Japanese

[rì yǔ]

The common language and de facto official language of Japan

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Japanese (English: Japanese ； Japanese: Japanese にほんご）, also known as "Japanese", has 125 million native speakers, accounting for 1.6% of the world's population. Japan The Constitution or laws do not explicitly stipulate that Japanese is the official language, but various laws and regulations stipulate that Japanese is required to be used. Japanese is also used as the language of education and teaching in schools. Japanese is the common language and de facto official language of Japan.^[30-31]

The origin of Japanese has always been debated, Meiji Period Japanese divided Japanese into Altaic This statement has been generally denied. Mo Herbert and Ono Jin believe that Japanese belongs to Dravidian languages ， Nishida Tatsuo Think Japanese belongs to Sino Tibetan language family ， Beckwith Japanese is considered to belong to the Japanese Koguryo language family (i.e Fuyu language family ）Leon Angelo Serafim believes that the Japanese language and Ryukyu Words can be composed Japonic languages 。 One hypothesis is that Austronesian language family 、 Zhuang-Dong group And the Japanese language family can form the South Island Taiwan language gate, that is, they all have the same origin.^[1]

In ancient Japan, characters were not used until Ojin Tenno From Baekje afferent chinese characters 。 All written in Chinese characters《 nihon shoki 》"In the ancient times, there was no written word, and the old and young were noble and humble, and word of mouth passed on". In the era of the Emperor Yingshen, the Baiji State School Azhiqi To Japan. 285 years, Baekje King Geunchogo Doctor of the period Wang Ren Put China's《 The Analects of Confucius 》、《 The Book of Filial Piety 》When they were brought to Japan, they were the beginning of Japan's exposure to Chinese characters.^[2-3] three countries After the era, Chinese characters Chinese culture It was officially introduced into Japan in large quantities.

Tang dynasty When the Japanese invented the Kana , official text is classical Chinese , so modern Japanese is Ancient Chinese Great impact. Taking the "Exemplary Chinese Dictionary" in Showa 31 as an example, in Japanese vocabulary, Heyu accounts for 36.6%, and Chinese accounts for 53.6%. In Showa 39, the Japanese National Research Institute conducted a survey of 90 magazine terms, and reached the conclusion that Heyu accounts for 36.7%, Chinese 47.5%, and Western nearly 10%.

Chinese name: Japanese
Foreign name: Japanese にほんご
Japanese
Alias: Japanese

Incoming time: Baekje in the period of King Xiao^[3]
Writing system: Kana+Kana
Number of native speakers: About 125 million^[4]
ISO 639-3: jpn^[4]

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essential information

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The expressions on words, writing methods and books (paper, etc.) are called Japanese , is a language mainly used by Japanese islanders and people. Although there is no accurate statistics on the population of Japanese speakers, the number of Japanese speakers in Japan and overseas Japanese people living abroad should exceed 130 million. Almost all Japanese born and raised in Japan are native speakers of Japanese. In addition, for deaf people, there is Japanese sign language corresponding to Japanese grammar and phonological system.

Copy of Genji's Tale

Japanese and chinese In ancient times (Tang Dynasty), influenced by Chinese culture, a large number of ancient Chinese words were introduced into Japan along with Chinese characters from Bohai and Korea in northeast China. The vocabulary exchange between modern Japanese and Chinese includes two aspects: on the one hand, through the Chinese translation of Western books and works by Chinese intellectuals and Western missionaries（ Sea Country Atlas Yinghua Dictionary（ Roccond ）When it was introduced into Japan, it became part of the vocabulary of modern Japanese^[5-7] ； On the other hand, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan began its process of modernization and industrialization. A large number of European and American words were introduced into Japan (mainly in English, but also in German and French) along with the achievements of the industrial revolution and the enlightenment ideology, and then Japanese were reorganized into a large number of modern Japanese words and spread to neighboring China^[8] 。

Japanese is full of changes, not only oral language and written language There are also differences between simplified and respectful, ordinary and solemn, male and female, old and young, and people in different industries and positions speak differently, which reflects the strict hierarchy and team thinking in Japanese society. Japanese honorific Developed, the use of honorific makes Japanese in public very elegant, but too complicated grammar makes it extremely difficult to learn honorific, even native Japanese can not fully master it.

Japanese and Austro-Asiatic language family They are closely related, greatly influenced by the Chinese language, and have absorbed the original achievements Sino Tibetan language family Characteristic tone and classifier Therefore, the linguistic attribution of Japanese becomes very complicated. Linguists have different opinions on the origin of Japanese. Many famous scholars in the international academic circles believe that, from the perspective of grammar and syntax, Japanese and Korean The relationship between the languages of close relatives has been more recognized by the international academic community, and their language homology is very large. There is also evidence that the morphology and vocabulary of Japanese are closely related to that of the nation states in northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula in ancient times Goguryeo Language is related.

Japanese is not the same as Japanese. Japanese includes Japanese and Japanese (that is, the inherent language of the Japanese nation), but Japanese is not only a type of Japanese and Japanese, but the proportion of Japanese and Japanese is the least part. Others, such as loanwords and Chinese characters, are called Japanese.

In November 2021, researchers from the United Kingdom, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, the Netherlands and the United States jointly published a study combining language, genetic and archaeological evidence, which was published in the journal Nature. The data set of 250 vocabulary concepts in 98 languages of the Pan European Asian language family, including Japanese, showed that, The origin of this language system can be traced back to the millet farmers who lived in the West Liaohe River basin 9181 years ago.^[29]

Usage

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Japanese is used throughout Japan (most of Ryukyu, including aborigines use Ryukyu However, Japan does not recognize Ryukyu as an independent language).

Japanese is widely used in the world, because the influence of Japanese animation industry in the world is not Working languages of the United Nations And has great influence in the world. Especially for ACG Japanese is almost the only language for related things.

Japanese is mainly used in Russia ， East Asia ， Southeast Asia ， South Asia ， Oceania ， U.S.A ， Canada ， Mexico ， South America And other countries and regions, and Europe Of britain It is a minority of important languages.

Japanese is used by 99 million network users, ranking fourth in the world. The number of native speakers of Japanese is 127 million, and the number of global users is 128204860^[4] , ranking 9th among 20 countries, while the number of network users rose by 5.

Japan is not the only country that uses Japanese as its lingua franca, Palau The state of Onor is also using Japanese as the lingua franca, because Japan ruled Palau from 1914 to 1945, during which time Japanese was used for teaching.

grammar

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According to the characteristics of language structure, Japanese belongs to agglutinating language^[9] 。 SOV word order^[4] 。

In terms of language expression, it can be divided into simplified and honorific, and there is also a developed honorific system^[10] 。

As a basic structure, the sentence pattern of a typical Japanese sentence is subject object predicate. For example: Taro (たろ) がりんご　を Tar ō ga ringo o hitotsu tabeta. It literally means "Taro ate an apple".

The subject or object is often omitted when the speaker believes that the listener can understand from the context, that is, the speaker or the author is confident that the interviewee has a certain understanding of the situation. In this case, the above sentence may become, "Ringo o tabeta" ("ate the apple") or just "eat the apple" ("ate the apple").

In Japanese, unlike in English, word order does not indicate the grammatical role of nouns in a sentence. Nouns do not change according to grammar as in some languages. Instead, the grammatical function is expressed by the function word behind the noun. The important ones are が (ga), は (ha), auxiliary words read as (wa), を (o), に (ni) and に (no). The function word は (pronounced wa as an auxiliary word) is particularly important because it marks the topic or theme of a sentence.

The verb inflection in Japanese can not reflect the person and singular plural. In modern language, all verbs in the modern Japanese dictionary end with a part of the vowel kana (ou, く, ぐ, す, む, つ, ぬ, ぶ, ふ, ぷ, る). In this way, the verb "tableru" is like the original form of the verb "eat" in English, although it is actually in the ordinary present tense, meaning "eat"/"eats" or "will eat". Some other variants are "food food food food food food food food food food food".

