The Sea of Japan in Matteo Ricci's "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu"
There are different names in history.1815 RussiaNavigatorA. J.v. Krusenstess named the "Sea of Japan", because the east side of the sea is only Japan, and the west side is ChinaKorean Peninsula、Russia。The reason why his name was later adopted internationally was that it was convenient to remember the naming rules of Asian waters.China was called“Whale Sea”。Nuzhen Ren, who founded the Jin Dynasty, was once very active in this sea area, and Manchu people, as their descendants, called it the "Golden Sea".South Korea calls the East Sea of North Korea.
The Sea of Japan is not the "Sea of Japan"international watersIt is the largest marginal sea in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its eastern boundary starts from Sakhalin Island, Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu of the Japanese archipelago in the north;The western border is Russia in Eurasia;The southern border is the Korean Peninsula.
The name of the Sea of Japan is controversial between Korea and Japan: Japan calls it the "Sea of Japan";The official address of South Korea and North Korea is "East China Sea of Korea" (조선동해해해해해해해선선동해).There are also a few Chinese folk people who use the ancient Chinese name of Whale Sea.
Until 1543,PortugalAfter the crew landed, Japan became famous in Europe, although in the late 13th century,Marco PoloWhen I returned from China, I brought back a report about the existence of Japan.However, until 1660, a better Japanese chart had not been published, and even the name "Sea of Japan" commonly used today did not exist until 1815.This isRussiaThe name given to the sea by the navigator A.J.V.Krusenstess.
It is understood that the name of the disputed sea area is one of several issues that have triggered twists and turns in relations between South Korea and Japan.Japan colonized the Korean Peninsula from 1910 until 1945.During this period, the name "Sea of Japan" was widely used internationally.The South Korean side has always claimed that the "East China Sea of Korea" has been known for centuries.Since the 1980s, the "East China Sea",the republic of koreaThe party took the lead in initiating the renaming of the sea area.South Korea believes that calling this sea area the "Sea of Japan" is oldcolonyThe product of the times.It was called "Oriental Sea" in history
Japanese officials allege that 97% of the world's maps are recorded as the Sea of Japan.The South Korean government has another opinion. The South Korean government wants to use the names of the East Sea of Korea, the Sea of Korea, and the Sea of Peace.
National address
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Position of the Japanese Government
According to the survey results of western ancient maps published since the 16th century in the collections of major libraries in the world, the name "Sea of Japan" has been used more frequently since the early 19th century.Since then, the name "Sea of Japan" has gradually become fixed in the world.This shows that the name "Sea of Japan" is closely related to Japanese imperialismColonialismIt doesn't matter.Therefore, any name other than the "Sea of Japan" in this sea area is not accurate.
Although the sea area has used many names in history, it has not been fixed before.On maps of different periods in ancient times, this sea area was once called the Korean East Sea, the Oriental Sea, the Korean Sea, the Sea of Japan, etc. in different countries and regions, but most of the western ancient maps were not marked.
The most common way to name the sea area separated from the ocean is to name it after the islands or peninsulas separated from the ocean. Therefore, according to the Pacific Japan Islands, it is very legitimate to call the separated sea the Sea of Japan.Gulf of California（Gulf of California）Andaman Sea(Andaman Sea)、Irish Sea(Irish Sea) and others have followed this principle.
There are many ways to name the ocean, such as displaying the location, naming the ocean after the adjacent land or country, or city, andGo!ExploreOr the name of the discoverer.There are also many examples of sea areas separated from the ocean not being named after islands or peninsulas.
In a letter to the Japanese government in March 2004, the United Nations Affairs Bureau stated that "the position of the United Nations Affairs Bureau in abiding by the practice of using the separate mark of the Sea of Japan is very clear. The designation of two place names (the East China Sea/the Sea of Japan) violates the practice of the United Nations and infringes on the Chinese nature of the United Nations." This indicates that the United Nations believes that "the Sea of Japan" is the only official name of the sea area.The principle of independent marking of the Sea of Japan isInternational Hydrographic OrganizationOr world maps and textbooks that have been followed for a long time.
