and military procurement of the three services.Neither the Minister of National Defense nor the Chief of the National Defense Staff has the authority to mobilize and command the army, and the commanders of all services directly lead and command the army.The military service system of combining volunteers and conscripts is implemented. The service period of land and air force soldiers is 12 months, and that of naval soldiers is 18 months.
There are 35000 troops in the army, 16300 in the navy and 7800 in the air force.[1]
Transportation
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highway
Chile has convenient highway transportation, with Santiago as the center. The national highway runs through the north and south, with a total length of about 100000 kilometers.Among them, the Pan American Highway is 3600 kilometers long.Among all roads in Chile, asphalt roads account for nearly a quarter, and the rest are earth roads or gravel roads.The road in the north of Chile is connected with Peru and Bolivia, and the road to Peru is in good condition.There are several roads in the east that cross the Andes and connect with Argentina. The most important road is the central road through the Liberator Pass, but the passage is vulnerable to the impact of climatic conditions such as snow.[2]
Railway
The total length of Chilean railway is 4032km, and the line runs from the capital region in central Chile to the eighth largest region.In 2019, the national passenger volume of EFE was 51 million person times and the freight volume was 19.57 million tons.In 2020, the freight volume will be 24.5 million tons.At present, there is no high-speed railway in Chile.Some mining enterprises in central and northern Chile have built their own branch railways.The railway from northern Chile to Bolivia has poor transportation conditions and small capacity.The subway in Santiago, the capital, was put into use in 1975. At present, there are six subways with a total length of 140 kilometers, a passenger capacity of 2.3 million person times/day, and a maximum passenger capacity of 2.58 million person times/day.The metro in Valparaiso, the fifth largest region, has a total length of 43 kilometers and started operation in 2005, with a passenger volume of 17 million person times per year.BIOTREN, the eighth region, was put into operation in 1999, with a total length of 67km and 25 stations. At present, the passenger capacity is more than 20000 person times/day.[2]
air transport
There are 5 airlines and 6 international airports in Chile.The annual passenger volume of domestic routes is about 15 million person times, and the freight volume is about 35000 tons.The passenger volume of international routes is 11 million person times, and the freight volume is 366000 tons.There are 325 large and small airports in China, and the main international airports are those in the capitalAdmiral Arturo Merino Benitez International AirportAnd Chakaluta Airport in the northern city of Arika.[2]
water transport
The water transportation of Chilean goods is mainly by sea.According to the statistics of the Chilean Chamber of Commerce for Oceans and Ports, from January to November 2020, the total volume of Chilean maritime transport is 106 million tons, and the Americas and Asia are the most important destinations.There are 27 important ports in Chile. The northern ports mainly transport mineral products, while the central ports mostly carry various solid and liquid bulk cargo and groceries.Most ports are multifunctional, which can load containers, solid and liquid bulk cargo. Some private ports only provide loading and unloading services for specific goods such as ores and sulfuric acid.