Japanese verb flexible table (modern language)
Flexible employment	Flexible type	illustrative word	Stemming	Inflection
				Undecided form				Continuous form			Termination shape	Conjoined figure	Hypothetical form	Command shape
カ Line	Five section regular grid flexible use	Book	か	か			こ	き		い	く	く	け	け
		Line	い							っ*
ガ Line		Swimming	およ	が			ご	ぎ		い	ぐ	ぐ	げ	げ
Line		Words	はな	さ			そ	し			す	す	せ	せ
Ta line		Victory	か	た			と	ち		っ	つ	つ	て	て
Line		Dead	し	な			の	に		ん	ぬ	ぬ	ね	ね
Line		Flying	と	ば			ぼ	び		ん	ぶ	ぶ	べ	べ
Line		Opening	よ	ま			も	み		ん	む	む	め	め
Line		Go	はし	ら			ろ	り		っ	る	る	れ	れ
		Yes	あ	△*	ら
		くださる	くださ	ら				い*	り					い*
		ござる	ござ
		なさる	なさ
		いらっしゃる	いらっしゃ
		おっしゃる	おっしゃ
Line		Siou	おも	わ			お	い		っ	う	う	え	え
		Ask me	と							う*^{[32 ]}
		Negative ou	お							っ／う*^{[32 ]}
Line	Flexible use of the previous section	Shoot	(い)	い				い			いる	いる	いれ	いろ
		Report	むく
カ Line		Wear	(き)	き				き			きる	きる	きれ	きろ
		Start up	お
ガ Line		Go through	す	ぎ				ぎ			ぎる	ぎる	ぎれ	ぎろ
Line		Check	さっ	し				し			しる	しる	しれ	しろ
Line		Shame	は	じ				じ			じる	じる	じれ	じろ
Ta line		Falling down	お	ち				ち			ちる	ちる	ちれ	ちろ
Line		Like a ghost	(に)	に				に			にる	にる	にれ	にろ
Line		Dry	(ひ)	ひ				ひ			ひる	ひる	ひれ	ひろ
Line		Bath	あ	び				び			びる	びる	びれ	びろ
Line		See	(み)	み				み			みる	みる	みれ	みろ
		Try	こころ
Line		Lower	お	り				り			りる	りる	りれ	りろ
Line	The next section is regular and flexible	Get	(え)	え				え			える	える	えれ	えろ
		Plant	う
カ Line		Accept	う	け				け			ける	ける	けれ	けろ
ガ Line		Investment	な	げ				げ			げる	げる	げれ	げろ
Line		To	よ	せ				せ			せる	せる	せれ	せろ
Line		Mixed	ま	ぜ				ぜ			ぜる	ぜる	ぜれ	ぜろ
Ta line		Yu る	そだ	て				て			てる	てる	てれ	てろ
A line		Come out	(で)	で				で			でる	でる	でれ	でろ
Line		Find out	たず	ね				ね			ねる	ねる	ねれ	ねろ
Line		Operation	(へ)	へ				へ			へる	へる	へれ	へろ
Line		Adjustment	しら	べ				べ			べる	べる	べれ	べろ
Line		Change	あらた	め				め			める	める	めれ	めろ
Line		Flow	なが	れ				れ			れる	れる	れれ	れろ
		くれる	く											れ*
カカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカカ12459		Come on	(く)	こ				き			くる	くる	くれ	こい
◎ Flexible use of line change		する	(す)	し	せ	さ	し	し			する	する	すれ	しろ
The following main words				ない	ぬ	(ら)れる・(さ)せる	(よ)う	ます	たい・○	て(゛)・た(゛)	○	Body language	ば	○

Note: 1. A flexible verb whose basic form is two syllables does not distinguish the stem from the end of the word. The example words with stem () in the table are verbs of this type^{[33 ]} ； 2. The flexible form with * is a special flexible form that needs special memory.

tense

There are only two tenses in Japanese: the past tense, the present tense, and the future tense, which have been classified into the present tense by modern Japanese, because there is no obvious tense mark between the present tense and the future tense, which depends on the type of verbs and the relationship between the context. On the whole, Japanese tenses can be divided into past tense and non past tense.

For example:

(1) Past tense: [sign: with tense mark "た (da in special cases)"] book=book, む=read

① This book (ほんんをを) んん) ん. (Simplified). (polite)

(indicates that it has been completed)

② They are all in the same position. (Simplified). (polite)

(indicates that the continuous action/action result status in the past, or the status has been realized/found)

(An action started in the past may have been completed or still in progress when the past is completed)

(2) Non past tense:

① They are in the same position. (Simplified). (polite)

(indicates that the action will be performed/repeated and constant)

② They are in the same position. (Simplified). (polite)

(indicates ongoing)

honorific

The Japanese have developed a complete system of honorific Japanese is called honorific (honorific, honorific, honorific), which is used to show the interviewer's respect for the interviewee. Different levels of language are involved here, and the proficient users of honorific have a wide range of words and expressions to choose from in order to produce the desired degree of politeness. A simple sentence can be expressed in more than 20 ways, depending on the relative status between the interlocutor and the interviewee. It is quite challenging to determine the proper politeness level of conversation, because the relative status relationship is determined by a complex combination of many factors, such as social status, rank, age, gender, and even helping or owing others. When two people meet for the first time, they do not know which class the other person belongs to, or their social status seems to be the same (that is, there is no obvious difference in clothing or behavior). There is a neutral or middle level language available for use. In general, women tend to use more polite language than men, and use it in more occasions. It is not easy to master honorific. Some Japanese are better at using honorific than others. There are almost countless honorific expressions, most of which are reflected in noun 、 adjective 、 verb and adverb On. The so-called honorifics are used to address the interviewee or things related to him/her, such as relatives, houses or possessions. On the contrary, there are some particularly modest words that the speaker uses to refer to himself or something related to himself. The gap between these two expressions shows proper respect for the interviewee. The commonly used ones are those in common use, such as, "になりす" and "いたしす".

voice

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Spanish and Italian speakers will find that the short vowels of Japanese - a, i, u, e, o - sound very similar to those of those languages. long vowel ——Aa, ii, uu, ei, ee, or oo are pronounced twice as long as short vowels (although ei is often pronounced with two vowels). The difference between long and short vowels is crucial because it changes the meaning of a word.

Consonants are k, s, sh, t, ch, ts, n, h, f, m, y, r, w, g, j, z, d, b, and p. Fricative sound Sh (such as "shot" in English) and Fricative Ch, ts and j (such as "charge", "gutsy" and "jerk" in English respectively) are regarded as single consonants. The pronunciation of g is usually like the voiced consonant in "game", rather than the g pronunciation in "gene".

One major difference from English is that Japanese has no stress: each syllable Has the same accent. English syllables are sometimes lengthened, but in Japanese, a series of syllables are pronounced as regularly as a metronome. Like English, Japanese has a high and low tone stress System.

All Japanese pronunciations are based on five vowel , 9 consonant The five vowels and nine consonants are based on the principle of "smaller pronunciation, smaller mouth shape".

vowel

Tongue Bitmap of Japanese Vowels

5 in Japanese vowel ，[ɑ]、[i]、[ɯ]、[ɛ]、[ɔ]。 Pronunciation method:

one
(a) is roughly equivalent to a in English father, but the opening of the mouth is slightly small; It is also slightly smaller than the Chinese "ah" (a).
two
い (i) is similar to the vowels in English eat, but short and slightly tight; It is looser than the "Yi" (i) in Mandarin.
three
Ou (u) is similar to the "wu" in Mandarin Chinese, but the lips are almost flat, so don't force forward like that. Please bite the upper and lower teeth, open your mouth slightly and send out "u".
four
え (e) and the second half of Chinese "ye" (ye) are similar in pronunciation, but slightly forward, similar to the vowels in English egg, but slightly coincident.
five
お (o) is similar to the first vowel "o" in "ou" in Mandarin Chinese, but it should not be pronounced from the back of the mouth as in Chinese. The opening of the mouth is between and ou.

consonant

consonant
	Bilabial sound	Labiodental sound	alveolar	Palatal	Velar	uvular consonant	Glottal
Stope	p b	-	t d	-	k g	-	-
Affricate	-	-	ts dz	tɕ dʑ	-	-	-
nasal consonant	m	-	n	ɲ	（ŋ）	ɴ	-
Flicker	-	-	r	j	-	-	-
Fricative	-	f v	s z	ɕ ʑ	-	-	h~x
	Table Reference Source:^[11]

There are only 14 single consonants in total, namely K, S, (Sh), T, (Ch, Ts), N, H, (F), R, M, Y, W, and one nasal tail consonant - N. Note: The consonants in brackets are variations of the preceding consonants after certain vowels.

Double consonant: ts dz tf d ʑ

The palatalized consonants are: b ʲ g ʲ j ʲ m ʲ p ʲ r ʲ

A single consonant line has five consonants.

