Entomology is based oninsectScience as the object of study.People engaged in insect research are called entomologists.Entomologists all over the world observe, collect, feed and test insects, and their research covers the wholebiologyThe category of laws, includingevolution、ecology、Behaviors、morphology、Physiology、biochemistryandgeneticsAnd so on.The general characteristics of these studies areorganismIt's an insect.
biologistchoiceResearchInsects asscientific researchThe materials have uncovered many natural mysteries. The most prominent example isDrosophila melanogaster(Drosophia melanogaster)genetics。Advantages of materials with insects as the topic: insects are easy toraise，Life cycleShort, can obtain a large number of individuals in a short time;Insects are open cycle animals,organAnd insideSecretory glandOftransplantIt's easy,invertebrateMany of its physiological problems are studied with insects as experimental materials;Insects as research materials are not likeprimateVulnerable to social andmoralityConstraints.
Entomologists are not only engaged in basic research, but also reveal the growth and development of insectslawIn addition, in many cases, it is mainly engaged in the research on the control of harmful insects and the utilization of beneficial insects.The responsibility of entomologists lies in mastering the laws of nature, controlling and managing insects to make them "harmless, beneficial and beneficial".
With human production activities andScientific experiment, as well as the development of other basic disciplines and the cross penetration of disciplines, entomology has entered the stage of description and experimentmolecular biologyStage, moving towardsmacroscopicandmicrocosmicIn the process of discipline development, entomology has gradually formed many branches of its own.
The English name is Insect taxonomy or Insect taxonomy, which studies the identification of insects and theira pedigreeRelationship, involving the identification, naming, classification of insects, as well as the genetic relationship between different levels and the way of progress.Then, insect values are formedtaxonomy、Cladistic taxonomy、Chemotaxonomy、Cytotaxonomy、Molecular taxonomyAnd so on.
Applied entomology(Applied ontology)Economic entomology(economic ontology)Life activitiesThe inherent laws of science benefit mankind.It is not only the main reason for entomology, but also the purpose of people to study insects.According to different angles and scopes, applied entomology can be divided into:
Agricultural entomology
Agricultural ontologypestThe occurrence, development, growth and decline laws and prevention measures of.Agricultural entomologyIt is not only necessary to study pests, but also to study the response of the injured plants to improve their tolerance and resistance to pests, and to study management strategies andcropComprehensive prevention and control measures for the center.As an integral part of agricultural entomologyplant quarantineThere is a tendency to become a branch discipline independently.Agricultural entomology is a branch of entomology, which studies the occurrence, control and utilization principles and methods of insects related to agriculture.The goal of the course is to train students to understand theBiologyAcademic characteristicspopulationQuantity changes and surrounding creaturesAbiotic environmentThe relationship between the factors, the response of the host after being injured, including economic loss, compensation ability and insect resistance mechanismecologyComprehensive management strategies and supporting measures based on the principle of pest control, high yield, high quality and good maintenanceecological environmentThe purpose of.
Forest entomology
Forest ontology, which studies living treesa seedlingOccurrence rules and control methods of bamboo and wood pests.
Medical entomology(Medical ontology) to study the occurrence rules and control measures of pests that directly parasitize, sting, harass and intimidate humans, pollute human food and spread human diseases.
Forensic entomology
Forensic ontology refers to applied insects and othersnatural scienceIt is a science to study and solve insect problems in judicial practice.
Urban entomology
Urban ontology, researchurban environmentThe species, habits, occurrence rules and control measures of medium and harmful insects.
Insect Toxicology
The English is Insect toxicology, which uses insect physiologybiochemistryMethods The toxic mechanism of drugs to insects, the detoxification mechanism of selective drugs, and theDrug resistanceThe mechanism provides the basis for the synthesis of new pesticides and the solution of resistance problems.
Phytochemical protection
Chemical protection of plants, researchBotany、Diseases and pestsandChemical pesticideThe relationship between the three is to propose rational use of chemical pesticides to achieve safetyEconomicsMethods and measures to effectively protect economic crops from diseases, insects and weeds.
Biological control of pests
Pest bio control is a discipline that studies the theory and practice of using natural enemies of pests to control pests.
Insect pathology
The English name is Insect pathology, which studies the parasitic bacteria, fungi, virusesMicrosporidia、NematodePathological changes, diagnosis and epidemic rules of insects caused by parasitoids.To improveBiological controlEfficiency provides basis.
