The title first appeared inShang Dynasty，Zhou DynastyThe honorific title of "Haotian God" officially appeared at that time.There are sun, moon, stars, rain, thunder and lightning as messengers,Five sided GodAssist.
Tang dynastyAs God in heavenEmperor of HeavenSole worship.[12]staythe ming dynastyIn the early days of the Heaven and Earth Sacrifice Ceremony, there were Haotian God and Huangdi God;In the ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1530), heaven and earth were worshipped separately,the Circular Mound AltarThe position of the Winter Solstice Grand Sacrifice is the God of Heaven;In the seventeenth year of Jiajing (1538), Emperor Yi Haotian of Jiajing was named as the God of HeavenBeijing TiantanSacrifice the throne as "God in Heaven".[11]
The Haotian God lives in Beichen. "The Haotian God is the Emperor of Heaven, the star of Beichen."
The survival and development of early human beingsnatural conditionInseparable.It is called Haotian God, also called God, Huangtian God, Tiandi, God, etc.The gods who dominate the universe, dynasties andConfucianismOfSupreme God，Represent the day or equal to the day[3]。
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the title of "emperor" appeared, also known as "God", "God of Heaven"[3]。in ancient timesChinaIn the original myth and religious system of "God", the literal meaning is "the emperor in heaven", which means "the supreme master". The belief in God originates from the worship of "heaven" (sky, universe).
Shang Shu Yi Xun[2]"But God is not always good enough to bring good fortune and bad enough to bring disaster."
The Book of Songs·Daya · Emperor Yi》[3]“Emperor Yi God, I am facing Youhe.Monitor and observe everywhere, and ask the people not to do anything.To maintain these two countries, their politics cannot be achieved.The four countries of Wei and Bi, therefore, study and spend time together.God hates his style.It is a good thing to go to the west, this dimension and house. "
Although the Qin Dynasty did not offer sacrifices to God Haotian, but offered sacrifices to the four emperors Huang, Bai, Qing and ChiQin Huiwen KingAt《ten Qin kingdom inscribed steles》It can be seen that the King of Qin once asked Pixian to tell Haotian God on his behalf, indicating that his importance is still not low, but because of the lack of information, it is not clear whether there is a sacrifice to Haotian God.
《ten Qin kingdom inscribed steles》[7]: You QinHeir kingHe dares to use Ji Yuxuan to make his father wish Shao Xuan Buzhong and tell Pixian the Great GodWuxianThe King of Chu has committed many crimesOn the other hand, they are brave and fearlessHeaven God, and the great god of Pixian, the powerful god of Wuxian, and the curse alliance of the 18th generationMethod of seeking contemptHeaven GodAnd the shirt of Pixian God WuxianYi should acceptHeaven GodAnd the great god of Pixian, Wu Xianzhi, gave him some Lingde to conquer the Chu masters, and he also sketched out our border town.Dare to count the times of the king of Chu, Xiong Xiangzhi, to ally with the curse, and use the stone seals to ally with the great god.
Western Han DynastyInherited the four emperors of the Qin Dynasty, while the Emperor Gaozu of the Han DynastyLiu BangFive emperors are the highest sacrifice untilMartial EmperorAt that time, God Haotian was the supreme god. Wang Mang put forward the saying of "Taiyi", and the Five Emperors were the assistant of Taiyi[4], finally,LateriteThe emperor only offered sacrifices with the God of Haotian.
Records of the Historian - Book of Zen[4]: Two years, strike eastXiang nationalityWhen he returned to the pass, he asked: "So what emperor was the God Temple in the Qin Dynasty?" He said: "Four emperors, including white, blue, yellow and red emperors." Gao Zu said: "I heard that there are five emperors in the sky, and there are four, what is it?".So the Emperor Gaozu said, "I know it, but I have five things to do with it." He set up the Heidi Temple, and ordered it to be called Beidang... Bo peopleFallacyPlaying Ancestral Temple, said: "God is preciousTaiyi, Taiyi Zuo saidFive Emperors。The ancient emperor offered sacrifices in spring and autumnTaiyiIn the southeast suburb, if you use Tailao, you can open a ghost path for the altar in seven days. "Yu is the emperor who ordered Tai Zhu to set up his temple in the southeast suburb of Chang'anFengci TempleRujifang... Shangsui JiaoyongLongxiWest to Kongtong, Xingganquan.To make the temple officials comfortable and so onTaiyiAncestral Temple and AltarTaiyiAltar, Altar Sangai.Five EmperorsThe altar is surrounded below it, each as its own way. In the southwest of the Yellow Emperor, in addition to the eight ways of ghosts... Next winter, the son of heaven will be Yongjiao, and he will say, "Today, God will visit the suburbs, andLateriteIf there is no sacrifice, there will be no answer. "So the Son of Heaven began to set upLateriteAncestral Temple Fenyin Dun, such as Kuanshu, etc.Worship is like a rite of God... So Sainanyue, prayer templeTaiyi、LateriteHe began to use music and dance, called singing children, and made twenty-five strings and waiting harps and zithers from then on.