Fifty tone chart

Fifty tone chart
	Section	い Section	Ou Duan	え section	お Section
Row	あア a	いイ i	うウ u	えエ e	おオ o
Line	かカ ka	きキ ki	くク ku	けケ ke	こコ ko
Line	さサ sa	しシ shi	すス su	せセ se	そソ so
Line	たタ ta	ちチ chi	つツ tsu	てテ te	とト to
Line	なナ na	にニ ni	ぬヌ nu	ねネ ne	のノ no
Line	はハ ha	ひヒ hi	ふフ fu	へヘ he	ほホ ho
Line	まマ ma	みミ mi	むム mu	めメ me	もモ mo
Line	やヤ ya	i	ゆユ yu	e	よヨ yo
Line	らラ ra	りリ ri	るル ru	れレ re	ろロ ro
Line	わワ wa	（ゐヰ） (wi)	u	（ゑヱ） (we)	をヲ (w)o
Dial tone	んン n	-	-	-	-

Voided, semi voiced
Void sound
Line	がガ ga	ぎギ gi	ぐグ gu	げゲ ge	ごゴ go
Line	ざザ za	じジ ji	ずズ zu	ぜゼ ze	ぞゾ zo
Line	だダ da	ぢヂ di/ji	づヅ du/zu	でデ de	どド do
Line	ばバ ba	びビ bi	ぶブ bu	べベ be	ぼボ bo
Semi voiced (semi voiced はんくおん)
Line	ぱパ pa	ぴピ pi	ぷプ pu	ぺペ pe	ぽポ po

Song

Reference source:^[12] 。

be careful

1. "じ" and "ぢ", "ず" and "づ" have different forms and input methods, but they have the same pronunciation in modern Japanese.

2. The four kanas, "wi" and "we", are kanas used in ancient Japanese and no longer used in modern Japanese.

3. When "は (ha)" is used as an auxiliary word, "わ (wa)" is read. When "へ (he)" is used as an auxiliary word, "え (e)" is read. In addition, "を (o)" and "お (o)" are homophones for a small number of Japanese. "を" is read "o" in Kanto. "wo" is not only read in ancient Japanese or with reading, It is also because it is not a song sung by people in the Kanto region (the standard Japanese language is based on the Kanto region, while the real majority of Japanese read this "を" with some W sounds).

Combined sound (consonant+vowel), (voiceless)

か（ka），き（ki），く（ku），け（ke），こ（ko）

This is consonant The combination of k and five vowels, a, i, u, e, o, etc. When making these sounds, remember:

*The way to pronounce the consonant k is to stick the back of the tongue Soft palate , forming a block, and then making the silent air flow break through the block, the k sound will be issued. Then spell k and a, i, u, e, o.

*When the k in ki is pronounced, the position moves forward slightly, because it is affected by the i sound.

*Vowels in ki and ku are usually pronounced in a proper accent, but not pronounced. This is called "voiceless vowel". Vowel silencing often occurs when the i and u in Japanese are between the consonants k, t, p, s (or sh), and h (or f). For example: shita, kusuri.

さ（sa），し（shi），す（su），せ（se），そ（so）

These are four unvoiced tones. The consonant s of the syllable is very similar to the "private" pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese. However, the first sound in shi is different from that in mandarin Chinese.

た（ta），ち（chi），つ（tsu），て（te），と（to）

The above three voiceless sounds are composed of the consonant t and a, e, o respectively. The pronunciation method of t is that the front end of the tongue contacts with the upper gum to form a blockage, and then uses silent airflow to break through the blockage, which is similar to t in the English word time. The pronunciation of chi is close to the "seven" in Mandarin Chinese. The vowel u in つつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつつ.

な（na），に（ni），ぬ（nu），ね（ne），の（no）

The first sound of the above syllables is similar to the n sound in the English word note. However, the n-tone part in に (ni) is slightly backward, because it is affected by i.

は（ha），ひ（hi），ふ（fu），へ（he），ほ（ho）

The above five voiceless sounds are composed of the consonant h and five vowels respectively. The pronunciation method of h is that the mouth opens naturally, and the breathed silent airflow rubs at the throat. It is weaker than h in the English word home. The h in ひ (hi) is in front of i, so the tongue is lifted up close to the hard jaw to cause friction. ふ (fu) is not only different from h in English, but also different from f (such as fox). When making this sound, fold your lips like blowing hot soup, and friction will occur. The lips should not be rounded, and the teeth should not touch the lips. In addition, because は (ha) reads fa [φ a] in ancient Japanese, は as an auxiliary word in modern Japanese is often pronounced as a similar sound [wa].

ま（ma），み（mi），む（mu），め（me），も（mo）

The pronunciation method of m in the above syllables is: close your lips, block the airflow, and send out the voiced airflow from the nasal cavity. It is similar to the m in the English word my, but its strength is not as strong as it.

や（ya），ゆ（yu），よ（yo）

The consonant y in the above syllables is similar to the first sound in English words. The yi and ye sounds do not exist in modern Japanese.

ら（ra），り（ri），る（ru），れ（re），ろ（ro）

In spoken language, the pronunciation of r is to flick the gum with the tip of the tongue, while the Japanese Roman character "r" is Gingival glint , attention and Gingival sidetone "L" distinction. There are several different ways to pronounce this sound, but this is a standard way to pronounce it.

わ（wa），ゐ（wi），ゑ（we），を（wo）

In Japanese, when you pronounce wa, your lips are relaxed. Sometimes you pronounce it much like a, and the way you pronounce wo is the same as o. Wi and we no longer exist in modern Japanese written language. In ancient Japanese, "Yi Nu" (をとめご), "Mang Huang Man" (すらを) and "Xiao む" (ゑむ) still exist in spoken language.

Combined sound (consonant+vowel), (voiced)

が（ga），ぎ（gi），ぐ（gu），げ（ge），ご（go）

These are five voiced sounds, which are composed of the consonants g and a, i, u, e, o. When g is at the beginning of the word, the pronunciation is similar to the g in the English word go; In the Kanto region of Japan, when these five voiced sounds are in the middle of a word, at the end of a word, or used as an auxiliary word, they are pronounced similar to ng in the English word king, or "I" (pronounced with nasal dullness) in Hunan (based on Changsha) dialect, Guangdong (based on Guangzhou) dialect and other southern languages. In Japanese, they are called "nasal dullness", and in Chinese, they are called "post nasal dullness" (On the basis of N sound), nasal dullness is only prevalent in the Kanto region of Japan. The writing method is to add two points (cloud points) to the upper right corner of the opposite consonants か, き, く, け and こ. The following voiced words are written in the same way; Add a small circle in the upper right corner of the semi voiced kana.

ざ（za），じ（ji），ず（zu），ぜ（ze），ぞ（zo）

The above five voiced sounds "ざずぜぞぞぞざずずぜぞぞぞぞ, z and s have the same pronunciation position and method, except that the vocal airflow should be exhaled when pronouncing. じ (ji) is also voiced. The sound parts of j and sh are the same, but the vocal airflow should be exhaled.

だ（da），ぢ（ji），づ（zu），で（de），ど（do）

The three voiced sounds of da dang are composed of consonant d and vowel a, e, and o. The pronunciation position and method of d is the same as that of t, but the vocal airflow should be exhaled.

In modern Japanese, there is no difference between ぢ and じ, づ and ず in pronunciation, only in writing.

ば（ba），び（bi），ぶ（bu），ベ（be），ぼ（bo）

The voiced consonant is similar to the b in the English word boy.

ぱ（pa），ぴ（pi），ぷ（pu），ぺ（pe），ぽ（po）

Here are five Semivoiced sound 。 The consonant P is like the p in the English word pie, but it is not so strongly aspirated, between PB sounds.

Long tone

Long tone rule:

Duan Kana utters a long sound when encountering "\\\\\\\\\\\\". For example: かあさん）

い Duan Kana encountered a long sound of "い". For example: Brother おさん (お) にいさん）

The long sound of "ou" in the kana of "ou duan". For example: Tonghe（つうやく）

え Duan Kana encountered a long sound of "い/え". For example: Mr せい）, anti resistance ねえさん）

お Duan Kana encounters the long sound of "ou/お". For example: お Parent さ (お) とうさん), Da きい（おおきい）

The foreign language "ー" means long sound. For example: ノート^[12]

All long notes should take one beat.

Both お and え Katakana have long sounds, but there are not many words ending in お and え. Modern Japanese classifies them into one category, え into い, and お into お. However, there are many words in society that have not been changed into this form.

Obstinate sound

In modern Japanese, Obstinate sound It refers to the syllables combined by い Katakana and the plural vowels や, ゆ, よ. There are thirty-three syllables in total, which are written as ゃ, ゅ, ょ in lowercase.^[12]

There is a y sound in the following syllables (as in the English word yes). Its pronunciation appears after the leading consonant and before the consonant and the following vowel are spelled.

きゃ（kya），きゅ（kyu），きょ（kyo）

ぎゃ（gya），ぎゅ（gyu），ぎょ（gyo）

しゃ（sha），しゅ（shu），しょ（sho）

The consonant sh, the first of the last three syllables, is like the x in Chinese Pinyin.