Position of the Korean Government
The time when the name "Sea of Japan" was adopted by the international community was just when South Korea became a Japanese colony.The international norms needed by the international community for the formulation of maritime boundaries, the standardization of maritime names and the safety of navigation were held in 1919International Hydrographic OrganizationThe International Hydrographic Bureau was established in 1921.At this meeting, Japan sent representatives, while South Korea, as a colony, apparently failed to attend.Member States reached a consensus on the contents of this meeting. After years of argumentation, they issued the handbook "Ocean and the Limits of the Sea" in 1929.This manual officially called the East China Sea as the Sea of Japan for the first time, and then the world began to use the name "Sea of Japan" on maps.Later, the second and third editions were issued in 1937 and 1953,The East China SeaThe sea area continues to use the name "Sea of Japan".During this period, South Korea was a Japanese colony andKorean War(1950-1953).It can be said that the name "Sea of Japan" commonly used in the international community is actually the product of Japanese colonialism.
As a sea area close to the Korean Peninsula, the Russian Far East and Japan, the East China Sea is closely related to geographical, economic and political factors such as territorial waters and exclusive economic waters (EEZ).Similarly, it is incorrect that the sea area covered by the sovereignty of most countries is marked by the name of a specific country alone.In order to avoid confusion caused by the use of their respective names in regions shared by more than two countries,International Hydrographic OrganizationandUnited Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical NamesSuch international organizations advise to adopt a single name. If a unified name cannot be achieved, it shall be recorded with two names until the relevant countries reach an agreement.The two sides had different opinions on the names of "Korean East Sea" and "Sea of Japan" in South Korea and Japan, so the two names were used simultaneously until an agreement was reached.In the major maps of the world, the rate of simultaneous marking of "the East Sea of Korea" and "the Sea of Japan" was 1.8% in 2000, and increased to 23.8% in 2007.This shows that it is improper for the international community to only use the single name "Sea of Japan" for a long time, and the legitimacy of the name of the East China Sea of Korea is gradually recognized by the international community.
Other salutation
Some Chinese folk people deliberately use the "whale sea", because according to the records of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, the relevant sea area was named "whale sea".[1]
history
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In ancient times, people might walk across the Sea of Japan.There is evidence that during the period of low sea level since the last ice age (11000-8000 years ago),Korean StraitandSoya Strait It can be used as a land bridge from Japan to the Asian continent.The fossil remains of Indian elephants were found on the islands in the south of Japan, and the fossil remains of woolly mammoths were found in the north of Japan.Similar phenomenon shows that in ancient times, China, North Korea andSiberiaPeople have moved to Japan.Japanese chronicles record that Japan was founded in 660 BC, and its founder, Emperor Shenwu, occupied the main island of Honshu and became the first emperor of Japan.In 550 AD, a Korean Buddhist named Wang Ren set sail to Japan and brought various cultures and written languages. In the Sea of Japan, many diving women in Japan and Korea have been engaged in their hard work for more than 1000 years.
Historically, China was a coastal country on the Sea of Japan.
Martial Emperorperiod, the border of Northeast China extends to the westLake Baikal, east to the Sea of OkhotskBering StraitWest Bank, north of Sakhalin Island.
the tang dynastyperiod, from the northern Tatar Strait toKorean GulfLarge coastal areas were under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty.
In the Yuan DynastyLiaoyang Provincial AdministrationNortheast China, its subordinateKaiyuan RoadIt has jurisdiction over "Changbai Mountain in the south, and the sea of Whale River in the north", which is today's Sea of Japan.
The seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty(1409)Nuergandu Commanding Division, the jurisdiction extends north to the outer Xing'an Mountains and south toTumen RiverUpstream, east to the Sea of Japan, Sakhalin Island, west toUriyangqa Area of.
