The Book of Jin is Chinese“Twenty Four Histories”One, Tang DynastyFang XuanlingAnd others, with 21 authors in total[1]。In the 20th year of Zhenguan period (646),Tang TaizongIn order to deal with the realistic political struggle in order to seek the stability of imperial power behind him, and to restore the Confucian famous religion with "loyalty" and "filial piety" as the core to maintain the feudal rule, an imperial edict was issued to rebuild the history of Jin Dynasty.[4]
The history recorded in this book dates back to the end of the Eastern Han DynastySima YiEarly years, down toEastern Jin DynastyEmperor GongVelen Two years (420 years)Liu YuThe emperor of Jin was abolished and stood on his own.At the same time“Record”Form, describes the situation of the sixteen states' political power.The original synopsis and catalogue of the Book of Jin are one volume each, ten volumes of the Emperor's Annals, twenty volumes of the Annals, seventy volumes of biographies, thirty volumes of records, a total of 132 volumes.Later, the examples and catalogues were lost, and now there are 130 volumes.
The historical facts recorded in the Book of Jin are of great value and are important historical works for us to study the history of Wei and Jin Dynasties.[5]
Title
Jin Shu
Foreign name
Book of Jin
Alias of works
New Jin Shu
Author
Twenty one ministers including Fang Xuanling in the early Tang Dynasty
The Book of Jin consists of 130 volumes, including 10 imperial records, 20 chronicles, 30 records and 70 biographies.The history recorded in the book starts from the first year of Taishi (265 years) of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty and ends in the second year of Yuanxi (420 years) of Emperor Gong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, totaling 156 years.The characters recorded in the 10 volumes of Emperor's Annals in the Book of Jin include Sima Yi, Sima Zhao and Sima Shi before the founding of the People's Republic of Jin, with a total of 18 people recorded;The 20 volumes of annals are divided into 10 categories, namely: Astronomical Annals, Geographic Annals, Music Annals, Ritual Annals, Calendar Law Annals, Criminal Law Annals, Official Annals, Five Elements Annals, Yu Fu Annals, Food and Goods Annals;Seventy biographies of the Communist Party of China included 772 people, adding three categories: Rebellion, Loyalty and Filial Piety;The 30 volume record is the first record in the Book of Jin, which is used to record the sixteen kingdoms of Wu Hu in the Jin Dynasty.[5]
The contents, titles, and formats of the four editions have their own differences and similarities, and they are also developing constantly. Taking the most popular Chinese edition today as an example, and considering the limitations of typesetting, the format part is omitted, and the general contents and titles of Jinshu are listed separately, as follows:[2-3]
Principal discipline
volume number
contents
subject
Figures in the volume (figures in brackets are attached biographies)
In the 20th year of Zhenguan period (646),Tang TaizongIn order to deal with the realistic political struggle in order to seek the stability of imperial power behind him, and to restore the Confucian famous religion with "loyalty" and "filial piety" as the core to maintain the feudal rule, an imperial edict was issued to rebuild the history of Jin Dynasty.The compilation of Jin Shu by Tang Xiu began in March of the 20th year of Zhenguan and ended in July of the 22nd year of Zhenguan, lasting two years and five months.The revision of the Book of Jin in the Tang Dynasty was supervised by Fang Xuanling and other scholars. Twenty two people, including Chu Suiliang and Ling Hude Fen, participated in the revision. The participants came from the three major cultural areas of Guanlong, Shandong and Jiangnan in the early Tang Dynasty. They included some scholars with profound family knowledge, who were proficient in literature and history, and who were knowledgeable about etiquette, criminal law, food, genealogy, etc., forming a representative high-level group of history revision at that time.[4]
Compilation team