In addition, applied entomology also includesfruit treeEntomology, vegetable entomology, stored product entomologyresource entomology (resource entomology), extension entomology, sericultureApiculture（apiculture）、Veterinary entomology(veterinary ontology), etc.
Cultural entomology
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Cultural entomologyCulture entomology is an interdisciplinary discipline formed in the early 1980s, mainly studying the impact of insects on human culture, including national entomology, folk entomology, deepening entomology, literary entomology, etc.
Technical entomology (Technical entomology) or entomological technology is a science to explore the technology used in entomological research.includeInsect specimenCollection, production and management of insects, breeding, investigationPhotography、mappingThe use and maintenance of conventional entomological instruments, and the retrieval and utilization of entomological literature are an important part of entomology.
Entomologist
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Fabur
Jean Henri Casimir Fabre (1823-1915), French entomologist, animal behaviorist and litterateur.It is known as "Homer of the insect world, Virgil of the insect world".In 1823, he was born in a farm in Saint Leon, Provence, southern France.In the following years, Faber spent his time at his grandparents' house in Malawal, not far from the village. At that time, he was attracted by lovely insects such as butterflies and grasshoppers in the countryside.In 1829, Faber returned to Saint Raine to start school, but that period of childhood has been deeplyInscriptionIn his heart, he cherishes that memory.
In 1833, the Fables cameRodezHis father runs a familycaféLivelihood.
In 1837, the family moved toToulouse。Faber entered the seminary in Toulouse, but dropped out of school and went out to make a livingRailwayWorked and sold in the marketlemon。Later, he passed the selection examination of Avignon Normal School, won a scholarship, and was awarded a higher education institution after three years of studydiploma。After graduation, at the age of 19, Faber began his teaching career in Cabendra. The courses he taught wereHistory of Natural Science。
In 1849, he was appointedCorsicaAjaccioOfPhysics teacher。The beautiful natural scenery and rich species on the island ignited his researchBotanyandanimalEnthusiasm.AvignonLekian, a botanist from the United States, taught him his knowledge.After that, he followed Mokan Tang Tong to collect flowers and plants everywhere. This knowledgeable and talented teacher was Faber, who later becameNatural HistoryScientists have laid a solid foundation on the road of scientific research.
In 1853, Faber returned to the French mainland, was employed by a school in Avignon, and moved his family to a simple house in the dyeing street of Saint Dominic.
In 1857, he published "Observations on the Habits of Bumblebee", which corrected the wrong view of Leon Dufour, the founder of entomology at that time, and wonFrenchThe Institute was awarded the Prize of Experimental Physiology.During this period, Faber also devoted his energy to the natural dye madder oralizarinThe red color on the pants of French soldiers came from the powder of madder.
In 1860, Faber obtained three patents for such research.Later, at the invitation of Victor Dului, Minister of Public Education, Faber was responsible for the organization and teaching of an adult evening school, but his free teaching method caused some dissatisfaction.So he quit his job and settled down in Orange with his family for more than ten years.During these ten years, Faber completed the first volume of the later ten volumes of Insects.During this period, he went to Wandu Mountain with his friends many times to collect plant specimens.In addition, he met English philosophersMillHowever, Mir died young, so that the plan "Wolkruz Vegetation Grand View" that they had planned earlier died prematurely.At the same time, a great misfortune befell Faber: he had six children, of whom the only son Jules, who shared his father's interests and loved to observe nature, died at the age of 16.Since then, Faber dedicated several plants he found to Jules, who died early, to express his memory of him.The study of fungi has always been one of Fable's hobbies.
In 1878, he wrote many wonderful academic articles on the subject of the fungus of Wolkluz.He was righttruffe His research is also very detailed and describes its fragrance in detail. Gourmets claim to be able to taste all the flavors he describes from the real piece of wild rice.
In 1879, Faber bought the barren stone garden in Selinion and lived there until his death.This is a barren and barren land, but it is a favorite land of insects. In addition to living for his family, there are also his study, studio and testing ground, which can make him focus on thinking quietly and devote himself to various observations and experiments. It can be said that this is the world he has always dreamed of.It is here that Faber, while observing and experimenting, sorts out the research on insects in the first half of his lifeObservation notes, experimental records and scientific notes, completedInsectsThe last nine volumes of.Now, this former residence has become a museum, quietly located in a richProvenceIn the botanical garden of amorous feelings.