Han dynastyusurper who founded the Xin dynastyThe attempt to merge Haotian God with Taiyi affected some literature at that time, but later emperors soon separated the two gods.
In the Han Dynasty, there was a theory of "Six Days One", which believed that there were six emperors in the skyTaiyi, Taiyi Zuo saidFive Emperors。”Six Days God, that is, "Haotian God" plus East, South, West, North and Central,Five Heavenly Emperors。The difference is that among the six emperors, the Haotian God can take the place of the sky, while the five emperors can't take the place of the sky, just like the Book of Sui · Etiquette[5]He said, "The five seasons welcome Qi. All of them belong to Tai Hao, the person who worships the five elements. They are not worshipping the heaven. The heaven is called the emperor, also called God, also called the emperor. The five element emperor can also be called God, but not the heaven."
Jin DynastyThey no longer offered sacrifices to Taiyi, but changed to Haotian God, and repeatedly discussed the status of the Five Emperors[6]。
Book of Jin · Ritual Annals[6]: Emperor Wei YuanXianxiDecember 2Jia Zi,... Zen is located in Jin.Bing Yin, Emperor Wu（Marsitis）SetMandalaIn the southern suburbs, firewood is burning to tell people that it is like God, and fashion has no ancestorsAt that time, the officials also discussed that the five emperors were the heaven, and the king's spirit was different from time to time, so they had different names. Although they had five names, they were actually one god.In the southern suburbs of Mingtang, it is advisable to remove the seat of the five emperors and change the five suburbsFive essencesAll are called the sameReigning Sovereign in Heaven, just one seat for each.In addition to the sacrificial ceremony in the suburbs.The emperor knows how to followFebruaryDing Chou, Suburb Ritual Emperor Xuan（Sima Yi）To worship Emperor Wen（Sima Zhao）In Mingtang to match God.In November of that year, there was a division and a discussion. The ancient hills and suburbs were the same. It was better to combine the round hills and square hills in the northern and southern suburbs, and build an altar sign. The two supreme sacrifices were combined in the two suburbs.The emperor followed it again, just likeEmperor XuanWang Suyi was also used.Is monthGeng ChenOn the winter solstice, the Diqin Temple is located in the southern suburbs.Since then, the round hills and square rivers have never stood apart. "In October of the tenth year, another imperial edict said: "... then the God of Mingtang must not be the God of Heaven. Those who went there discussed the removal of the Five Emperors of Mingtang, and the ritual of the examination was not correct.... Its Fuming Hall and the Five Emperors of the southern suburbs.
Tang dynastyContinuing the theory of "six days" advocated by the Northern Dynasty (Haotian God and Wufang Emperor), Jiaotian totally took Haotian God asEmperor of HeavenSole worship.[12]
1. The emperor can make the wind and rain, and dominate the nature.OracleThe words of rain offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers were transferred from the god of mountains and rivers to the emperor of heaven. The god of mountains and rivers did not stop rainTheocracy。Clouds, thunder and rain are the will of the Emperor of Heaven, who decides whether the agricultural harvest is available or not, and the rain in the sky is also the order of the Emperor, so there are many records of "Emperor ordered rain" in oracle bone inscriptions:
Zu GengZujia's divination said: "... Brother... the emperor... comes out..." "Only the five drums... the emperor is like the king... Youyou." "Zhen, the emperor ordered rain this March." "Zhen, the emperor ordered thunder this 13th month." "TomorrowGui MaoThe emperor does not command the wind, and the evening fog. "
2. The emperor can dominatehuman society, reduce disasters or protect the world.Yin Wang Weiyoumilitary actionYou must first ask the Emperor of Heaven whether he will grant you blessing, because the Emperor of Heaven dominates the victory or defeat of the external expedition;Moreover, the Emperor of Heaven can bless and cause trouble to the king of Yan, holding the good and bad luck of the king of Yan;The Emperor of Heaven can give orders, command everything in the world, and also can call orders, interfere in everything in the world.
"Wu Shen Bu, fighting for chastity, the emperor sent me black for one month."
The disappearance of the personality of "Heaven Emperor" is only regarded as the invisible and nameless "noumenon" in philosophy, called "reason".ZhuangziHe believes that everything is based on Tao, and heaven is born from Tao.MoziThe ghosts and gods of the Heavenly Emperor are regarded as another kind of creatures besides human beings.