Since the 1980s,Tsarist RussiaIt expanded eastward across the Ural Mountains, invaded and occupied vast Siberia in less than 60 years, reached the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, and began to invade China's Heilongjiang basin.During the reign of KangxiBattle of JacquesIn 1689, China and Russia signed《Treaty of Nerchinsk 》A large area of land south of the Khingan Mountains, including Sakhalin Island and the coast of the Sea of Japan, belongs to China.Heilongjiang has become China's inland river again.
After the 19th century, the Qing Dynastycut off one 's country from the outside world, the national strength gradually weakens.1840Opium WarTsarNicholas I We began to vigorously promote the plan of invading and occupying the Heilongjiang River basin in China.In 1849, the Russian army invaded Heilongjiang Province of China for many timesSonghua River, Wusuli River Basin, invaded and occupied Sakhalin Island in 1853.In 1858, Jiangjun Luanshan in Heilongjiang was forced to sign《Aihui Treaty》The Tsarist Russia occupied more than 600000 square kilometers of territory south of the Xing'an Mountains and north of Heilongjiang.In July 1860, Russia occupied Vladivostok.The Second Opium WarAfter the outbreak, the Tsarist Russia took advantage of the fire and threatened to force the Qing government to sign《Sino Russian Beijing Treaty》The 400000 square kilometers from the east of the Ussuri River to the sea, including Vladivostok, will be included in Russia.At this point, all of China's territory along the Sea of Japan was lost.
geographical environment
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Location context
Sea of Japan Satellite Map
Western PacificMarginal sea, west to Russia and Korea on the Asian continent, east to Japan andSakhalin Island。Basically separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese archipelago, the mid latitude zone between 32 ° 42 ′ N and 52 ° 14 ′ N covers an area of about 1 million square kilometers (978000 square kilometers in one word).The whole sea area is slightly elliptical, 2300 kilometers long from north to south, 1300 kilometers wide from east to west, 1350 meters in average depth (1752 meters in one word), 1713000 cubic kilometers in volume, and 3742 meters in maximum depth.(The maximum water depth found in the Japan Basin is 4049m).
The whole sea area is slightly elliptical, with the main axis moving from southwest to northeast.The north end is bounded by 51 ° 45 'north latitude;The southern boundary is from JapanKyushuTo South Korea via the five island chainChejudoAnd then turn northKorean Peninsula。South via the Paima Strait and the Korean Strait and the East China Seacommunicate；North via Raperuz (Zonggu) Strait andTatar StraitAndSea of Okhotskconnect.East Jingmen Strait andSeto Inland SeaConnect.Major subordinatesTemperate climateFrom December to March of the next year, the northwest monsoon is cold and dryContinental air massThrough warmer sea surface, the mountainous west coast of Japan continuessnowfall。The tropical monsoon in summer starts fromNorth Pacific Blowing to the Asian continent, passing through the northern part of the Japan Seacold current, causing dense fog at sea;In summer and autumntyphoon。The northern sea area freezes in winter, especially along the coast of Siberia and the Tatar Strait.Sea water usually flows in an anticlockwise direction.The western part containssalinityLighter cold current flows southward, while warm current with stronger salinity flows northward in the east, forming distinct convection.The northward Qiuma Warm Current and the East Korean Warm Current are both branches of the Kuroshio.Marine pelagic fishes includechub mackerel, mackerelsardine、Anchovy、herring, sea carpsquidEtc;The ground floor hasCod、BluefishAnd Atka mackerel.Since 1946, the fishery resources have gradually decreased.In the late 1970s, squid fishing was concentrated in the middle of the Sea of Japan,salmonThe fishing is mostly carried out in the shallow sea in the north and southwest, while in the deeper sea areas, shrimp, crab and other crustaceans are mainly fished.