Port
The main ports in Chile are: (1)Valparaiso(Valpara í so), located in central Chile, is the largest container port in Chile and the 13th largest container port in Latin America, with a land area of 36.1 hectares, a maximum draft of 6.2-11.4 meters, an annual throughput of 10.89 million tons, and the main types of goods are containers and groceries.（2）San Antonio(San Antonio), located in the middle of Chile, is the largest port in Chile, with a sea area of 189 hectares, a land area of 82 hectares, a maximum draft of 6.28-12.42 meters, and an annual throughput of 13.2 million tons.The main types of goods are containers, groceries and bulk goods.（3）ArikaArica, located in the north of Chile, has a sea area of 40 hectares, a land area of 36.8 hectares, a maximum draft of 2.8-10 meters, and an annual throughput of 2.13 million tons. The main types of goods are containers, groceries, and bulk cargo.（4）Ikik(Iquique), located in the north of Chile, has a sea area of 148.54 hectares, a land area of 33 hectares, a maximum draft of 9.2-11.25 meters, an annual throughput of 2.23 million tons, and the main types of goods are containers, groceries and bulk cargo.[2]
Sociology
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education
Chile implements 12 years of compulsory basic education.Secondary schools are divided into two types: one is science humanities school, that is, ordinary middle school, where most students apply for college after graduation;The other is technical vocational school, which is divided into industry, commerce, technology and agriculture.Graduates from such schools can either work or go to university.There are 10800 educational institutions of all kinds in China, including 298 higher education institutions, 82 vocational schools and 156 technical training centers.Famous universities include: University of Chile, Catholic University of Chile and University of Santiago.The average education time is 9.25 years.The number of students in school is about 4.6552 million, including 1.0442 million middle school students and 1.1271 million college students.The literacy rate of people over 15 years old is 98.6% (male 98.5%, female 98.6%).[1]
medical care
Chile's medical insurance system is relatively complete, and has formed a public private combination and public dominated medical and medical insurance system.According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, Chile's total medical and health expenditure accounted for 7.1% of GDP in 2011. According to purchasing power parity, the per capita medical and health expenditure was 1478 dollars.From 2006 to 2013, there were 11 doctors and 2 nurses and midwives per 10000 people on average;From 2006 to 2012, there were 21 hospital beds per 10000 people on average.[9]
Culture and art
One of the countries with high cultural and artistic level in Latin America.There are 1999 libraries in China, with a total collection of 17.907 million books.There are 305 cinemas.Santiago, the capital, is the national cultural activity center with 25 art galleries.In 1945, the poetess Gabriela Mistral won the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the first South American writer to win this prize.In 1971, the poet Pablo Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature.[1]
scientific research
The main scientific research institutions in Chile include the Academy of Sciences, the National Science and Technology Research Commission and the Nuclear Energy Commission.The number of scientific workers accounted for 3.68% of the national total, ranking fourth in Latin America.[1]
Press and Publications
Major newspapers include: The Messenger, which was founded in 1827, with a circulation of 130000 on weekdays, 180000 on Saturdays and 310000 on Sundays;The Three O'clock News, founded in 1950, has a circulation of 180000 on weekdays and 230000 on weekends;The Two O'clock News (Evening News), founded in 1931, has a circulation of 40000 copies;The Latest News, founded in 1902, has a circulation of 150000 copies;Major magazines include: Event, which was founded in 1971 with a circulation of 30000;New Situation, founded in 1976, has a circulation of 25000 copies;Today, founded in 1977, has a circulation of 30000 copies.
The main news agency is the private Global News Agency.
There are mainly national radio stations, cooperative radio stations, Botales radio stations, agricultural radio stations and mining radio stations.
There are 9 television stations, among which the National Television (Channel 7), the University of Chile Television (Channel 11), the Catholic University Television (Channel 13), the Great Vision Television (Channel 9) and the Catholic University Television in Valparaiso (Channel 5) are the most influential.[1]
People's livelihood
According to the 2021 report of the United Nations Development Programme, Chile's human development index is 0.855, the highest in Latin America.The census shows that the population growth rate of Chile in the last 10 years is 0.99%.The average life expectancy is 81 years old, of which the population over 60 years old accounts for 14% of the national population.
The gap between the rich and the poor is relatively small. The middle class is about 11 million, accounting for more than half of the national population.The minimum monthly wage in Chile is about 500000 pesos, and there are 8.379 million workers in the country.The poverty population accounts for 10.2% of the national population (2022).In recent years, Chile's medical and health care has developed rapidly, and has established a relatively complete medical insurance system that complements the public and private sectors.[1][17]
International Relations
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foreign policy
It pursues an independent, diversified and pragmatic foreign policy.He advocated respecting international law, peacefully settling disputes and defending democracy and human rights.Vigorously pursue an all-round diplomatic strategy, give priority to consolidating and developing relations with Latin American neighbors and MERCOSUR countries, actively promote Latin American integration, attach importance to traditional relations with the United States and Europe, and actively expand relations with Asia Pacific countries.It has established diplomatic relations with 171 countries in the world.