じゃ（ja），じゅ（ju），じょ（jo）

The consonant j (like the j in Chinese Pinyin), which is the first of the above three syllables, is spelled with a, u, and o.

ちゃ（cha），ちゅ（chu），ちょ（cho）

The consonant ch in the above three syllables is similar to the q sound in Chinese Pinyin.

にゃ（nya），にゅ（nyu），にょ（nyo）

ひゃ（hya），ひゅ（hyu），ひょ（hyo）

びゃ（bya），びゅ（byu），びょ（byo）

ぴゃ（pya），ぴゅ（pyu），ぴょ（pyo）

みゃ（mya），みゅ（myu），みょ（myo）

りゃ（rya），りゅ（ryu），りょ（ryo）

Obstinate sound
きゃキャ kya	きゅキュ kyu	きょキョ kyo
しゃシャ sha	しゅシュ shu	しょショ sho
ちゃチャ cha	ちゅチュ chu	ちょチョ cho
にゃニャ nya	にゅニュ nyu	にょニョ nyo
ひゃヒャ hya	ひゅヒュ hyu	ひょヒョ hyo
みゃミャ mya	みゅミュ myu	みょミョ myo
りゃリャ rya	りゅリュ ryu	りょリョ ryo
ぎゃギャ gya	ぎゅギュ gyu	ぎょギョ gyo
じゃジャ ja	じゅジュ ju	じょジョ jo
びゃビャ bya	びゅビュ byu	びょビョ byo
ぴゃピャ pya	ぴゅピュ pyu	ぴょピョ pyo

Table Reference Source:^[12] 。

In ancient Japanese, there are also some anachronistic sounds containing w, such as kwa, which are called synchonic sounds (ごよおんおんんかいよよんんかいよんんかいおんんんんん), which are opposite to the above open anachronistered sounds.

Dial tone

The Hiragana "んんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんん. According to different positions, n can be pronounced as one of the following sounds:

Dialling pronunciation
Subsequent syllables	Actual pronunciation	example
ぱ, ば, line ma	“m”	さんぽ (walking) しんぶん (newspaper) しんい (novice)
た, Dar, ら, な	“n”	はんとと (Peninsula) Mohda (problem) ほんらい (original) しんねん (New Year)
Other syllables or endings	“ng”	へんか (change) Love ばん (evening)

Pronunciation

Pronunciation It is a sound between two syllables in Japanese represented by a quarter of a lowercase っ. In Roman alphabet, the following consonant is used. In inherent words and Chinese words, it can only be placed in front of the か line, さ line, た line and ぱ line kana, and it can be placed anywhere in foreign words to indicate a pause. For example:

やっぱり（yappari）　もって（motte）

しっかり（shikkari）　まっすぐ（massugu）

タッチ（tacchi）　ヘッド（heddo）

Pronunciation method:

1. Tongue sound promotion (before the two lines of さ and た)

(1) When "さささささささささささささささささささささささささささささ^[12] 。 For example:

Cooperation (がっさく) Enthusiasm (ねっしん)

(2) When "た" is followed by "た", the tip of the tongue contacts the root of the upper incisor and the gingiva, blocks the breath and locks up a beat, and then makes the air flow rush to the blocked place, making the gingival rupture sound or affricate sound^[12] 。 For example:

マッチ Cutting hand (きっ)

2. Laryngeal sound promotion (before か line sound)

When there is a pseudonym "かか" after the sound promotion, the back tongue surface is raised to touch the soft palate, and the breathing is blocked, so that the air flow locks up a beat, and then the air flow rushes into the blockage, making a cracking sound^[12] 。 For example:

Diary (にっき) School (がっこ)

3. Double lip sound promotion (before ぱ line sound)

When "ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱ12401^[12] 。 For example:

A cup (いっぱい)

tone

The Japanese "accent" and the Chinese "tone" belong to "high and low stress" in a broad sense, that is, they are expressed in different levels of voice stress , which is different from the strong and weak accent in English. The Chinese tone is called "curved tone", and the pitch changes within a syllable. The Japanese tone is reflected between the beat and the beat, and a single beat cannot be a tone. In Chinese, tones are often used to distinguish the meaning of homophones, while in Japanese, tones are rarely used to distinguish the meaning of homophones, so the role of Japanese tones is mainly to divide the boundaries between semantic units.

The tone of Japanese is high and low, from high to low or from low to high. A kana represents a beat, including the kanas representing voiceless, voiced, semi voiced, promoted, dialed and long sounds, but excluding the "ゃ", "ゅ" and "ょ" in the formation of a beat, that is, a beat as a whole is regarded as a beat, for example, "き" is a beat, not two beats. The isometric sounds of "きゅ ou" and "く ou" are two beats.

Japanese takes Kanto as the standard sound, and its tones can be divided into the following types: ⓪, ①, ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑥ and ⑦. High tone means stress, low tone means light tone.

⓪ Type : indicates Only the first shot is low The other shots are all high.

① Type : indicates Only the first shot high , the following shots are all low.

② Type : indicates Only the second shot high The first and third strokes are low.

③ Type : indicates The second beat ， The third shot High, low in the first and fourth strokes.

④ Type : indicates Beats 2 to 4 High, low in the first and fifth strokes.

⑤ Type : indicates Beats 2 to 5 High, low in the first and sixth strokes.

⑥ Type : indicates Beats 2 to 6 High, low in the first and seventh strokes.

⑦ Type And the tones of the following types in turn.^[12]

⓪ The continuous auxiliary words after the type words are high pitched; For all types of words except ⓪, the following auxiliary words are all low pitched.

Some words have two or more different tone types, that is, the word has different tone pronunciation in different occasions.

Some words have two or more connected accents in a word (that is, tone type symbols), indicating that the word has two or more accents. For example, the tone type of "せいはんごごごごんごごごせせせはんごごごごせせせいはんごごごごごごごせせせせせせせせは〯〯〯ごご.

Japanese tenor cannot be divided into two parts. That is, a word (including subsequent auxiliary words) can only have "high low", "low high", and "low high high" tone configurations, but cannot have "high low high", "low high high high" or "high low high" tone configurations. No matter how long a word is, its tone configuration must conform to this rule.

Tone type of nouns

Lexical classification

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The part of speech in Japanese is called "particle words", which can be divided into twelve categories according to meaning, shape and role in sentences.

Words in Japanese can generally be divided into two categories: independent words and subsidiary words.

Independent word

（1） Those without suffix change, in which nouns, pronouns and numerals can be used as subjects, are collectively called“ Body language (Body language たいげん） ”

Noun めいし）: refers to the name of a person or thing. Example words: Te.
Pronoun だいめいし）: Used to replace the name of a person or thing. Example words:.
Numerals すうし）: refers to the number and the unit of quantity. Example words: one, one.
Adverb ふくし）: Modifier words, example words: たくさん, すごい.
Conjunction れんたいし）: Modifier, example words: こ, そ, そ.
conjunction (Following the appropriate words せつぞくし）: It plays a continuous role. Example words: で Mo, しかし.
Interjection かんたんし）: means exclamation, call or response. Example words: はい, え, い, え.

（2） If there is a change in the suffix, it can be used as a predicate alone“ Words (In words ようげん） ”

Verb (verb どうし）: refers to action, existence or state. Example words: book, food, sleep, sleep.
Adjective けいようし）: indicates the nature or state. Example words: high, low, hot, cold.
Adjective (Adjective verb けいようどうし）It refers to nature or state, which is a kind of product word peculiar to Japanese. It has the function of adjective, but it also has the same ending change as a verb, so it is called an adjective. Example words: good, good, good and quiet.

Adjunct

Particle じょし）: There is no change in the end of the word, which is appended to the word to indicate the grammatical status of the word, its relationship with other words, and increase its meaning.
Auxiliary verb じょどうし）: There is a change in the end of the word, which plays a certain grammatical role after the use of words or auxiliary verbs.

Japanese Vocabulary Classification
word	Independent word	There is a suffix change, which can be used as a predicate alone (in words)				verb
						adjective
						Adjective
		No suffix change	Can be used as subject (body language)			noun
						pronoun
						numeral
			Cannot be the subject	Can be used as modifier	Embellishment	adverb
					Modifier speech	Conjunctions
				Cannot be used as modifier	Connect	conjunction
					No connection	interjection
	Adjunct	With inflection				auxiliary verb
		No suffix change				auxiliary word

Table Reference Source:^[12] 。

Lexical composition

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Proper word

Inherent words are the original words of the Japanese nation, also known as Harmony language They are mainly verbs and concrete nouns in daily life.