Reigning Sovereign in Heaven
Qieyuqing Yuanshi Tianzun is neither Laozi'sdharmakayaThe Supreme Taoist Priest of Shangqing Dynasty is not Lao Tzu's reward. He has two images and is not the same as Lao Tzu. Lao Tzu is also the Supreme Taoist Priest of Shangqing DynastyBuddhaHe who has lost is also lost.Kuang Zhuangzi said clearlyanother name of Lao-tzuIn the event of his death, Dan is also a ghost. How can he arrogate himself to God in heaven? "[1]
The Emperor of Heaven is the God of benevolence and virtueSelwood Emperor:
"The Emperor of Heaven is the Five Virtues, and the Five Virtues are like the Emperor of the Five Great Heroes, and the two texts are different. Yu Weiyun:" The Five Great and Micro Emperors should be based on the five elements, and each of the five elements has its own virtue, so it is called the Emperor of Five Virtues. The Five Virtues are the wood god benevolence, the gold god righteousness, the fire god ceremony, the water god knowing, and the earth god believing. "So the Emperor of Heaven is a five in one god.
Sacrifice
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The official sacrifice of the Zhou Dynasty was held in the capital, southern suburbsthe Circular Mound AltarHeld."Round Hillworship”And the "square hill sacrificial land" are in the suburbs, so they are also called“offer sacrifice to heaven and earth”。The Round Hill is a round altar, which was believed by the ancientsThe sky is round and the place is roundThe circle is the image of the sky.Before offering sacrifices, the Son of Heaven and all officials should fast and examine the sacrifice andsacrificial utensil。On the day of sacrifice, the emperor led his officials to the countryside in the early morning.The emperor wears a big fur,[8]Endocentrichigh-ranking government officials(decorated withSun, moon and starsAnd mountains, dragons and other decorative patterns), wearing a crown with twelve diadem at the front and back, and inserting it between the waistDagui, hand-heldZhen Gui, facing the west and standing in the southeast of the Round Hill.At this time, the drums and music were playing together to announce that the Emperor of Heaven was coming to enjoy the sacrifice.Then the Son of Heaven led the sacrifice to the Emperor of Heaven and killed it.These sacrifices are accompanied byjade、YuguiSacrificial offerings such as silk and silk were put on the firewood stack, and the emperor lit the firewood to make the fireworks rise high in the sky, so that the emperor could smell the smell.This is burnt burning, also called "Sacrifice".Then he welcomed the corpse to the Round Hill with music.The corpse is decorated by a living person as the incarnation of the Emperor of Heaven, representing the Emperor of Heaven to receive sacrifices.The corpse was seated, with jade jade, tripod, Gui and other sacrificial vessels in front of it.At this time, sacrifice blood to the corpse first, and then offer five different quality wines in turn, called Wuqi.After the first two wine offerings, the whole animal and soup shall be offered（Gravy）, Xing soup (vegetable juice with salt), etc.After the fourth wine offering, offerMilletDiet.After offering, the corpse thanks the offeror with three kinds of wine, which is called Zuo.After drinking, the emperor andDance teamThe dance of Cloud Gate is said to beYellow EmperorThe music and dance of the time.Finally, the worshippers also shared the wine used for the sacrifice. The corpse blessed the emperor, called "Gu", and later generations also called "Yin Fu".The Son of Heaven also gave the sacrificial meat to the imperial officials, which was called "Gizuo".The sacrificial rites for future generations are mostly formulated according to the Zhou rites, butGodOr the divine position card replaced the corpse.
Temple officials are responsible for the worship of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty to heaven and earth.
At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Wu, the ceremony was held every three years, that is, in the first year, the ceremony was held to worship heaven, in the second year, the ceremony was held to worship land, and in the third year, the ceremony was held to worship Wudang (the Five Kingdoms Emperor)[4], every three years.In the first year of Emperor Cheng's founding (32 years ago), a circular hill was built in the south of the ancient canal of Kunming outside Chang'an City.In the first month of the spring of the next year, the first day (the first day) will be the day of worshipFive sided God。This is the beginning of the Han Dynasty Southern Suburb Sacrifice to Heaven.Later onLuoyangA round hill was built in the south of the city. The altar is divided into two layers. The upper layer is the place of heaven and earth, and the lower layer is the place of five emperors. There are two walls outside the altar, called "W é i".
Song Dynasty Round Hill Sacrifices to Heaven and Earth[9]Later, an amnesty ceremony will be held on the gate tower of the imperial city to pardon prisoners;It will arrive another dayJingling PalaceThe ancestors' statues went forward to "salute".
Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyIn the 10th year of Hongwu's reign (1377), the ritual system of the Round Hill was changed, and every yearMeng ChunIn the southern suburbs of the southern suburbs, a large sacrificial hall was built to cover the altar with a large round house.The Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved to BeijingAfter, onZhengyang GateThe South built the Great Sacrifice Hall according to the regulations of Nanjing, which was built in the 18th year of Yongle (1420) to worship heaven and earth together.
Nine Years of Jiajing[10]In 1530, Shizong changed the system of heaven and earth worship and built another round hill in the south of the Great Sacrifice Hall.