Attaching importance to bilateral free trade negotiations, Chile has signed 27 free trade agreements with most Latin American countries and 65 countries, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, China, Japan and South Korea.
Chile actively participates in international and regional affairs. It is a member of the Organization of American States, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, APEC, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the Pacific Basin Economic Council, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of Fifteen and other international and regional organizations, and an associated country of the Southern Common Market.He was successively elected as a member of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, a non permanent member of the Security Council for 2003-2004 and 2014-2015, a member of the Human Rights Council for 2002-2004 and 2023-2025, the rotating presidency of the Association of South American Nations for 2008-2009, and the rotating presidency of the South American Forum for Progress for 2019-2020.Together with Singapore, we initiated and promoted the establishment of the "East Asia Latin America Cooperation Forum" and hosted the 2nd and 3rd Senior Officials' Meetings and the 1st Foreign Ministers' Meeting of the Forum.He hosted the 108th Inter Parliamentary Union Congress and the 2004 APEC meeting.[1][17]
external relations
Relations with China
China and Chile established diplomatic relations on December 15, 1970.Chile is the first South American country to establish diplomatic relations with China.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties more than 50 years ago, bilateral relations have developed smoothly.The two sides have frequent high-level exchanges and maintained good cooperation in the international and multilateral fields.The Chilean government firmly adheres to the one China principle.
From March 10 to 13, 2014, Minister of TransportYang ChuantangAs the special envoy of President Xi Jinping, he visited Chile and attended the power transfer ceremony of Chile's president.During the meeting, Yang Chuantang met with Chile's outgoing President Pinera and new President Bachelet.[10]
The two countries have signed agreements on trade, science and technology, culture, mutual exemption of diplomatic and official visas, investment protection, cultural relics protection, inspection and quarantine, and civil aviation transportation.In November 2018, China and Chile signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Chile on jointly promoting the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.In October 2023, China and Chile signed the Cooperation Plan between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Chile on jointly promoting the construction of the "Belt and Road".In 1988, the two countries established a political consultation system between the Foreign Ministries, and so far 16 consultations have been held.In 2005, the two countries established the China Chile Parliamentary Political Dialogue Committee and held its first meeting in 2006. So far, 13 meetings have been held.In July 2023, the second meeting of the China Chile Intergovernmental Standing Committee will be held by video.At present, the two countries have 17 pairs of friendly provincial and municipal relations.China has a consulate general in Iquique, Chile has consulates general in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Hong Kong.
China Chile economic and trade cooperation has developed smoothly.Chile is the first Latin American country to sign a bilateral agreement with China on China's accession to the World Trade Organization, recognize China's full market economy status, sign a bilateral free trade agreement with China, and sign an upgraded protocol to the free trade agreement with China.The two countries have established an intergovernmental mixed economic and trade committee, which has held 20 meetings so far.The two countries have established a strategic dialogue mechanism for economic cooperation and coordination, and have held four meetings so far.In recent years, bilateral economic and trade relations have maintained a rapid growth momentum.According to the statistics of China Customs, in 2023, the bilateral trade volume will reach 62.55 billion US dollars, including 19.51 billion US dollars for exports and 43.04 billion US dollars for imports, down 6.4%, 12.7% and 3.2% year on year respectively.At present, China is Chile's largest trading partner, export destination and import source in the world, and Chile is China's third largest trading partner in Latin America and the largest source of copper imports.The People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of Chile have signed a memorandum of understanding on RMB clearing arrangements and a local currency swap agreement.In June 2016, China Construction Bank Chile Branch officially opened as the first RMB clearing bank in Latin America.Bank of Chile, Credit and Investment Bank of Chile have offices in China.In May 2017, the China Securities Regulatory Commission signed a memorandum of understanding on information exchange and cooperation in the capital market with the Chilean insurance regulatory authority.In July 2021, Chile officially joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.In October, the "Certified Operator" (AEO) mutual recognition arrangement between China and Chile's customs was officially implemented, and Chile became the first country in South America to implement the AEO mutual recognition arrangement with China.In June 2022, the Central Bank of Chile, as one of the first participants, signed the RMB Liquidity Arrangement Agreement (RMB LA) initiated by the Bank for International Settlements.