Chinese words

Japanese is greatly influenced by Chinese. In Japanese, words with grammatical meaning all contain Chinese characters and most of them are related to the meaning. So people who know Chinese can understand the meaning of a short sentence even if they don't know Japanese. However, because it is classical rather than vernacular that affects Japanese, some words cannot be understood from the perspective of modern Chinese.

Some words also contain Chinese characters (and some are Japanese made Chinese characters), but their meanings are quite different. For example, "time" (time, じかんんんんじかんんんじじかんんん) is not equal to the time in Chinese, representing a period of time. Similar to this, there are "years" (years, ねかんん.

Meaning can be understood from Chinese characters
Japanese	pronunciation	Chinese meaning
Weight gauge	たいじゅうけい（taijū-kei）	weighing-machine
Court	にわ（niwa）	courtyard
Art Museum	びじゅつかん（bijutsukan）	art gallery
Memento	きねんひん（kinenhin）	Keepsake
Question	もんだい（mondai）	problem
All staff	ぜんいん（zen'in）	All staff (all people)
Park	こうえん（kōen）	park
お tea	おちゃ（ocha）	tea
school	がっこう（gakkō）	school
Before noon	ごぜん（gozen）	morning
Afternoon	ごご（gogo）	afternoon

Meaning can be inferred from Chinese characters
Japanese	pronunciation	Chinese meaning
clock	とけい（tokei）	Clock
Humanoid	にんぎょう（ningyō）	image
Genki	げんき（genki）	healthy
Mapping	えいが（eiga）	film
sdn	そつぎょう（sotsugyō）	graduation
Impart knowledge	じゅぎょう（jugyō）	Class (sometimes only referred to as "class")
Western-style clothes	ようふく（yōfuku）	Generally referring to clothes other than kimonos
Winter Rest	ふゆやすみ（fuyuyasumi）	Winter vacation
Summer Rest	なつやすみ（natsuyasumi）	summer vacation
Spring Rest	はるやすみ（haruyasumi）	spring holidays
Self division	じぶん（jibun）	own
Clubs	かいしゃ（kaisha）	company
Wanzhang	がんばる（ganbaru）	insist; strive
friend	ともだち（tomodachi）	friend

Chinese characters are completely different from words
Japanese	pronunciation	Chinese meaning	Easily misunderstood as
Before dinner	あさめしまえ（asameshimae）	Simple/easy	Before breakfast; Toward the front of the meal
blindly	いちみ（ichimi）	One kind of person	A taste
Foresight	えんりょ（enryo）	polite	Long term consideration
true man	だいじょうぶ（daijōbu）	No problem; appropriate	A man of ambition, integrity and achievement
generous	おおかた（ōkata）	Ordinary people	generous
Left behind	るす（rusu）	Not at home	Stay and watch
Toilet paper	てがみ（tegami）	letter	tissue
everybody	おおや；たいか（ōya / taika）	landlord or landlady; Authoritative experts	Large family; Together
Female general	おかみ（okami）	landlady	Female general
Eighteen times	おはこ（ohako）	masterpiece	Eighteen Fanzi
Have a go	いちばん（ichiban）	first-class	Once
Ginseng	にんじん（ninjin）	Carrot; Ginseng	Ginseng
Automobile	きしゃ（kisha）	train	vehicle
Subsupply	こども（kodomo）	children	Tribute for children
Residual employment	ざんぎょう（zangyo）	overtime	Incomplete career
Evil spirits	じゃま（jama）	Disturb	evil devil
Magic bottle	まほうびん（mahoubin）	vacuum cup	A bottle filled with magic
caesarean section	ていおうせっかい（teiousekkai）	caesarean birth	Cut the emperor open; Something cut by the emperor
Heaven and earth are useless	てんちむよう（tenchimuyou）	Do Not Invert	The world is useless
Mud stick	どろぼう（dorobō）	Thief; thief	A stick made of mud
Induction	ゆうどう（yudo）	Induction	Guidance; induce

Loanwords

Japanese is not only rich in native words, it also has many words from other countries. For example, some loanwords from Chinese are widely used in current daily life, so that they are not considered as loanwords introduced from outside Japan. When new concepts were introduced from the West in the late 19th century and early 20th century, new collocations of Japanese characters were often used to translate them. These words are an important part of the knowledge vocabulary used by modern Japanese.

For example: Radio → ラジオ（ ① ）Coffee → コーヒー（ ③ ）Computer → コンピューーーパソコン（ ④ ）Home → ホーム（ ① ）

(The word "home" does not often use foreign sounds. Some people are taught to read, say いええ, ② or say ちちち)

In addition to these loanwords, many Japanese words are borrowed from English and other European languages. Although the method of coining new words continues to exist, it is common to introduce western words in their original form, such as ボランィアアニュ゘キみス゘゘゙゙゘゙゘゙゘゘゙゘゙ - newscaster. Japanese has also created some pseudo English words, called "Hezhi English" (English actually does not have these words), such as ナイーーーーーーーンラリーマン salaryman (wage earner). This trend has increased significantly in recent years.

Japanese katakana is just a phonetic symbol. If you only look at the surface of a word, you can't know the specific meaning of the word.
The Japanese make katakana for convenience. In fact, katakana is really convenient to introduce or translate foreign languages from outside Japan. For example, the Japanese do not even need to translate the English "drink" into "drink", but directly use transliteration to "translate" it into the katakana word "ドリンククク" according to the pronunciation of the English (or foreign language). Therefore, theoretically speaking, the number of Japanese fake list words can be said to be countless.
It is precisely because of the second point above that almost any Japanese can simply translate a foreign word into a Japanese katakana word corresponding to it, and even this katakana word may never appear anywhere else in Japan. Sometimes the same loanword can be written in two or more ways. It is no exaggeration to say that modern Japanese katakana words have reached the level of a flood.
Some Japanese katakana words, because they have not been accepted by the Japanese public or recognized by the industry, may also be doomed to be short-lived in Japan's real life, which may include the following situations: the names of foreigners, foreign place names, the names of some companies in Japan or abroad Trade names and brand names of products in Japan or abroad, names of buildings in Japan or abroad, some Japanese like to write Hiragana as Katakana, and others

Other information

Hezhi Chinese

Hezhi Chinese is a Chinese word created by the Japanese by using the meaning and word formation rules of Chinese characters. There are generally two ways of word formation for Chinese words of He Zhi:

One is to change the pronunciation of Chinese characters for marks and words from training to pronunciation, and then to Chinese words. for example^[13] ：

Returning to a place of great importance
Tourists can go to different places and go to different places
Fire incident is not obvious → See things →
Things don't match up

Occasionally, the pronunciation of Chinese words is changed to the pronunciation or the combination of pronunciation and pronunciation, such as "Nian 歯 (ねんし → としは), Lime (せっかい → いしば), (of course) → Current → Before り", etc.^[13]

The other is to use the meaning and word formation of Chinese characters to produce Chinese words needed in daily life. The use of Chinese word formation to create new words began in ancient times. The following words appeared in the Edo era^[13] ：

Disabled memory (ざんねんんんしょちゅゅ)
Cash (げんきん) Full Express (ぜんかい)
Speaking (ころんんんざいたくく)

Secondly, from the end of Edo to meiji period With the continuous introduction of western science, technology, systems, goods, etc., a large number of Chinese words (free translation words) appear, such as:

Club (かいしゃ〟でんわわでんわゆびんんんきしゃゃきしゃゃゃききケんんゃる)
Relative (そたい) absolute (ぜったい) gravitational (いんりく) acid (さんそ)
Class (かいきゅ) philosophy (つが) physics (ぶつりく) economics (economy, けいざ)
Concept (がいねん) Abstract (ちゅしょ) Concrete (ぐたい) Cabinet (ないか)
Wind boat (ふせん) near eye (きんがん) police (けいさつ) electricity (electrical, でんき)

These translated words have become the mainstream of modern and systematic Chinese, and they are also called new Chinese words. After the era of Dazheng, loanwords that can be directly transliterated into foreign languages became the mainstream, especially after World War II, under the influence of restricted Chinese characters, the translated words composed of Chinese characters became weaker and weaker.

Harmonious loanwords

Japanese loanwords created by the Japanese with loanwords as the material are called hezhi loanwords. This kind of vocabulary is similar to loanwords, but does not exist in foreign languages. For example, the word "te ールスピーチチチチチーールルㄝススピーチチチーチー" is spoken as "impromptu speech" in Japanese. "te ーブブルルル" and "スピーチチチ" come from English table and speech, but this kind of collocated compound word is not found in English.^[13]

In addition to the above, another feature of mixed languages is the simplification of foreign syllables. For example, "コスプレ"（ cosplay ）"," is composed of two English words: "costume" and "play". In English, the convention store (コンビニエンスストアアコンビニニア) is deleted to コンビニ (konbini), personal computer (パーソナょコンピューー) It is deleted as pasokon. This phenomenon is due to the fact that Japanese prefer four kana words. Many characters have been changed into four pseudonyms by the Japanese, and most of these characters are commonly used in daily life.