The eastern boundary of the Sea of Japan starts from the north toSakhalin Island, Japanese archipelagoHokkaido、HonshuAnd Kyushu;The western boundary iseurasiaRussia;The southern boundary isKorean Peninsula。(South Korea uses the East Sea of Korea) Russia in 1815NavigatorA. J.v. Krusensteth named the Sea of Japan.It is wide in the south and narrow in the north, slightly oval in shape.
continental shelf
continental shelfIt is relatively narrow. The seabed is mainly a deep-water basin. The Japan Sea Basin is generally north of 40 ° north latitude, accounting for about half of the Japan Sea. Most of the water depth is more than 3000 meters, and the seabed is relatively flat.The seabed terrain south of 40 ° N is relatively complex, including sea basin, ridge, trough, etcDaiwaSea basin, the southwest of Duma Sea basin.The seafloor sediments are mainly marine soft mud sediments, except that the nearshore zone is composed of mud, sand, gravel, rock debris and other continental materials.Located in the north and northwest of the Sea of Japan, there is the Japan Sea Basin, which is the most important sea basin. In addition, there is the Daiwa Basin in the southeast, and the Tsugaru Basin in the southwestSea basin。The east coast of the Sea of Japan is shallow and the continental shelf is wide;The west coast of the sea, especially the waters near the Korean Peninsula,continental shelfIts extension is only about 30 kilometers.A branch of the Kuroshio enters this area.
The north and southeast of the sea area are richfish farm。
JaponicaTemperate marine monsoon climate, prevailing from December to March of the next yearNortheast monsoon, dry and cold air flows into the Sea of Japan, resulting in cooling and snowfall.The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is - 19 ℃ in the north, 5 ℃ in the south, and - 2~13 ℃ in the surface water temperature.In the north, especiallySiberiaA large amount of sea ice is formed in the offshore area, and the icing period is usually from the middle of November to the middle of February of the next year.After June, southerly monsoon prevails,Warm and humid airflowMake the temperature rise, and form abundant precipitation and fog (especially in the north).The average temperature in August is 16 ℃ in the north and 24 ℃ in the south.The surface water temperature is 18~27 ℃.
Sea of Japanocean currentIt is composed of the Xiangma warm current flowing north along the east bank and the Liman cold current flowing south along the west bank, forming a counterclockwise circulation system.The current increases the difference of surface water temperature between the south and north, and between the east and west.
The sea area of the Sea of Japan is surrounded by land and islands,tideThe tidal range is small, only 0.2m along the coast of Japan, 0.4-0.6m near the coast of Siberia, and the tide at the Korean Strait (Korean Strait) near the East China SeaTidal rangeUp to 2m.
The surface water temperature is 18~27 ℃ in the warmest month (August) and - 2~13 ℃ in the coldest month (January), increasing from north to south.In the east of the sea area, there is a warm current against the horse, which moves northward along the east bank at a flow rate of 926~1852 m/h and flows into the Pacific Ocean from the Jinqing StraitLa Perouse Strait It flows into the Sea of Okhotsk.In the west, the Leeman cold current flows southward along the west bank at a velocity of 370m/h.The water temperature in the east is higher than that in the west. For example, in February, the coastal water temperature near Honshu is 5-10 ℃, while that on the mainland is 0 ℃.Seawater salinityThe east is higher than the west. For example, the coastal area of Honshu is 34.7 ‰, and the coastal area of the mainland is 32.8~34.1 ‰.The annual precipitation in the sea area is 600mm in the north and 1200-1500mm in the south.tideThe effect is small, and the tidal range is generally 0.2-0.4m.
Since 1993, the joint scientific research team has conducted research onocean current, salt content, oxygen content and other indicators were monitored, and the monitoring results confirmed what they were most worried about.Researchers pointed out that the deepest point of the Sea of Japan is about 3000 meters.The oxygen on the surface needs to be transported by these currents to the deep sea,Deep sea waterThe microorganisms in the air depend on the oxygen to decompose the organic matter sunk from the surface into inorganic matters such as nitrogen and phosphorus.These inorganic substances rise to the surface with the deep sea water and become algaeNutritionSource.However, the current situation is that the deep ocean current in the Sea of Japan is becoming weaker and weaker, which makes it more and more difficult to ensure the circulation of ocean surface and deep substances, which leads to the rapid reduction of Japanese algal plankton due to insufficient nutrients.The number of fish feeding on plankton also decreased.If this phenomenon does not change, 300 years later, there may be no fish to catch in the Sea of Japan.