China mainly exports mechanical and electrical products, textiles, steel, household appliances, etc. to Chile, and mainly imports copper, lithium, iron ore, pulp, fish meal, fruit, wine, etc. from Chile.[18]
China and Chile have signed agreements on cultural, scientific and technological cooperation.Cultural exchanges between the two countries began in the 1950s.Hanban, together with the University of St. Thomas, Catholic University and Frontier University of Chile, has established three Confucius Institutes in Chile.In May 2014, the Confucius Institute Latin America Center was established in Santiago, the capital of Chile.In November 2016, the two sides signed a memorandum of understanding on the establishment of a Chinese cultural center in Chile.The two countries have established an intergovernmental science and technology mixed committee, which has held 10 meetings so far.Over the years, Chile has assisted China in scientific research in Antarctica.In December 2015, Assistant Foreign Minister Kong Xuanyou led a delegation to visit four Antarctic scientific research stations, including Zhifre Station.In January 2017, Wan Gang, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee and Minister of the Ministry of Science and Technology, visited Chile.The exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in the field of earthquake and astronomy are progressing smoothly.In October 2013, China's first overseas astronomical research institution, the South American Astronomical Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the China Chile Astronomical Joint Research Center, was established in Chile.In July 2015, China and Chile officially implemented visa arrangements to facilitate personnel exchanges between the two countries.In September, CIIC Astronomical Big Data Center was officially unveiled.In November 2016, the two sides signed a memorandum of understanding on jointly building and operating an astronomical observation base in Chile.According to the official statistics of Chile, the number of Chinese tourists to Chile in 2020 will be 5798.In February 2023, Chile was listed as a pilot country to restore outbound group tourism of Chinese citizens.[17]
On October 17, 2023, Borich reiterated his support for China's willingness to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement and the Digital Economic Partnership Agreement, and said that it was "reasonable" for these multilateral cooperation mechanisms to open the door to China, a major economic country and a powerful scientific and technological innovation country.[16]
Relations with Latin American and Caribbean countries
The Chilean government emphasizes that based on Latin America, it gives priority to consolidating and strengthening relations with Latin American countries, especially neighboring countries.We should attach importance to political consultation and coordination as well as economic, trade and technical cooperation among regional countries, actively promote regional integration, and safeguard regional democracy and peace.In recent years, he has hosted the 6th and 17th Ibero American Summit, the 2nd Summit of the Americas, the 33rd General Assembly of the Organization of American States, and the Special Summit of the Summit of the Association of South American Nations in 2008.In April 2011, the Latin American "Pacific Alliance" was announced with Peru, Colombia and Mexico to promote the economic and trade cooperation and integration of countries along the Pacific.In December 2011, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States was established, and Chile served as the first rotating presidency for one year.In June and September 2012, Chile successfully hosted the fourth summit of the Latin American Pacific Alliance and the Foreign Ministers' Meeting of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.In July 2016, Chile hosted the 11th Summit of the Latin American Pacific Alliance and took over the rotating presidency for one year.In January 2018, the second ministerial meeting of the China CELAC Forum was held in Santiago.In 2019, Chile and Colombia proposed to establish the South American Progress Forum, and the first summit of the South American Progress Forum was held in Santiago in March.In December 2020, Chile hosted the online summit of the Pacific Alliance and the South American Progress Forum.In April 2022, Chile officially announced to suspend its activities in the South American Progress Forum;In the same month, President Boric paid a state visit to Argentina;Chilean Foreign Minister Urehola delivered a speech on the video of the 11th anniversary of the founding of the Pacific Union, saying that Chile would continue to support the work of the Pacific Union in its commitment to regional integration, and would actively participate in the agenda of the Union based on gender equality.In August, President Boric attended the inauguration ceremony of Colombia's new President Pedro.In January 2023, President Boric attended the 7th Summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in Argentina.In March 2023, President Boric attended the 28th Ibero American Summit in Dominica.In April, Argentine President Fernandez visited Chile.In May, President Boric attended the Summit of South American Leaders held in Brazil.In September, Chile held a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the military coup, attended by President Pedro of Colombia, President Lopez of Mexico, President Arce of Bolivia, etc.In November, President Pernia of Paraguay visited Chile.[17]