Blended words

The words that are mixed by Heyu, Chinese and loanwords are called mixed words, and Japanese are called "mixed language" or "mixed language"^[11] 。 For example:

Sports boots (woo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo) with patterns and hanging hoo hoo hoo
Identity (みぶんんんんんみぶんんんんんゆかんゆかんゆかんんんゆゆ)
Food (しょくパン) City (バスセバス) Gold (きんボン)
Paper

Writing system

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Japanese writing is generally chinese characters and Kana Mixed writing. Usually, Chinese characters and Hiragana Mixed writing, foreign words and some other words (such as animal and plant names) Katakana Writing. “ Roman characters ”It is a way to use Latin letters to mark Japanese.

chinese characters

Pupils learn 1006 "educational Chinese characters (きょいくかんじ)"^[14] There are 2136 "commonly used Chinese characters" commonly used in social life^[15] 。 In addition, there are some Chinese characters used for people's names and place names.

Japan 2013 「 This year 「 Chinese characters 」

Japanese Kanji The font of is roughly the same as that of traditional Chinese characters. But there are also simplified characters like Chinese simplified characters, such as Guo (くににす), Mathematics (がくく), etc.

Chinese characters in Japanese are called Chinese characters (かんじ), which are actually ideographic symbols, and each symbol represents an event or an idea. It is common for a Chinese character to have more than one sound. In Japan, Chinese characters are used to write words that originated in China and Japanese words that are native to Japan.

Japanese Kanji It comes from China. There are also Japanese made Chinese characters, but few of them. Wang Ren Doctor, living in ancient times Baekje National the han people , Legend Ojin Tenno From Baekje Go to Japan, where convey Has chinese characters and Confucianism 。 Although there are some Chinese characters other than those commonly used in professional papers and literary works, difficult Chinese characters have been gradually eliminated since 1945. It is said that as long as you know 2500 Chinese characters, you can read general reading materials.

In China, primary schools have to learn 3000 Chinese characters. In contrast, Japanese characters are not many. It seems relatively simple, but in fact they are not. Due to the difference between Chinese characters and Chinese characters in three aspects, namely, grapheme, pronunciation and pronunciation, it is necessary to fully understand and master them.

Chinese characters

The word "Guozi" in Japanese has three meanings:

First, Japanese characters, including Chinese characters, kana and other characters used to record Japanese;

Second, Japanese created pseudonyms to distinguish them from Chinese characters;

The third is the Japanese made Chinese characters by imitating the structure of Chinese characters.

But the "national character" commonly used by Japanese refers to the third meaning. At that time, the "national characters" were also called "he characters", "jun characters", "he folk characters", "he system characters", etc. The question to be discussed here is the third meaning of "national character".

After the introduction of Chinese characters into Japan, the Japanese abandoned the sound of Chinese characters and used their form and meaning to express the inherent vocabulary of Japanese, such as "mountain" for "ややみや", "sea" for "みみ" and so on. However, because Japan is different from China in many aspects, such as its natural environment, social form, and living habits, some concepts in Japanese are not found in Chinese, and corresponding Chinese characters cannot be found to represent these concepts in Japanese, so Japanese imitate the structure of Chinese characters to create their own characters to represent these concepts in Japanese. For example, the word "榊さかききききさかききききささかききさかききさかききさかきかきかきききささ12373 Kangxi Dictionary ）The word "しつけけけ" (pronounced しつけけつけつけけしししつつつけけけししししつつつつけけ.

Most of the national characters are created by the "mental method" of the six scripts, that is, two or more Chinese characters or parts of Chinese characters are combined to represent a concept. Here are some typical national characters made by knowing the meaning.

Yi る (すべる): The combination of "one" meaning smooth means "slippery" and "slippery" (note: this word is also called "slippery")

Tsuji (つじ): Combined with "ten", it means "intersection"

However, after the war, Japan adopted a policy of restricting the use of Chinese characters. Most of the national characters have been abandoned and are generally used in place names and personal names.

Kana

In ancient times, the Japanese nation had only its own national language, not its own characters. Later, Chinese culture was introduced into Japan, and Japanese began to remember things in Chinese.

Ten thousand leaf set

After the middle of the fifth century, the Japanese people created a method of writing Japanese with Chinese characters as inter symbol. By the eighth century, this method of using Chinese characters as symbols has been widely adopted《 Ten thousand leaf set 》This is the writing method. For example, the Japanese word "mountain", which is pronounced as "ややややややややややややややややややややや. "桜" is pronounced as "さくら" and is written in three Chinese characters, "San Jiuliang". In Japanese, the auxiliary words "τ, に, を, は" and so on are represented by Chinese characters such as "Tian, Er, Hu, Bo". This writing method was later called "Wanye Kana". However, the writing of Chinese characters in the form of Wanye Kana is very complicated. Later, it was gradually simplified and only wrote the side of regular script of Chinese characters, such as "A" → "ア", "Yi" → "イ", "Yu" → "He". Later, it gradually evolved into a katakana. In addition, soft cursive Chinese characters are suitable for writing Japanese Chorus , especially in popular use Cursive script After writing letters, diaries and novels, a concise, fluent, free and easy font has gradually formed, which has evolved into hiragana, such as "An" → "τ", "Yu" → "ou", etc.

So far, the Japanese nation has finally created its own characters using Chinese characters. Because these characters are borrowed from Chinese characters, they are called "Kana". According to the different writing methods of kana, the name taken from the side of the regular script of Chinese characters is called "Pian Restored Name" (カカカナ), and the name evolved from the cursive script of Chinese characters is called "Ping Restored Name" (ひらがな). Katakana and Hiragana are phonetic characters created based on Chinese characters. Hiragana is generally used in writing and printing, and katakana is usually used to express loanwords and special words.

Ise monogatari

For example: これは Japanese (にほんご) キストです).

This is a Japanese textbook

In Hiragana, "こ", "れ", "は", "で" and "す" are Hiragana. Hiragana is a very important part of Japanese. It can directly form words. For example, "これ" means "this"; です (pronounced "no") means "de". The front "は" and the last "です" are used together to judge, that is, "...... Is......". Hiragana can also serve as other elements without specific meaning in a sentence. For example, "は" is an auxiliary word, which is used to separate "12371れ (this)" from "Japanese". In addition, it is also the basic unit of the pronunciation of Chinese characters in Japanese, which is somewhat similar to the role of Chinese Pinyin.

The katakana "te キスト" is a katakana. Katakana and katakana are one-to-one, with the same pronunciation and similar pronunciation, but different writing methods. You can understand it as the difference between uppercase letters and lowercase letters in English (but they are not the same thing, just to facilitate your understanding). Katakana is mainly used to form western loanwords and other special words. For example, "tekisuto" means "textbook", which is transliterated from the English word "text".

Hiragana originated from cursive script of Chinese characters, while katakana evolved from the side of regular script of Chinese characters^[16] 。

The following is the origin of hiragana and katakana.

Origin of Hiragana
Row	Pa	い Take	Ou Yu	え Clothes	お
Line	か Plus	き Several	く Long	け Calculation	Yourself
Line	さ Left	しし	す inch	せ Shi	Methods
Line	た	ちち	Yukawa	Days	Stop
Line	な	に Ren	ぬ Nu	ね You (n ǐ, so Kana reads Ne)	Yes
Line	は Wave	ひ Ratio	ふ No	へ Department	ほ Insurance
Line	End of ma	み Mei	む Wu	め Female	Mohair
Line	やや	（い）	ゆ By	（え）	よ and
Line	ら Liang	Yili	る Stay	Li	ろ Lu
Line	わ and	ゐ is	（う）	ゑ Hui	を Yuan
Pluck	ん None

Origin of Katakana
Line	The side "half" of "A"	"You" is the side of "Yi"	The prefix of "Yu"	エ Right Radical "Gong" of "Jiang"	オ
カ Line	The side "force" of "plus"	キ Several	ク Long	ケ Introduction	Youji
Line	Ersan	シシ	ス Xu	Yishi	ソ Zeng
Ta line	On the Side of "Too Much"	チ thousand	Yukawa	Tetian	Stop
Line	ナ	ニ Two	ヌ Right Radical "You" of "Nu"	The radical of "You"	ノ Ni
Line	ハ 8	ヒ Ratio	フ The side of "no" is ","	ヘ Department	ホ Insurance
Line	マ end	ミ Three	The side of "Mou" is "Zao"	メ Female	モモ hair
Line	ヤヤ	（イ）	ユユ	（エ）	ヨ and
Line	ラ Liang	The side "control" of "benefit"	Flow	Li	¡¤
Line	ワ	ヰ Well	（ウ）	ヱ Hui	ヲヲ
Pluck	ン Er

The two groups of kana in boldface are kana in ancient Japanese.