A large number of people participated in the compilation of the Book of Jin. According to the Tang Huiyao Volume 63, there were 22 people in total: "Sikong Fang Yuanling, the secretary of the middle school, ordered Chu Suiliang, the crown prince's left commoner son Xu Jingzong, was in charge of his affairs. The secretary of the middle school also came to help, wrote Lang Lu Yuanshi, wrote Lang Liu Ziyi, the host and guest doctor Lu Chengji, the chief historian ordered Li Chunfeng, and the crown prince's servant Li Yifu.Xue Yuanchao, Qiju Lang Shangguanyi, host guest member Lang Cui Xinggong, member of the Criminal Department Lang Xinqiu Yu, author Lang Yunzhi, director of Guanglu Temple Yang Renqing, director of the Imperial Historian's Office Li Yanshou, and reviewer Lang Zhang Wengong, all of which are recorded separately.It also ordered Linghu Dejin, the former governor of Yazhou, the prince's master of ceremonies, to broadcast, Li Anqi, the host and guest agent, and Li Huaiyan, the agent for stationing the farmland.And Lu Ji and Wang Xizhi. "The first age of Fang is Fang Xuanling (avoiding "Xuan").[6]
Appreciation of works
Announce
edit
Orthodox consciousness
《Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms》And《Spring and Autumn of the Thirty Kingdoms》For the Book of Jin·Record》In addition to providing basic historical data, it also inspired the orthodoxy of Jinshu Zaiji.On the one hand, both the Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn Annals and the Thirty Kingdoms Spring and Autumn Annals are orthodox in the Eastern Jin Dynasty;On the other hand, the two books both agreed with the status of the sixteen countries. The former did not abolish their titles, while the latter called the tyrant king.Although Jinshu Zaiji does not follow the last two calligraphies, its recognition of the history of the sixteen countries is influenced by two books.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese and foreigners had become one and the whole world was home. The broad-minded Tang people more or less recorded the history of the 16 countries in the official history, and wrote the official history, the Book of Jin, more creatively using the disciplinebiographiesAndRecordIn the form of juxtaposition, the political power of the Sixteen Kingdoms was listed in the official history rather than in oppositionHegemonic history, endow theseethnic minorityThe proper historical position of the political power, though still called arrogance and hypocrisy, has actuallydesalinationThe orthodox consciousness under the concept of Hua Yi shows that the Tang people are more open-minded towards the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms.
Before the Book of Jin, the Liangzhang family and the Xiliang Li family were biographies, and their reasons were rather suspicious;However, it breaks the boundary between orthodoxy and arrogance to a certain extent. In a word, the distinction between the original discipline, biographies and records is the distinction between orthodoxy and arrogance;In a nutshell, the history, biographies and records are combined to create the official history of the Book of Jin.The body of "Zaiji" really contains the complexity of coexistence of praise and criticism.In particular, "Zhang Gui Zhuan" and "Liang Wu Zhao Wang Zhuan" use "arrogance" to "righteousness", which can be said to be "arrogance".
Compilation characteristics
characteristic
Compared with other histories in the Twenty fifth History, the Book of Jin has four characteristics.
The first feature is the number of authors.
There are twenty-one authors of The Book of Jin, and they all left their names, which is rare in the history compiling work of the imperial dynasties.There is such a team of authors, which is an important reason why Jin Shu can surpass the previous Jin history.
The second characteristic is the innovation of style.
As mentioned above, the Book of Jin has thirty volumes of records.Record is a recordHun、XianbeiThe political power established by the rulers of minority nationalities, such as Jie, Di, Qiang, etc., is the form of the historical events of the "Sixteen States"Biographical styleA creation in the style of history books.Earlier, the Eastern Han DynastyBan GuI used to write a record of overload, but it was not used to record the history of the minority regime, nor did it become a part of a history book.As an integral part of the whole book, Jinshu Zaiji not only enriches the style of biographical history books, but also has far-reaching significance in representing an important stage of the historical development of a multi-ethnic country - the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
The third feature is to make up for the shortcomings of the old history.
From the perspective of the rulers, although the Book of Jin is a biography, it does not encourage Sima's history of prosperity《Jin Shu · Emperor Xuan Ji》It was mentioned inJin Ming EmperorAsk about the specific situation of Jinde Tianxia,Wang DaoMing Emperor was ashamed, buried his face on the bed and said, "IfPublic statement, Jin Zuo will be safe for a long time! ",In his historical theory, Tang Taizong was even more vigilant.
The fourth feature is complete records.