Relations with the United States
Zhimei established diplomatic relations in 1823.The United States has always been one of Chile's most important economic and trade partners and investors.After the Zhimin elected government came into power, its relations with the United States were normalized. It regarded relations with the United States as a diplomatic priority. Meishizhi was one of the priority partners in Latin America. It resumed the "GSP" treatment for Chile, allowed Chile to rejoin the US overseas investment insurance system, and canceled the "Kennedy Amendment", which prohibited the export of weapons and military aid to Chile.Zhimei has established consultation mechanisms for politics and national defense.In December 2021, President elect Boris spoke with US President Biden on the phone.In June 2022, President Borich went to California to attend the 9th Summit of the Americas.In September, President Borich went to New York, the United States, to attend the general debate of the 77th United Nations General Assembly, met with former President Obama of the United States, and met with entrepreneurs at the headquarters of the Council of the Americas.In October, US Secretary of State Lincoln visited Chile.In June 2023, Chile's Foreign Minister Van Clevelen went to the United States to attend the 53rd annual meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS) and meet with US Secretary of State Lincoln.In September, President Boric went to New York to attend the general debate of the 78th United Nations General Assembly.In November, President Boric visited the United States, held meetings with President Biden, and attended the first Summit of Leaders of the Partnership for Economic Prosperity in the Americas.[1][17]
Relations with the EU
It is Chile's established policy to consolidate and strengthen its traditional relationship with the EU.The EU is an important trade partner and export market of Chile.In 1999, Chile and Europe began to negotiate free trade agreements.In 2002, the two sides signed a political and economic partnership and cooperation agreement, making Chile the second Latin American country to sign a free trade agreement with the EU.The agreement came into force on January 1, 2003.In 2010, Chile signed a development and innovation partnership agreement with the EU.In January 2013, Chile successfully held the first summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the European Union.In November 2017, the EU negotiated with Chile to upgrade the existing free trade agreement.In April 2022, President Borich had a telephone conversation with British Prime Minister Johnson.In the same month, President Boric met with the visiting EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Andrei Borrell and expressed his willingness to promote the signing of the EU Chile upgraded free trade agreement as soon as possible.In May, President Boric talked with French President Malcolm on the phone.In September, during the general debate of the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly, President Boric met with President Von Delain of the European Commission, President Makron of France, German Prime Minister Schultz, Spanish Prime Minister Sanchez, etc.In December, Chile signed an upgraded free trade agreement with the EU.In January 2023, German Prime Minister Schultz visited Chile.In June, European Commission President Von Delain visited Chile.In July, President Boric of Chile went to Belgium to attend the Euler Summit and visited Spain, Switzerland and France.In December, Chile signed a high-level framework agreement and a temporary trade agreement with the EU on strengthening policy cooperation and promoting trade and investment.[1][17]
Relations with Asia Pacific countries
The Chilean government places the strengthening of relations with the Asia Pacific region at an important position in its diplomacy. It believes that strengthening economic and trade relations with Asia Pacific countries is in line with its overall goal of diplomatic diversification and diversification, and is of great strategic significance to the current and long-term economic development of Chile.Asia Pacific countries are Chile's largest trading partners.In November 1994, Chile officially joined APEC.In 2004, Chile successfully hosted the APEC meeting as the host country.Chile actively participated in the Asia Pacific regional economic arrangement and signed free trade agreements with Japan, Australia and Malaysia in March 2007, July 2008 and November 2010 respectively.In October 2015, the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) initiated by Chile, Singapore, Brunei and New Zealand was reached in the United States.In March 2017, Chile hosted the High level Dialogue on Asia Pacific Economic Integration, which invited TPP member countries, China, South Korea and Colombia to participate in, and jointly discussed the trend of Asia