Roman characters

In Japanese, there is also a way to express Japanese by using Latin letters from Rome, which is called“ Roman characters ”, similar to the "Pinyin" in China.

There are several different systems of Romanization in Japanese. Among them, the command style can be considered as the most complete, while the black version is easier to use for native English speakers to learn Japanese. It is easy to convert English phonetic system into Japanese phonetic system by using black version. In addition, most Japanese English dictionaries use the black version.

Roman characters are mainly found in proper nouns such as person names, place names, and organization names, and are often used in Japanese computer input methods.

punctuation

Period: "." (period, ma る)

Mark at the end of the sentence. Half of the conversation (the second half is omitted) is also marked with a full stop. For example:

★ The official affairs are related to the five years of Japanese travel.

★ ええ, Xiんで.

But it should be noted that if Within quotation marks The last full stop is usually not marked. For example:

★ "Private", "Xijia", "Private"

comma ：“ 、 ”(Dot, dot, cloud point)

Sometimes ","

(A) When connecting two related sentences, mark them after the continuation words. When a continuation word is in a sentence, it should be marked with commas before and after it.

★ そころは Private に Japanese history に Interest 〮 Holding っいた. それで、 This book is open.

★ No husband で、そのうえ、 It's worth a long time.

(B) use Continuous form centered method When connecting two sentences, use a comma after the middle of the sentence. For example:

★ Private sister, 17 years old 、 The university is located in the university.

★ The national lottery is a book of toilet paper 、 Youda に Tel: をかけた.

(C) When the sentence is complicated by phrases such as reverse, reason, reason, condition and time, it is Easy to understand the structure of sentences , a comma must be placed after the above section. For example:

★ It is a tourist destination for tourists.

★ Accident site, train stop, train stop, etc.

(D) In order to clearly show A phrase or section , followed by a comma. For example:

★ No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.

★ Private, empty, flying, sleeping, free, living, walking, thinking and thinking.

*****In order to clearly express the relationship between words, commas must be marked. Sometimes the meaning of the sentence will change due to the different positions of the marks. For example:

★ No one is allowed to fly out of the house to supply children.

★ No one, no one, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice, no voice.

Single quotation mark ——“「」”（かぎかっこ、かぎ）

Used to indicate characterizing portion or Words requiring special attention 。 For example:

★ 「そですかかれじゃいけない〯ですかかかか〨じ〟けない〯ですかか

★ "Moor", "probe", "horse", "moor", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue", "tongue" and "tongue".

Double quotation marks ——"【】" (Erzhong かぎかっこ, Erzhong かぎ)

(A) Used to indicate the title of a book or the title of a newspaper, magazine, etc. For example:

★ Yesterday Japanese Life The loudspeakers are called loudspeakers.

However, it should be noted that if there is a case particle "と" after the quotation, the quotation part is sometimes not quoted. For example:

★ Close down at the entrance とかいた paper がはっる.

(B) The parts that need to be indicated by quotation marks within single quotation marks are indicated by double quotation marks. For example:

The Japanese have many conversations, and many people.

Dash ——“—”（ダッシュ）

When inserting the explanation of the word or another statement of the word in the sentence, use dashes to indicate the inserted part.

★ アメリカ Primary school では, シュー, アン, ド, show and tell -- No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no がよくいわれる。

ellipsis ——"..." (dotted line, double height)

It means to omit or to be in a thinking and silent state. For example:

★ The rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is thinking, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, the rain is falling, and the rain is falling …… "とににそにそにったたたととにににににそそそに.

midpoint ——"・" (なか point, なかぐろ)

(A) It is used to express juxtaposition, the same as "," in Chinese. For example:

★ こ Article は, preface つ, this theory つ, conclusion に, part け, part ら, part る.

(B) It is used to separate the loanwords formed by two words, westerners' first and last names. For example:

★ Tanaka はイトクリームををからとっきききにこすにつけたたた refers to first にこつつた.

(D) A simple form that represents the date and time.

question mark ——“？”（クェスチョンマーク）

It is used to express the end of sentences such as questions, questions, questions and rhetorical questions. For example:

★ 「そこはきれいなな Institute

However, it should be noted that in principle, the question mark is basically not used, but the full stop is used instead. For example:

★ Tokyo Ground Warfare か。

In addition, when the question mark is used in the middle of a sentence, there should be a space after it. For example:

★「え？なんですか。」

★「え？ Abort

exclamatory mark ——“！”

Used at the end of sentences expressing exclamations, emphasis, warnings, etc. For example:

★ "Jun! Car, danger!"

Like the question mark, in general articles and official texts, the exclamation mark is basically not used, but replaced by a full stop. When an exclamation point is used in the middle of a sentence, it should also be left blank.

~The wavy line symbol means "from... to...", for example: Tokyo Osaka March May

Reduplication symbol

「々」

It is said that the symbol evolved from the cursive style of the variant character "Tong" of "Tong". The most common usage is to replace the previous one of the same Chinese characters, which has nothing to do with pronunciation or pronunciation. Sometimes we can see the use of replacing two Chinese characters^[11] 。 For example,

People, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people

Note: In the past, the second version of the simplified Chinese character scheme issued by the mainland of China also used "sak" as a reduplication symbol, but this scheme has now been abolished.

「ゝ」「ヽ」

It is a reduplication symbol used for hiragana and katakana. Whether voiceless, voiced, or semi voiced, the hiragana and katakana use "ゝヽヽ" when reduplication occurs. If voiced sounds appear after unvoiced sounds, Hiragana uses "ゞ" and Katakana uses "ヾ"^[11] 。

2.=equal sign form overlapping character symbol (used vertically), two dots are marked from the upper left corner to the lower right corner, for example: less=, people=, country=.

Chinese character pronunciation

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Chinese characters are widely used in Japanese. There are tens of thousands of Chinese characters in Japanese, but only a few thousand are commonly used. In October 1946, the Japanese government announced the "Table of Chinese Characters in Use", which included 1850 Chinese characters. In October 1981, the "table of commonly used Chinese characters" was published, including 1946 Chinese characters. In textbooks and official documents, only the Chinese characters listed in the "Table of Common Chinese Characters" are generally used.

Each Chinese character generally has two pronunciations:“ Phonetics ”(Loudspeaker) and“ Lecturing ”(Speaking).

"Yindu" imitates the pronunciation of Chinese characters, and is pronounced according to the pronunciation of the Chinese characters when they were introduced from China to Japan. According to the different times and origins of the introduction of Chinese characters, they can be roughly divided into“ Wu Yin ”、“ Kan-on ”And“ Sino-Japanese pronunciation borrowed in the Ming/Qing period ”。 However, the pronunciation of these Chinese characters is different from that of the same Chinese character in modern Chinese. The vocabulary of "pronunciation" is mostly Chinese vocabulary.

"Xundu" is the way to read this Chinese character according to the inherent language of Japan. The vocabulary of "Xundu" is mostly the inherent vocabulary to express the inherent things of Japan.

Pronunciation: young Year（せい Technology Operation （ぎじゅつ）　 love Love（れんあい） Open Books（どくしょ） people （じん，にん）

Lecture: young い（あおい） Operation （すべ）　 love （こい）　 Open む（よむ） people （ひと）

The Chinese characters in Japanese usually have two or three or more kinds of pronunciation and pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of "xia" has "カ" and "ゲ", and the pronunciation has "お (りる)", "お (ろす)", "く da (す)", "く da (す)", "く da (が)" る), さ (げ), し, た, し, と, etc There are more than one hundred pronunciations of Chinese characters, which are the most popular, for example, "Sheng (い) きる", "Sheng (ou) む", "Sheng (は) える", "Mr. (せせい)", "Life (っしょ)", "Sheng (な)," and "Sheng System (き)" と), お, い, ち, etc^[17] 。

The Chinese characters such as "Shi", "Xian" and "Ju" generally use only one of their pronunciations, while the Chinese characters such as "Bei", "You" and "Saku" generally use only one of their pronunciations, but there are few such characters.