Before the Tang Dynasty, the history of each Jin Dynasty only recorded the history of the Western Jin Dynasty, or although it also recorded the history of the two Jin Dynasties, there was no special record of the history of the sixteen kingdoms.It can be said that they are not complete Jin history.Compared with the history of Jin before the Tang Dynasty, the content of Jin Shu is more detailed and extensive, with a large number of imperial edicts, memorialsLetterAnd articles, although lengthy, have many historical values.Yu Fu Zhi, Li Zhi and Yue Zhi reflect the ruling class's fashion of advocating etiquette and dress in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.Zhao YiIt said: "In the early Tang Dynasty, the Book of Jin was mainly based on Zang Rongxu's version, and it was also a test of the success of various schools. Today, according to the biographies of Jin, Song and other books, there are dozens of schools of Jin."
deficiencies
One: Record absurdity
The Book of Jin inheritsPrevious generationThe shortcomings of the works of Jin history record a large number of supernatural stories《Stories of Immortals》、《Youming Record》Some absurdities in are also included.For example, it is recorded in Ganbao BiographyDry treasureHis father and concubine were buried with him for more than ten years, but they were still alive after the coffin was opened.《Zhang Huachuan》Eating mentioned in“Dragon meat”It is also said that "if you try to wash it with bitter wine, it will be different."
Second: the selection of historical data is not rigorous enough
According to the investigation of historical scholars, during the period of compiling the Book of Jin, many documents of the Jin Dynasty can be seenSpecial historyIn addition, there are a large number of edicts, ceremonial notesofficial in charge of recording the emperor' daily lifeAnd anthologies.However, the compilers of Jin Shu mainly usedZang RongxuAs a blueprint, andliterary sketchesThe record of is slightly embellished.For the history of Jin and related historical materials of other schools, although they have been referred to, they have not been fully utilized.Therefore, the Tang Dynastybe published in book formLater, it was pointed out by the contemporary people that it "likes to pick up deceptive and groundbreaking stories, and widely hears different stories; moreover, the comments are beautiful and not realistic".
Liu ZhijiOn《Stone》Li also criticized that it did not attach importance to the selection of historical materials and only pursued the magnificence of words.Qing peopleZhang LiOn《To read history and take a correct examination》There are more than 450 fallacies in the Book of Jin.Qian DaxinCriticize "Jin Shu" for its "careless writing".There are also contradictions in the Book of Jin, such as《Wendi period》RecordCao FengAfter being killed,ChengThe end of the brothers was "the empress dowager followed her, and the Yi people helped the three tribes."《Xun Xuchuan》MediumXun XuThe above table of XunXu is also called "Cheng Gui's punishment stops his body, Younai's family is killed, and he is afraid of the private discussion of righteous people". That is to say, XunXu's above table reflects that Cheng Gui has not been killed by three families, and the two historical data contradict each other.
Influence of works
Announce
edit
historical value
The style of "Book of Jin" is relatively complete, so that it can accommodate more historical content without the sense of complexity.The imperial discipline of the Book of Jin is the general outline of the whole book, which arranges historical events in chronological order and explains the basic clues of historical development.In the imperial period, the first three periods of Xuan, Jing and Wen were listedEmperor Wu of the Jin DynastyGrandfather Sima Yi, uncleHorse Master, FatherSima ZhaostartJin state during Spring and Autumn periodThe process of foundation has made the historical origin of Jin history clearHistoriographyOf.
Some records in the annalsRules and regulationsThe arrangement is clear in category and narrative, which can give people more complete historical knowledge.The biographies record the characters in the order of the times, supplemented by the categories. The biographies or joint biographies are clear, and the distribution of all kinds of personnel is reasonableWestern Jin DynastyNearly 800 historical figures are displayed in front of readers in different categories, forming a picture of historical activities in the Jin Dynasty.The book records the history of the sixteen countries that confronted Jin, and is good at creating new ideas in the way of historical writing.The body of record is slightly the same as《Redords of the Grand History of China》An aristocratic family inVassal statesHistory reflects the pre Qin periodnobleThe characteristics of social and national close ties.The name of the records comes from the Dongguan Hanji, which can be used to record PinglinNew MarketandGongsun ShuHis deeds are just a supplement to his biographies.