Pacific regional economic integration under the new situation.During the 25th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2017, the 11 countries of the TPP Agreement announced that they had reached agreement on the core contents of the agreement and renamed it the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP).In March 2018, 11 countries of the TPP Agreement officially signed the CPTPP in Chile.In June 2020, Chile signed the Digital Economic Partnership Agreement (DEPA) with New Zealand and Singapore. In August 2021, the Chilean Senate approved the agreement.In September 2022, President Borich met with Prime Minister Adene of New Zealand during the general debate of the 77th United Nations General Assembly.In November, President Boric attended the 29th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.In February 2023, Chile officially became the tenth member of the CPTPP.[1][17]
Relations with Russia and Eastern European countries
In recent years, bilateral political exchanges between Chile and Russia and Eastern European countries have increased, and mutually beneficial cooperation in economic and trade has developed.Chile regards Eastern Europe as one of the key regions to further develop export product markets.It has signed agreements with Hungary to encourage and mutually protect investment, and signed agreements on space technology cooperation with Ukraine and Russia.In 2010, Chile established a strategic cooperative partnership with Russia.Since the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis in 2022, the Chilean government has repeatedly expressed strong condemnation of Russia's "invasion" of Ukraine.On April 4, 2023, Ukrainian President Zelensky delivered an online speech to Chilean parliamentarians.[1][6]
Relations with Israel
On November 1, 2023, according to the British Guardian, Chile has announced the recall of its ambassador to Israel.According to the report, Chilean President Boric announced on October 31 local time that in view of "the unacceptable violations of international humanitarian law committed by Israel in the Gaza Strip", the Chilean government decided to recall the Chilean ambassador to Israel.[15]
Relations with Bolivia
On March 5, 2024 local time, the General Administration of Customs of Bolivia held a press conference to announce that the country and Chile had reached an agreement that the border ports of Pisiga and Tambokmado would be open 24 hours without restrictions from May 15.[19]
Travel?
Announce
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The Chilean government attaches importance to the development of tourism.Chile's famous tourist destinations include Santiago, the capital, and the mysterious Easter Island.In addition to the original coastal and southern scenic spots, in recent years, investment has been made to open up some new tourist attractions to further improve tourism service facilities, such as building ski centers, organizing Antarctic sightseeing and international concerts.
scenic spot
Santiago
SantiagoLocated in the central valley of Chile, with the full name of "Santiago de Chile", it is the capital and largest city of Chile, as well as the capital of Santiago Capital Region.It is the fourth largest city in South America and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Chile.
Santiago is a natural tourist city in Chile, with numerous tourism resources, museums, art galleries and parks. Mount Saint Lucia is the best place to watch the whole city.
Mount Saint Lucia
Mount Saint LuciaIt is a famous scenic spot in Chile. The mountain is 230 meters high and is a conical hill.Mount Saint Lucia is not so much a mountain as a delicate and unique garden built close to the mountain.At the foot of the mountain, there is a crimson palace gate at the entrance, near which stands a statue of a hero in the Indian anti colonial war.A winding mountain road spirals up to the top of the mountain.There is an ancient Greek Athenian style white stone porch on the mountain, and on both sides of the porch are simple and vigorous giant murals.
The Saint Lucia Mountain is full of cacti with fat stems and different shapes, and colorful flowers and plants are dotted in it.There is a "stone spring" on the mountainside. The spring water slowly flows out of the jar held by the beautiful stone carving urchin, forming a pool of green water in the lush trees.On the small platform, the Changming torch is lit, and the American Folk Art Museum is also built on the hillside.On the top of the mountain, there is an ancient castle with seven corners, from which you can overlook the whole city.The ancient castle, battlements and bronze cannons have been well preserved for a long time.Standing in front of the old castle, overlooking the whole city, the 3 km long and 100 m wide Oshikins Street runs across the city. There are endless cars on the road and many tall buildings on both sides;Liberation Square, Constitution Square, Baghdadino Square, etc.Near the castle, there are rockeries with winding paths and fountains. The scenery is beautiful, and it is called "Hanging Garden".On the top of the mountain was built the first fort in South America, the Krupp Fort, built by the Spanish colonialists in 1540.