Faber insisted on self-study all his life, and successively achievedIndustrialistDegree, Bachelor of Mathematics, Bachelor of Science and Natural SciencedoctorDegreeLatinandGreek, like ancient Roman writersHorace And poetsVirgilWorks.He is almost self-taught in painting and watercolor, leaving many exquisiteFungiAtlas Zeng RangThe Nobel Prize in LiteratureWinner, French poetFrederick·Mistral was full of praise.In his later years, Faber's success in Insects won him "Homer”As well as his reputation as a "poet in the scientific community", his achievements have been widely recognized by the society.Although Faber has won many scientific titles, he is still simple, shy and modest, and lives a poor life.His talent was admired by scholars at that time, including British biologistsDarwinBelgian playwright, winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for LiteratureMetlink, German writer Junger, French philosopher Bergson, poet Mallarm, Provencal writer Rumanier, etc.As the Insect Record accurately recorded Faber's experiments and revealed many secrets of insect life and habits, Darwin called Faber "an observer who cannot be emulated".When he lived in Serenion, many scholars and writers came to visit him.Faber once received Pasteur, British philosopher Mill and other scholars in his residence, but communication with them was not frequent.Victor Dului, Minister of Public Education, recommended Fable tonapoleon iii The latter awarded him the Medal of Honor.French politicianRaymond Poincar Passing through Serenion, I made a detour to the Stone Garden to greet him.Faber, who has multiple identities, has a wide range of works: as a naturalist, he left many academic works on animals and plants, including Rubia madder: patents and papers, Animals of Avignon《truffe 》Agarics on Olive TreesGrape Root Rumen AphidEtc;As a teacher, he has compiled many chemical physics textbooks;As a poet, he wrote many poems in the Provencal language of southern France, which was affectionately called“gadflyPoets ".In addition, he also translated some works of Provencal poets into French;In his spare time, he used his own small mouth to compose some small songs.However, the longest, most important and best known work of Faber is Insect.This work not only shows himScientific observationHis research talents and literary talents also convey his humanistic spirit and great love for life to readers.
Expert introduction
entomology
Zhou Yao, one of the top ten entomologists in the world todayNorthwest Agricultural UniversityProfessor, doctoral supervisor.For more than 60 years, he has devoted all his efforts to the insect research cause of his motherland, and is known as the "strange hero" of Chinese entomology.
Zhou Yao did a lot of extracurricular work during the study period of "Leader"biologyIn the experiment, more than 3000 pieces were suppressedPlant specimenAnd more than ten boxesInsect specimen, which laid the foundation for his later insect research.More than 50 years later,Zhou YaoHe traveled across mountains and rivers, leaving his footprints in the southeast, northwest and northwest of China.He collected more than 500000 insect specimens and found more than 250 new species, includingfortyMany are also named after him.He has authored more than 140 monographs, and the chief editor has completed the scientific masterpiece《Chinese Butterflies》, sponsored the authoritative journal of entomologyJournal of Insect Taxonomy。 He has won the National Science Conference Award, ItalyNapoliUniversity Gold Award, elected asRepublic of San Marino Member of the International Academy of Sciences.He was also elected as a member of the 6th and 7th CPPCC National CommitteeJiusan Societymember of central committee.His name is included in the World Directory of Scientific and Technological People in the United States and Germany.
Wei Meicai, born in 1966, was a member of the 9th and 10th CPPCC Provincial Committee,Central South Forestry UniversityDirector of Insect Research Institute, doctoral supervisor.Mainly engaged inInsect systematicsAnd research on conservation biology, more than 240 papers (departments) have been published, 86 new genera and more than 900 new species of insects have been found, and new insects of the order Hymenoptera have been proposedclassification system, creating new branches of insect resources science and major pestsResource-basedManagement theory, etc.
Related works:
Insects
Insects《The story of insects》（Huacheng Publishing House1997)《Insect story》, Notes on Entomology (English name is The Records About Insects), known as "Virgil of the Insect World" and "Epic of Insects".The subtitle is "Research on insect instinct and its customs".It not only truly records the life of insects, but also reflects the human world through the life of insects.
Insect Record has ten volumes, each volume is composed of several chapters, most of which are completed in the Stone Garden.The first volume was issued in 1878, and about every three years thereafter.