Scientists pointed out that the cause of deep-sea ocean currents came from a very rare phenomenon: every winter, fierce cold waves blow from northeast Russia.The cold wind blowing for several months in a row has led to a steady downward cold current on the sea surface of Japan.It is reported that there are only seven similar cold currents in the world, includingGreenlandA nearby current that is considered the starting point of the Atlantic current cycle.These currents are called deep-sea conveyor belts and are important links of the global ecosystem;Due to global warming, these cold currents also become "weak".
According to existing research results, in the past 50 years, the average temperature in the northern part of the Sea of Japan has increased by 1.5 to 3 ℃, and the depth of surface seawater in the Sea of Japan in winter has changed from about 3000 meters to 400 to 600 meters.In contrast, the oxygen content per liter of seawater is decreasing at the rate of 32 parts per million per year.
The researchers also pointed out that,flOwThe reduction of living things also means that there will be morecarbon dioxideGas, which in turn further exacerbates the rate of global warming.the United NationsThe report published in January pointed out that the temperature of the earth's surface would rise by 1.4 to 5.8 ℃ in 1990-2100.
hydrology
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The main current in the Sea of Japan flows northwardEquine warm current, which is derived fromthe kuroshioSeparated and flowing into the Sea of Japan through the Korean Strait.The branch of Ma Warm Current is calledEast Korean Warm Current, go north along the coast of South Korea, then turn east, and join with the warm current toward Malaysia.Warm current to horseJinqing Strait（Tianjin Light Warm Current）It flows into the Pacific Ocean.throughSoya Strait （Zonggu Warm Current）InflowSea of Okhotsk。
Sea of Japan
In addition, there are three unique cold currents in the Sea of Japan (East Korea cold currentCold current in offshore areaandCold Current in the Central Sea of Japan）。These cold currents flow from north to south, mixing with the warm current in the middle of the Sea of Japan.The northern part of the Sea of Japan, especially along the coast of Siberia, began to freeze in November, and the ice area extended to the sea in mid Februarycentral section, causing serious obstacles to navigation.The waters were ice free in May.
Like all near closed seastideMinimal.The tidal range along the coast of Japan is only 0.2m, and that along the coast of Siberia is 0.4-0.5m.The Korean Strait, due toYellow SeaAdjacent to the East China Sea, the tidal range is about 2m.
The sea level of Japan is in the middle latitudes, and the sea area is vertically distributed from north to south, with a transitional nature from low latitudes to high latitudes.The sea area is from the southern subtropics to the northernSub frigid zoneDifferent natural landscapes.Mineral resources include oil, natural gasMagnetic oreThe continental shelf of the Sea of Japan, such as Akita and Niigata along the eastern coastSakhalin IslandThere are oil and natural gas reserves along the coast (Sakhalin Island) and in the south to the Ma Sea Basin.
Near the front edge of the Qiuma Warm Current, the front edge of the western Liman Cold Current and the coastal estuary, there are abundant plankton and aquatic resources, rich in sardines, mackerelCuttlefishAnd herring, etc.The three Straits of Tsugaru, Tsushima and Lapiruz are the external traffic channels along the coast of the Sea of Japan.
marine pollution
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Due to the special hydrological characteristics of the Sea of Japan, its ability to treat pollutants is limited.A large number of people from South KoreaFloaterAnd domestic garbageDuma CurrentEntering the Sea of Japan has caused irrecoverable damage to the coastal environment and aquatic ecology of the Sea of Japan.In addition, the radioactive substances abandoned in Russia have a great impact on the deep-sea environment.Russia has carried out excessive oil exploitation in the Sea of Japan, and its oil leakage problem has also buried hidden dangers for the environment of the Sea of Japan.