The Book of Jin uses the style of the aristocratic family and takes the name of record. It gives a complete description of the rise and fall of the separatist regime of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains with a specification higher than that of the biographySeparatist regimeWith an appropriate historical position, it solved the problem of the Central Plains imperial dynasty and various ethnic regimes recording a history, which was greatly appreciated by historians of all dynasties.In the records, the political power of the Sixteen Kingdoms was only called "arrogance and hypocrisy", without distinguishing between Chinese and foreigners, which reflected the thought of the Tang Dynasty ruler that the Chinese and foreigners were one and the world was one. This is what we should pay special attention to when reading the Book of Jin today.The history of the Jin Dynasty is complicated, which is more difficult to write than the history of the Han Dynasty. The four genres of Jin Shu cooperate with each other to better solve this problem.
Jin Shu also has the advantages of substantial content and concise writing.Jinsocial contradictions Sharp and complex, withlandlord classConflicts with farmers, including Hu and HanNational contradictionThere are contradictions among Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, as well as the contradiction between monarchs and ministers, the anti Japanese faction andTalking schoolAnd so on.The Book of Jin provides a lot of information about these conflicts andDocumentation。asSun En、Luchun, Zhang Chang, Wang Ru and other biographies reflected the peasant uprising at that time;In Jiang Tong Zhuan《On Migrating to Army》, The Biography of Wen Qiao contained the Seven Rules of Military Affairs, which provided materials for the struggle between Hu and Han;"Guo Pu's Biography" contains "Criminal Punishment"《Li Chongchuan》Published in On the System of Nine Grades《Fu Xuanchuan》It provided materials for studying the social, political and economic situation at that time;《Biography of Pei Wei》Load《The theory of respecting others》，《Biography of Ruan Zhan》The book "On No Ghost" is an important ideological document.In addition, such as《Shuxi Chuan》record《Ji Zhong Book》The discovery process of《Pei Xiuchuan》Record《Yugong Regional Map》Six methods of drawing《Wei Hengchuan》On the Origin of Calligraphy《Book potential》All of them are extremely valuable historical materials.It has been more than 200 years since the death of the Jin Dynasty when Tang Xiu wrote the Book of Jin, which has the condition to change the shortcomings of falsehood in historical records.
In addition to following the old text, there is very little content in the book that the author intends to protect.It is revealed in many biographiesruling classThe nature of greed, corruption, extravagance and dissipation and the crime of harming the people are instructive.Most of the authors of the Book of Jin are literary masters, so the narration of the Book of Jin is often concise and to the point, and sometimes vivid and wonderful.The records in the book are written in a dense way, with the beginning and the end corresponding to each other.For example, the two volumes of Fu Jian are vivid and vivid, and they are very powerful.Biographies can also often express the attitudes of historical figures, which is somewhat interesting to read.
Its categories are relatively complete, and the contents of social laws and regulations are relatively comprehensive.The narratives in the Records of Food and Goods and the Records of Criminal Law include the Eastern Han Dynasty, which can be supplemented《Later Han Dynasty》Deficiency.《geography section》ResearchWei-Jin periodOn the occasionadministrative divisionChange,State county systemThe changes of are very useful.Most of the ten ambitions in the Book of Jin are written by experts who have learned well, and the content is more appropriate.The Chronicles of Astronomy, the Chronicles of the Legal Calendar and the Chronicles of the Five Elements were compiled by Li Chunfeng, a famous scientist, and have always been known in the world. The Chronicles of Astronomy and the Chronicles of the Legal Calendar are particularly well reviewed.Astronomy Annals records three major schools of astronomy since the Han and Wei Dynasties;Gaitian said、Xuanye saidandHuntian said, and affirmed the Huntian theory;Several calendars in the Wei and Jin dynasties are recorded in the Legal Calendar, which has preservedHistory of science and technologyIt is an important material of great value.
literary merit
Most of the people who participated in the compilation of the Book of Jin are literary masters, so they can often achieve rich content, concise writing, and many vivid and wonderful words in the narrative, such as the two volumes of Fu Jian Zai Ji. The narrative is vivid and interesting to read.
