PlonkOn May 14, 2009Aryan V rocketandHerschel Space Observatory (Herschel) launched together.This is andNASAThe cooperation plan will be completedWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Detector(WMAP）The shortcomings of measuring large-scale ripple.Jan Tobey, an expert of ESA, said at the press conference that one of the great achievements of Planck is to collect the data of thousands of cosmic objects, enabling the agency to establish a detailed catalog for astronomical researchers.In addition, the satellite also found many star clusters andGalaxy。
Different from ordinary observation satellites, Planck has a very broad field of vision and can conduct a panoramic "scanning" of the universe.According to ESA, it will take at least one year to complete the four panoramic "scans" of the universe, when scientists can master more complete data.
“Plonk”It's actually a universemicrowave radiationDetector.The scientific community generally believes that,universeIt was born in a big explosion 13.7 billion years ago.Planck's detection results will help scientists studyThe origin of the universeThe mystery of.
The name of the enterprise plan before the plan is approved isCosmic background radiationAnisotropic satellite and backgroundanisotropyAfter the task was approved, the measurement (COBRAS/SAMBA) was changed to the current name to honor the acquisition in 1918Nobel Prize in PhysicsGerman scientistsMax Planck （1858-1947）。
In early March 2014, scientists created the most detailed map of the early universe so far.European Space AgencyThe pictures taken by Planck satellite show thatBig BangThe post instantaneous scene also implied that the age of the universe was 80 million years older than scientists had expected.Planck's map shows that the oldest light in the universe was printed in the sky when the universe was only 380 thousand years old.
Planck satellite
This picture is based on the 515 million pound PlanckSpace telescopeData collected in the first 15.5 months."Planck'sBaby universeThe super high quality of the picture enables us to tear up the universe layer by layer to reach the root, and have a glimpse of the original appearance of the universe, which shows that our drawing of the cosmic blueprint is far from complete. "European Space AgencyDirector Jean Jacques?Jean Jacques Dordain said so.
PlonkThe data ofCosmic expansionThe latest value of the rate implies that the age of the universe is 13.82 billion years - 80 million years older than previously thought.This discovery supports a key theory called expansion, which says that the universe expands from subatomic size explosion to the huge volume observed today in an instant.
George Esfthathiou, an astrophysicist who announced the mapping of Planck satellite, said that the discovery also provided new features about the composition of the universe."To a cosmologist, this map is like a gold mine of information," said George.He said that the universe is made up of slightly moreNormal substanceAnd less mysterydark substanceandDark energyform.
"Since the first release in 2010PlonkAfter the whole sky image, we will more carefully extract and analyze the foreground radiation between the first beam of light emitted by us and the universe, which revealsCosmic microwave backgroundRadiation. "University of CambridgeGeorge said.
This picture is based on the data collected by Planck in 15.5 months. It is the first all sky picture of the oldest light in the universe of the mission. At that time, the universe was only 380000 years old.At that time, the young universe was full of hot and dense soup composed of interacting protons, electrons and photons, and the temperature was as high as 2700centigrade。When protons and electrons combine to formhydrogen atomThe photons are free to form light.
With the expansion of the universe, light is stretched into microwave wavelength, and the temperature is equivalent toAbsolute zero2.7 degrees Celsius above."Cosmic microwave background radiation", that isCMB, showing the slight fluctuations in temperature caused by slightly different densities in the early universe, which reflects the seeds of all future structures: today's stars and galaxies.
According to cosmologyStandard model, these fluctuationsBig BangIt occurs immediately after the occurrence, and during a short period of accelerated expansion, also known asExpansion period, stretched to a cosmological scale.Planck's goal is to map the fluctuations of the entire sky with unprecedented high resolution and sensitivity.
Through analysisPlonkThe essence and distribution of the seeds in the CMB picture enable scientists to determine the composition and evolution of the universe from birth to today.In general, the information extracted from Planck's latest map provides the best proof of the standard model of cosmology with unparalleled accuracy.
Because Planck's map is so accurate, it even shows some special new features that cannot be explained, which may need new physics to explain.One of the surprising findings is the asymmetry of the average temperature in the opposite hemisphere of the sky.This is related toStandard modelThe predictions are in the opposite direction. The latter said that the universe is generally similar regardless of the direction of observation.
Planck satellite
The results show that the cold spot is much larger than expected, and its existence challenges the theory of cosmic symmetry.
“PlonkThe monitoring of these abnormal phenomena has eliminated the suspicion of the existence of the latter;They are no longer considered to be measurement errors.They really exist, and we must look for credible explanations. "Paul from Ferrara University in Italy?Paolo Natoli said so.