For the phenomenon of borrowing Chinese characters to represent other languages, the following hypothetical examples of English can be referred to^[18] ：

Using Chinese Characters to Mark English Imagination Table

Phonetics

The pronunciation of Japanese characters can be divided into three categories:“ Wu Yin (呉 sound) ”, later introduced as“ Kan-on (in Chinese) ”, the last one is called“ Sino-Japanese pronunciation borrowed in the Ming/Qing period (Tang Yin) ”。 For example, the word "Beijing" can be read in the word "Tokyo" (ときょょょゃョョョけいしし぀イイケイキキンンンキンンキンンけいきき぀぀Ӕけぉ぀123. In the pronunciation of Japanese Chinese characters, Chinese sounds are the majority, followed by Wu sounds, and Tang sounds are rare. In addition, there is also a habit of pronunciation（ Idiomatic sound ）It is neither Wu Yin nor Han Yin. For example, the word "gai" is pronounced in both Wu and Han sounds, while it is only habitually pronounced.^[19]

There is a relatively neat correspondence between the Wu and Han sounds of Japanese and the Chinese mediaeval sounds^[20] 。

Examples of pronunciation:

Ma Gui (Wu) Ma Gui (Han) Ma Gui (Tang)

Fire Dance Dance (Wu) Dance Dance (Han) Dance Dance (Tang)

Hui Hui (Wu) Hui Hui (Han)

Nu ヌ (Wu) ド (Han)

Jiudang (Wu) Jiudang (Han)

Lecturing

Only the form and meaning of Chinese characters are used in the recitation, and Chinese pronunciation is not used.

Some studies have shown that some of the lectures may be related to Koguryo Cognate^[21] ：

Koguryo	Pre Ancient Japanese	Ancient Japanese	Modern Japanese	notes
osagum	wusagi	usagi	usagi	rabbit
mit	mil	mi-	mi	three
utsu	itu	itu	itsu	five
nanin	nana	nana	nana	seven
poksa	puka-	puka	huka	deep
ta-	tani	tani	tani	canyon

Part of the lecture may be Old Sinitic Borrowed words, in Yayoi era Incoming Japanese^[22] ：

wheat^[23] むぎ Straight^[23] すぐ pen^[23] ふで（く-fude）

Swab^[23] く - kubi^[24] Bamboo^[24] たけ

Current τ word

The word "dang" refers to the phenomenon of directly using Chinese characters to denote Japanese kana, while ignoring the original usage of the Chinese character. For example:

Exopodes (でたらめめめめちゃくちゃゃゃくちゃゃ)

Physical (コーヒーーーいめでたい)

Acquaintance

The pronunciation and training of Chinese characters generally take a single Chinese character as the unit, but sometimes the training also takes two or more Chinese characters as the unit. This kind of training based on the unit of familiar characters composed of two or more Chinese characters is called "familiar character training". for example^[13] ：

Tomorrow (す) Meiyu (つゆ) お Shenjiu (おみきききみやげ)

The 20th (はつか) bathrobe (ゆか) Yesterday (き) Dahe (や ma と)

When it rains in May (さみれ), it rains (しぐれ), avalanche (なれ), wind evil (かぜ)

One day (ついたちちたちたなばたたたたたたたたたなかかいかふぶき)

In the "Acquaintance of Chinese Characters", we cannot distinguish what each Chinese character reads separately.

Other pronunciations

If the pronunciation of the same word occurs at the same time as the pronunciation of the word, if the pronunciation of the word occurs after the pronunciation of the word is read before the training, it is called the soup barrel reading method (soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud). Conversely, it is called the heavy box reading method (heavy box loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud, soup barrel loud).^[25] For example:

Soup barrel reading:

Tang Tong (ゆト) Identity (みブン) Place (ばショ) Plant type (かぶシキ)

Manuscript (ホンンンみホンンゆカンわゆクジクジかジクジクジクジジイイイイイイク12452

Control room (ひかえシツ) combination (いズ) load (にモツ) stone section (いし)

Heavy box reading method:

The heavy box (ジめばこここキヅキちちコばコ) workshop (コばわコンコンコ) stands up

The commissioning of the substation (with a large number of workers) for the replacement (with a large number of workers) for the service cutting (with a large number of workers) (with a large number of workers) (with a large number of workers)

The natural gas (キがるるるザンかかか𞚽キがるるるザンンかかかかグいい団ごンごごご

In addition, some Chinese characters can be used to denote foreign words, such as Nazi (ガラスススバコバココ)^[13] 。

dialect

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The pronunciation commonly used in Japan is called the standard language (ひょゼゅんごごごごょれごごきょつごごごごごきょトごごごごごご.

Due to the promotion of education and mass media, the popularity of common language in Japan is very high, even those who cannot speak it well can understand it. Although the dialect sounds very kind, most Japanese people use common language when they have transactional exchanges with others or in more formal occasions. When foreigners learn Japanese, they always learn the common language (Tokyo dialect). Dialects are generally limited to conversations between family members or fellow villagers. TV, movies and novels also use dialects from time to time to achieve entertainment effects, or to make the characters more vivid.

Japanese can be roughly divided into eastern dialects, western dialects and Jiuzhou dialect It can be further divided into Hokkaido dialect, Northeast dialect, Kanto dialect, Dongshan dialect in the East China Sea, Bazhangdao dialect, Beilu dialect Kansai dialect , Chinese dialect, Yunbo dialect, Siguo dialect, Fengri dialect, Feizhu dialect and Sayu dialect.

Division System Diagram of Japanese Dialect
Japanese dialect	Native dialect	Eastern dialect	Hokkaido dialect, Northeast dialect, Kanto dialect	Division of Japanese dialects
			Dongshan dialect in the East China Sea, Bazhang Island dialect
		Western dialect	Beilu dialect Kansai dialect
			Chinese dialect, Yunbo dialect, Siguo dialect
		Jiuzhou dialect	Fengri dialect
			Feizhu dialect, Sayu dialect
	Ryukyu dialect		Amami dialect, Okinawa dialect, Xiandao dialect
Table Reference Source:^[26]

Classification of Japanese Dialects
Japanese Kanji	Japanese Kana	simplified Chinese character	Roman characters
Seung Tung	かんとう	Kanto	Kantō
Northeast	とうほく	northeast	Tōhoku
Bumper day	ほにち	Fengri	Hōnichi
China	ちゅうごく	China	Chūgoku
Yunbo	うんぱく	Yunbo	Umpaku
Four countries	しこく	Four countries	Shikoku
Kinki	きんき	Kinki	Kinki
Beilu	ほくりく	Beilu	Hokuriku
Dongshan, Donghai	とうかいとうさん	Dongshan, Donghai	Tōkai–Tōsan
Hokkaido	ほっかいどう	Hokkaido	Hokkaidō
Inland Hokkaido	ないりくほっかいどう	Inland Hokkaido	inland Hokkaidō
Sayu	さつぐう	Sayu	Satsugū
Fattening	ひちく	Fattening	Hichiku

Ryukyu people Used Ryukyu After Japan occupied Ryukyu, it had a close relationship with Japanese, and retained many features of ancient Ryukyu language and ancient Japanese in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc Okinawa A popular Japanese dialect with a mixture of Ryukyu accent and vocabulary can be called: Okinawa Japanese 。

Different Japanese dialects have different tone types^[27] ：

National Tone Type Distribution Map of Japan

Grade examination

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Japanese Language Proficiency Test

new Japanese Language Proficiency Test (Japanese: Japanese Language Proficiency Test, にほんごりょくしけんん) （JLPT） It is divided into five levels: N1, N2, N3, N4, and N5. Compared with Level 1 in the original Japanese proficiency test (about equivalent to the level of Japanese in the third to fourth grades of undergraduate majors in China), N1 deepens the difficult part. However, the pass line is basically the same as the current test; N2 is basically the same as Level 2 of the original Japanese proficiency test; N3 is between the second and third levels of Japanese proficiency test (newly established); N4 is basically the same as Level 3 of the original Japanese proficiency test; N5 is basically the same as the level 4 of the original Japanese proficiency test.

New Japanese Course (Huali Publishing House)

Everyone's Japanese (FLTRP)

New version of Sino Japanese communication standard in Japanese (People's Education Agency, Japan, Guangcun Books)

New Japanese (Foreign Teacher's Office)

New Japanese Course (People's Education Agency)

Practical Japanese Identification Examination

J.TEST The full name of the exam is "Practical Japanese Identification Examination" (hereinafter referred to as J.TEST), which was recognized by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security of the People's Republic of China in August 2007 (document of the Ministry of Labor). Japan Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports In the Annual Report on the Employment of Foreign Students published by the Center for Internal and External Students, the affiliated consortium legal person, J TEST recommended international students who want to work in Japan.^[28]

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