Many articles included in the biography of Jinshu reflect many aspects of social life at that time, enrich the content of Jinshu, and have important value.For example, Jiang Tong Zhuan contains On Migrating to Rong, which provides historical data for people to understand the struggle between Hu and Han;The Biography of Guo Pu contains the Commentary on Punishment and Prison, the Biography of Li Chongzhuan contains the Commentary on Nine Grades of Zhongzheng System, and the Biography of Fu Xuan contains the Commentary on Revitalizing Schools and Encouraging Agricultural Achievements, which preserves the materials on social, political and economic conditions at that time.[7]
Work evaluation
Announce
edit
Mr. Chen Yinque (k è) said, "Before the Tang Dynasty, the Jinshu of various schools can be called a beautiful book. However, the one who was restored by Taizong, its reason is that scholars of the ancient Chinese classics in the past Han Dynasty entered the text of 'Inheriting the Empress Yao of the Han Dynasty' in the Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, and the Tang Dynasty rebuilt the Jinshu, taking Zhang Gui as the companion of the same kind. Liang Xiliang was not listed in the records before, but was also listed in the Eighty Seven Biography of Liang Wu Zhaowang."Zhong also ran into the section of 'Shiyezi Chonger escaped from the river and ran to Jiangzuo, became an official in the Song Dynasty, and later became Hengnong Taishou', which was used to deceive the future generations.His husband, Liu Han, and his teacher, Li Tang, were separated from each other by different generations, which was totally irrelevant.But its choice of art is very careful, and it is a symbol from afar. It is just like that! "It is said that there are 18 schools of scholars who edited the Book of Jin before the Tang Dynasty. After the revision of the Book of Jin in the Tang Dynasty, "those who speak about the history of Jin Dynasty abandon their old books and write new ones".It can be said that the introduction of the "false history" of the sixteen books is the biggest difference between the Tang Xiu's "Book of Jin" and the previous generation's "Book of Jin", not just limited to the former cool, Xiliang into the end of the biography.
Version information
Announce
edit
ancient
Jianben of Northern Song Dynasty
Song Shaoxing republished the Northern Song edition
Fourteen line small print edition of Song magazine
Song Baoyou's nine line large print
Revision of Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty (with sound and meaning)
Ten line edition of Yuan magazine
The 22nd line edition of the Yuan Dynasty magazine (Dade 9th Road Edition)
Revised edition of Ming Southern Supervisor
Mingbei Jianfang Congzhe Xiuben
Ten line large character edition of the Ming Fan's official journal
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Zhou family (Zhou Ruonian) translated the nine line large font version of the Song Dynasty
Stone seal horizontal edition of the Qing History Study Room
Stone Print of Qing Dynasty's End Shizhai
Contemporary
Photocopy Hall of the Commercial Museum of the Republic of China
Republic of Chinacommercial pressPhotocopy of the Twenty Four History of Baina, reprinted in Northern Song Dynasty by Song Shaoxing
Printed by Zhonghua Book Company in the Republic of ChinaFour spare partsbook
Republic of ChinaKaiming Book CompanyThe Book of Jin in the Twenty Five Histories
Point proof
Punctuation printed edition of Zhonghua Book Company in 1974.On November 1, 1974, the first edition was printed in traditional Chinese, with 10 volumes in paperback and 5 volumes in hardcover.The latest edition is the first edition and the twelfth edition in December 2012.
In 1997, Zhonghua Book Company published a miniature version of "Twenty Four Histories", including the miniature version of Jin Shu.
In April 2000, Zhonghua Book Company launched a simplified version of the Book of Jin, with 2 volumes arranged horizontally.
Bashu Publishing House will publish The Twenty Four Histories of Jin Dynasty with annotations, and the typesetting is simplified horizontally.
The fifth chapter of The Complete Translation of Twenty Four Histories published by Shanghai Chinese Dictionary Press in 2004 is The Book of Jin, which is respectively "The First Volume of the Complete Translation of Twenty four Histories", "The Second Volume of the Complete Translation of Twenty four Histories", "The Third Volume of the Complete Translation of Twenty four Histories" and "The Fourth Volume of the Complete Translation of Twenty four Histories".