"Imagine that we are investigating the foundation of a house, but some parts of it are very fragile. You may not know whether these parts eventually lead to the collapse of the house, but you will certainly take immediate measures to strengthen these weak links," said the Institute of Astrophysics in Paris, FranceFrancois?Franois Bouchet added.
One of the explanations for these anomalies is that if the universe is observed on a large scale, the universe seen in each direction is not the same,European Space AgencySay so.In this case,Cosmic microwave backgroundThe light emitted by the radiation may go through a much more complicated route than previously understood, resulting in some rare features observed.
"Our ultimate goal is to build a new model to predict various anomalies and link them together. This is only the initial stage; so far we do not know whether this is feasible or what type of new physics is needed - but it is still exciting," said Professor George.
Planck satellite
The Evolution History of the Universe from the Big Bang to Today
In addition to these abnormalities,PlonkThe data of is very consistent with a relatively simpleCosmic modelThis allows scientists to extract the most essential part.The normal matter that makes up galaxies and stars only accounts for the whole mass of the universe/energy density 4.9%.dark substance, a mysterious matter indirectly detected only through its gravitational influence at present, making up 26.8% of the whole universe, more than previously estimated.
contrary,Dark energy, one is considered to causeCosmic accelerationThe mysterious power of is less than expected.“PlonkIt provides the most accurate and detailed microwave so farSpace map, which is depicting a new picture of the universe and constantly pushing the limits of our understanding of the current universe theory.We have seen a near perfect match to the standard theory of cosmology, but some of the puzzling features have also prompted us to rethink some basic conjectures.This is just the beginning of a new journey. We expect that the continuous analysis of Planck's data will provide new insights into this puzzle. "[1]
From 2009 to 2013, the European Space Agency's Planck satellite has been measuring the so-called cosmic microwave background radiation.The cosmic microwave background radiation originated 13 billion years ago, about 380000 years after the Big Bang.Due to the expansion of the universe, this kind of light in the microwave band that permeates the whole sky can still be observed by us.From 2009 to 2013, Planck inspected the sky and obtained unprecedented details of this ancient light.Now, Planck's data has been adopted by some research articles and has been published.The Cosmology Research Group of the Institute of Theoretical Physics of Heidelberg University also participated in these studies.
"Accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background radiation can reveal small differences in temperature. On the cosmic microwave background map, these temperature fluctuations look like small spots. Each spot represents a region with high or low temperature."Institute of Theoretical PhysicsExplained Dr. Valeria Pitrino, head of the Youth Research Group.In the previous research results, it was pointed out that onlycosmological models The six parameters describing the development of the Big Bang are relatively accurate.The temperature difference of the cosmic microwave background allows researchers to determine these parameters very accurately.One of them is called dark energy, which accounts for 70% of the total energy of the universe, leading to accelerated expansion of the universe.
The study of dark energy is still in its infancy.Although the data in the cosmic microwave background show that dark energy exists, its composition is still unclear.Using the latest satellite data, Planck's researchers combined various theories in considering dark energy, also in order to improve the theory of gravity.Therefore, the gravitational theory hypothesis in Einstein's theory will also be questioned.They used different methods and other measured data, including baryon acoustic vibration, which is the early cosmic density wave, the current Hubble constant, and so on.
From Planck's data, scientists can determine how much dark energy existed in the past."Strangely, the early dark energy content was significantly lower than what we expected. So far, when the cosmic microwave background radiation was released, it was assumed that the dark energy accounted for as much as 1% of the total energy. But the latest Planck data shows that it may not exceed 0.4%," Dr. Petrino said."It is expected that there will be quite high dark energy in the early universe, which has become a big problem in the dark energy theoretical model of the early universe."Institute of Theoretical PhysicsDr. Ricardo Martinelli added.
In addition, by analyzing Planck's data, it is found that self gravity produces interference that is not completely consistent with the standard cosmological model.Although the minor and variation of these deviations depends on the data collection, they also hope to further test and investigate other collected data."Further research may enable us to find out whether to return to the blueprint the deviation problem of Einstein's gravitational theory that is currently being dealt with," said Dr. Valeria Pitrino.For physicists, the analysis of data is crucial to the study of dark energy and gravitational cosmology.They can provide immeasurable impetus for future satellite missions, such as the Euclid mission in 2020, which will be jointly conducted by the European Space Agency and NASA. The Institute of Astronomy of Heidelberg University will also participate in such missions again.[2]