The content of the original book is just like its name. The first and most intuitive thing is the research record of insects.For decades, the author is not limited to traditional anatomy andclassification method , directly observe a wide range of insects in Provence, southern France, in the field, or bring them back to their homes for cultivation, vividly and detailedly record the physical features, habits, preferences, survival skills, transformation, reproduction and death of these small creatures, and then combine the observation records with the results of thinking to write detailed and accurate notes.But "Insect Record" is different from general scientific sketches or encyclopedias, it exudes a strong literary flavor.First, it does not aim at providing comprehensive and systematic knowledge about insects.In addition to introducing the knowledge of natural science, the author uses his own knowledge, vivid description and anthropomorphic rhetoric to skillfully link the life of insects with human society, and moves the moral and cognitive system of human society into his writingInsect WorldLi.He reflects on society through insects endowed with humanity, conveys his views on human society from personal experience and thinking in observation, and virtually guides readers to re understand the principles of human thought, morality and cognition in the "ethics" and "social life" of insects.This is not found in general academic articles, but it is common in literary creation.
Unlike many literary works, Insect Story is not a world created by the writer. The events described in Insect Story come from his direct observation of insect life, sometimes even the details of some insect habits.Secondly, although the full text focuses on the life habits of insects with a lot of ink, it is not as boring as academic works. The book is beautiful and can be called an excellent literary work.
The author's language is simple and fresh, lively, and his tone is relaxed and humorous, full of rich interest and poetry.The author is rightnatureThe sound, color, shape and breath of animals and plants are well described, which makes the reader integrate into the charming pastoral scenery of Provence in southern France in the 19th century.The author uses a lot of vivid metaphors in his description. In addition, he quotes Greek myths, historical events and allusions in the Bible based on his Latin and Greek foundation, and sometimes intersperses Provencal or Latin poetry between the lines.Faber is known as "Homer of Insects" and was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. In addition to the vast space and all inclusive content of Insects, the beautiful and poetic language must also be one of the reasons.
Insect Record combines science and literature, which also means that it has both scientific rationality and literary sensibility.From time to time, the book reveals ingenuity, proposes deep thinking on the value of life, and tries to integrate deeper meaning into science.The rational elements in the works reflect the author's research and thinking.In his observation and research on insects, Faber repeatedly experimented and researched many kinds of data. He dared to question the mainstream academic views, explore the truth, pursue the truth, and constantly explore and supplement the knowledge structure to the best of his ability. He was not easy to make a conclusion about his own observation results, and at the same time showed his skepticism and limitations.
When he expressed his feelings after observing insects, he soberly realized that human arrogance, the barbarism of mechanized society, and his words often satirized human rigid stereotypes, and carefully thought about the social status quo calmly.The perceptual elements in this work are not only reflected in the content and language expression of the work, but also reflected in the author's research and thinking.From the perspective of writing, the work is full of anthropomorphic insect life, from describing the external characteristics of insects with human clothes, to symbolizing the process of insect courtship and mating with weddings, and then to dealing with them in thenatureThe author's emotion changes with the fate of insects.
In addition, in addition to the research records, the author also mentioned his poor and happy rural life, the courtyard he lived in, and his experience of going out to catch insects between the lines. He introduced his children and even his dogs to the readers, which is just in line with the word "memory" and full of human feelings.In the process of research and thinking, the author uses the fieldexperimental methodAndObservation methodAnd other research methods, studying living insects and carefully observing life, which, compared with anatomical classification, has its own perceptual color.
His thoughts after many observations are all related to life, based on respect and love for life.It can be said that the emotional tone and power of this work is a kind of awe and love for life, a clear understanding of survival;A deep feeling for life.Scientific rationality can only be sustained by this perceptual support.The author is curious about life because of his love for nature and life, so he carefully experiences every manifestation of life in observation, and is intoxicated with it. This, in turn, supports the scientific spirit of scholars to explore the truth.
If Buhl's Insect Story is beyond the reach of ordinary literary works or scientific works, then strictly speaking, it also has its own limitations.By professional standards, Faber is a naturalist and "non professional" entomologist;His literary techniques could not surpass all the outstanding literary works at that time.In the works, people, as observers, use literary style to make insects take on the color of "human nature", but it is not enough to become a monograph of sociology or ethics.In a word, this work is limited from any perspective of entomology, sociology or ethics.At the same time, we should recognize thatScientific research achievementsIn combination with literary writing, Faber was not alone in history.
However, Insects has gained great influence and reputation with its own characteristics.It is not written deliberately, but the result of the author's observation and writing.This sets the tone of the work: seemingly plain and light, but it reflects the author's feelings of cherishing life and loving life all the time, just like the simple and poor, but peaceful and beautiful rural life.The observation records he left are unchanged, but the thinking he gave the readers is flexible. He did not force others to accept his own views, but only brought knowledge, interest, beauty and thought enjoyment to the readers.