Supplementary textual research
Announce
edit
Supplement tables and records
one
Wan Sitong: The System Diagram of the Emperors of the Jin Dynasty;The World Table of Jin Kings.
two
Qin Xitian: Supplement to the Imperial Family of Jin Dynasty.It includes the imperial families that can be tested by the nobility. It takes the country being granted as the key link. All those who move to their own country are included10000 metersDetailed.
three
Wan Sitong: The World Table of Meritorious Officials in Jin Dynasty;Chronicle of Jin Generals and Ministers;Chronicle of Generals, Ministers and Ministers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
four
Qin Xitian: "Supplement to the List of Different Surnames in Jin Dynasty".
five
Qin Xigui: Table of Supplementary Jin Governance.The governing table of Zhou Ji's "Jin Lue" was revised, which is more detailed than the chronology of generals, ministers and ministers of Wan Family.
six
Wan Sitong: Chronicle of Jinfang Town;Chronology of Fangzhen Town in Eastern Jin Dynasty.
seven
Qin Xigui: Chronicle of Supplementary Jinfang Town.
eight
Wu Tingxie: Chronicle of Jinfang Town;Chronology of Fangzhen Town in Eastern Jin Dynasty.Both Wu's tables are far more than10000 metersQin Biao is detailed.
nine
Wan Sitong: "The World Table of Jin's Impersonation of Various Countries";Chronicle of Jin Tyrants and Puppets.
ten
Qin Xitian: Chronicle of Supplementary Jin Tyranny.
eleven
Zhang Yuzeng: Chronology of the Sixteen Kingdoms.The three tables of Wan, Qin and Zhang all take the political power of various countries as the key link year by year.
twelve
Shen Weixian: The Five Hu Table of Jin Dynasty takes nationality as the key link.
thirteen
Wan Sitong: Chronicle of the Pseudo Han Generals, Ministers and Ministers;Chronology of Fake Generals, Ministers and Ministers;Chronicle of Fake Zhao Generals, Ministers and Ministers;Chronicle of Fake Yan Generals and Ministers;Chronology of Pseudo Qin Generals, Ministers and Ministers;Chronology of the Pseudo generals, ministers and ministers of the Later Qin Dynasty;Chronicle of Fake Empress Yan's Generals and Ministers;Chronology of Pseudo Nanyan Generals, Ministers and Ministers.
leading bibliographic scholar who founded several libraries(1844-1919): The Table of All Officials after Cool;South Cool Hundred Officials Table;Xiliang Baiguan Table;Official Table in the North and West;Xia Baiguan Table;"Table of Hundred Officials of the Northern Yan".
sixteen
Lu Wenchao(1717-1796): Correction of Astronomical Records in the Book of Jin;Correction of Ritual Annals in the Book of Jin.
seventeen
Bi Yuan(1730-1797): New Supplement and Correction of Geographical Annals of Jinshu.The "Book of Jin · Geographical Records" was detailed in the early Western Jin Dynasty, and it was not limited to the counties during the reign of Emperor Wu.The account of Emperor Huidi was sketchy, especially in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.BishopTo correct omissions and errorsThere are hundreds of them.
Qian Yiji(1783-1850): Supplement to the Military Records of Jin Dynasty.
twenty-one
Ding Guojun: Supplement to Jinshu Art and Culture Annals.
twenty-two
Wenting style(1856-1904): Supplement to Jinshu Art and Culture Annals.
twenty-three
Qin Rongguang: Supplement to Jinshu Art and Culture Annals.There are 13 kinds of stone carvings, which are not found in other supplementary records.
twenty-four
Wu Shijian: Supplement to Jinshu Jingji Annals.
twenty-five
Huang Fengyuan: Supplement Jin Shu Art and Culture Annals.The above five supplementary chronicles have detailed differences and similarities with each other. They are roughly based on the Wu's book of the Wen family.
People of the Republic of China in the Qing DynastyWu Shijian、Liu ChengganCombined injection《Jin Shu Page Note》One hundred and thirty volumes were collected to identify differences, prove similarities, correct errors and supplement. This book was written byWuxing JiayetangPublication.