Atacama Desert
Atacama Desert
Atacama Desert is the desert in northern Chile in South America, which is one of the driest places.It is between 18 ° and 28 ° south latitude, about 1100 kilometers long from north to south, and more than 100 kilometers wide from the coast to the eastern foothills.staySubtropical high pressure zoneDowndraft, offshore wind andHumboldt Current Under the comprehensive influence, the region has become one of the driest regions in the world, and is located on the west bank of the mainlandTropical arid climateThe type has distinct uniqueness, forming a coastal, longitudinal and narrow desert belt.The climate is extremely dry, with less rain and more fog;The relative humidity is high, up to more than 70%;The annual rainfall is generally below 50 mm, and less than 10 mm in the north, with a great variability;Some places have not rained for many years.There are many salt marshes.Abundant reserves of copper and nitrate,Tropic of CancerNortherlyChuki Kamata(Chuquicamata) has a world famous open-pit copper mine, a copper mine in Paposo along the coast, and a world-famous natural nitrate mine in the northern desert area.
The cold Antarctic water brought by the Peru cold current along the coast makes the air cool below and warm up, causing a temperature inversion layer, which is also not conducive to rain.In a century, Iquique and Antofagasta only had two or four heavy rains.The temperature is low, and the average summer temperature in Antofagasta is 18 ℃ (65 ℉).This desert belonged to Chile, Bolivia and Peru in the 19th century. They often clashed for resources.1879-1883Pacific WarChile won and permanently occupied this area.Nitrate has been mined since the middle of the 19th century.Before the First World WarChilean saltpeterMonopoly the world market, with an annual output of 3 million tons.Since the emergence of synthetic nitrogen, the nitrate market has shrunk greatly and the local prosperity has plummeted.
Rapanui National Park (Easter Island)
Rapanui National Parkbe locatedEaster IslandEaster Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world, and Rapanui National Park has become one of the most isolated parks.This park has unique giant sculptures and buildings.From the tenth century to the sixteenth century, the temple was built and huge stone statues were erected, calledMoaiThey are still an incomparable cultural landscape, which fascinates the whole world.
Rapanui National Park is famous for its giant stone statues. Along with the giant stone statues, there are countless unsolvable mysteries, such as the mystery of Lango plank.The most famous thing in Rapanui National Park is the huge stone statues, about 1000 of which have been found, in addition to the ruins of the Big Rock City.Most of these huge stone sculptures are on the sea. Some stand in the grass, some fall to the ground, and some stand on the altar.Stone statues are generally 7-10 meters high and weigh about 90 tons. They have long heads, deep eye sockets, high noses, protruding chins, long ears, no feet, arms hanging on both sides of the body, and hands on the belly.These stone statues are carved from yellowish volcanic stone.Some stone statues are also carved with symbols, a bit like tattoos.Wooden boards with strange patterns, known as "talking boards", were once found near the stone statues, but these boards later suffered a catastrophe brought by "civilized people".
visa
1. A valid passport of at least 6 months is required.
2. The original of the letter of invitation from the Chilean side (indicating the address, telephone and fax number of the inviter, as well as the name, date of birth, passport number and reason for travel of the invitee) must be held, and it has been notarized and authenticated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile and the Chinese Embassy.
3. The employee must have an on-the-job certificate issued by the Chinese unit (with translation and indicating the address, telephone and fax number of the unit).The reason for the trip must be stated in the certificate.If it is a business group, the name list of the whole group shall be provided.If you are a student or a minor, you must provide a certificate of study.[1]
